两相复配高效除磷材料特性研究

利用工业废渣粉煤灰和钢渣合成了两相复配高效除磷材料(EPRC),对模拟城市生活污水厂二级出水进行了除磷特性单因素试验.结果表明:当初始溶解性磷为5mg/L,两相复配EPRC投加量为32mg/L时,均能在30h后将磷降低至1mg/L以下.初始pH=7比初始pH=4或10时的除磷效果更好.     

用钢渣处理含砷废水

对用钢渣处理含硫废水进行了试验，用配水探讨了钢渣投加量，水样，ＰＨ，混合时间等因素对除砷效果的影响，结果表明，钢渣具有较好的除砷效果。     

膜生物反应器在废水脱氮除磷中的应用

介绍了两种膜生物反应器（MBR）脱氮除磷工艺：单一反应器间歇曝气MBR工艺和厌氧一好氧MBR工艺。总结了MBR脱氮除磷工艺的国内外研究进展、工艺特点及处理效果，重点探讨了MBR脱氮除磷工艺中同步硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化及反硝化除磷的机理，并指出了今后MBR脱氮除磷进一步研究的重点及方向。     

城市污水除磷工艺及其原理

介绍了城市污水中磷的危害、来源及其存在形式,对化学除磷方法及生物除磷原理进行了阐迷,分别介绍了几种典型生物除磷和新型除磷工艺的特点,并对国内外除磷技术的研究进行了展望.     

污水除磷技术的研究与进展

详细介绍了污水除磷的迫切性及传统的污水除磷工艺原理与特点，阐述了污水除磷技术的最新发展动向。     

化学法去除循环水排污水中的磷

研究了聚合氯化铝、硫酸铁、氯化铁及生石灰等除磷剂对循环水排污水的除磷效果,考察了反应温度、反应时间、污水p H和除磷剂投加方式对除磷效果的影响。实验结果表明:聚合氯化铝和硫酸铁的除磷效率相当,其次是氯化铁,生石灰的除磷效率最低;最终选用聚合氯化铝作为除磷剂,对循环水排污水进行除磷处理时无需调节其p H,反应可在室温下进行,反应时间需大于300 s;聚合氯化铝最佳投加量为40 mg/L,二次性投加聚合氯化铝的除磷效果明显好于一次性投加;二次性投加出水TP为0.37 mg/L。     

造纸白泥处理含磷污水

研究造纸白泥去除水中磷酸盐的作用。白泥中含有Ca^2＋，Mg^2＋，Al^3＋等离子可与污水中的PO4^3-发生化学沉淀反应，实现污水除磷的目的。采用正交实验优化得到最佳工艺条件：水温25℃，白泥投放量8g，体系pH为8．反应时间80min。经静态实验处理，无机磷的去除率可达到84％。实验结果表明这种技术除磷效果好，处理成本低，是除磷的有效途径，特别适用于高浓度磷废水。     

钢渣活化过一硫酸盐氧化法深度处理焦化废水

采用钢渣活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)氧化法深度处理焦化废水生化出水，研究了钢渣加入量、PMS浓度和初始p H对该废水处理效果的影响，考察了钢渣的重复利用性能，分析了钢渣-PMS氧化处理前后废水中有机物和急性毒性的变化。实验结果表明：在钢渣加入量5 g/L、PMS浓度7 mmol/L、初始p H 8.1、反应时间3 h的条件下，废水中色度和COD去除率分别为82.99%和62.89%，出水毒性变小；钢渣重复使用5次后，COD去除率降低至38.73%。钢渣-PMS体系氧化降解有机污染物的途径可能有两种：一种是钢渣中的CaO水解使溶液呈碱性，活化PMS生成了O₂^-·和¹O₂；另一种是钢渣中的铁氧化物活化PMS生成SO₄^-·和·OH。三维荧光光谱分析结果表明，钢渣活化PMS所产生的活性物种可以有效破坏废水中的芳香蛋白类物质、腐殖酸类物质和溶解性微生物代谢产物。     

除磷剂在废水处理过程中的研究进展

废水中的磷作为导致水体富营养化的关键因子之一而备受关注,除磷药剂应用而生。介绍了市场上广泛存在的几种除磷剂的除磷机理及优缺点,并提出研发高效、低成本、易回收、无二次污染的新型除磷剂去除废水中的磷是今后研究的重点。     

污水除磷技术的现状及发展趋势

随着水体磷污染的日益加剧和排放标准的进一步严格化,研究开发经济、高效的污水除磷技术已成为当今污染控制工程领域的研究重点和热点.在分析、评价污水除磷技术现状的基础上探讨了它的发展趋势.     

Use of slag for dye removal

Adsorption techniques employing activated carbon have been found to be reasonably effective in the removal of some of the ionic impurities in water. However, economic considerations may require the use of inexpensive sorbents which are either naturally available or available as waste products from manufacturing processes. Slag is one such waste product obtained during the manufacture of steel, and the present study investigates dye removal characteristics of slag from colored waters. Aqueous solutions prepared from commercial grade acid, basic, and disperse dyes were used in this study, and batch pH, kinetic, and isotherm studies were undertaken on a laboratory scale. The data were evaluated for applicability to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and BET isotherm models, and the removal capacity of slag was compared with that of granular activated carbon. Results indicated approximately 94% removal of the disperse dye by slag, compared with a removal of approximately 49% achieved by activated carbon. Removal of acid dyes (dyes containing anionic groups) was reasonably good (approximately 47 and 74%), though not as good as obtained using activated carbon (approximately 100%). Column studies were conducted with a disperse dye (nonionic, slightly soluble in water), and analysis of data showed a sorption capacity of 1.3 mg of disperse dye per gram of slag. However, effluent dye concentrations were found to be higher than the permissible levels for discharge to receiving waters.     

Metallic-phase lead in slag of municipal solid waste incineration ash and leaching characteristics

Metallic phases in slags and their influence on the leaching characteristics were investigated. The proportions of metallic phase in four slags were 0.028%, 0.24%, 1.87%, and 3.05% by weight. The lead content was 10–248 mg/kg in bulk slag after metal removal, while in the metallic phase it was 579–7390 mg/kg. Lead concentrations in the metallic phase were more than ten times higher than in slags after metal removal. Lead was distributed in the metallic phase at 2.0%, 8.3%, 10.3%, and 47.4%. The concentrations of all metallic elements in metallic phases were much higher than in bulk slag. Iron, copper, and nickel had accumulated in magnetic metals, while aluminum and zinc were found in nonmagnetic metals. As regards chromium, manganese, lead, and tin, the proportion of metallic phases depended on the slag samples. By removing metallic phases, both water and pH 4 leachable lead decreased. The basic principles of melting residues containing lead are the separation of lead as a metal in reductive melting, and the containment of lead ions into uniform glassy particles in oxidization melting. Melting slag can be seen to contribute to environmental preservation by facilitating the recycling of materials through the separation of metals from melting slag. Received: February 21, 2000 / Accepted: July 27, 2000     

硫酸钙晶须对磷的静态吸附

以磷石膏废渣为原料制备硫酸钙晶须，考察了硫酸钙晶须对模拟含磷废水中磷的去除效果，分析了初始废水pH、初始磷质量浓度、硫酸钙晶须加入量对磷吸附效果的影响，研究了硫酸钙晶须对磷的吸附等温线，同时对吸附机理进行了探讨。实验结果表明：硫酸钙晶须在碱性条件下对磷的去除率较酸性条件下高，且初始废水pH为10时去除效果最佳;最佳硫酸钙晶须加入量为0.03 g/mg（以磷计）;在初始废水pH为10、初始磷质量浓度为50 mg/L、硫酸钙晶须加入量为1.5 g/L的条件下，于25 ℃下反应1 h，磷的去除率达到99.16%，上清液TP为0.419 mg/L;与Freundlich模型相比，Langmuir等温吸附模型更适合描述硫酸钙晶须对磷的吸附过程，采用该模型拟合得出25 ℃下磷的饱和吸附量为140.4 mg/g。     

Recovery of copper and cobalt from ancient slag.

About 2.5 million tonnes of copper smelter slag are available in Küre, northern part of Turkey. This slag contains large amounts of metallic values such as copper and cobalt. A representative slag sample containing 0.98% Cu, 0.49% Co and 51.47% Fe was used in the experimental studies. Two different methods, direct acid leaching and acid baking followed by hot water leaching were used for recovering Cu and Co from the slag. The effects of leaching time, temperature and acid concentration on Cu- and Co-dissolving efficiencies were investigated in the direct acid leaching tests. The optimum leaching conditions were found to be a leaching time of 2 h, acid concentration of 120 g L(-1), and temperature of 60 degrees C. Under these conditions, 78% Cu and 90% Co were extracted. In the acid baking + hot water leaching tests, 74% Co was dissolved after 1 h of roasting at 200 degrees C using a 3:1 acid:slag ratio, whereas the Cu-dissolving efficiency was 79% and the total slag weight loss was approximately 50%.     

Resurrection of the iron and phosphorus resource in steel-making slag

 This research focused on the treatment of steel-making slags to recycle and recover iron and phosphorus. The carbothermal reduction behavior of both synthesized and factory steel-making slag in microwave irradiation was investigated. The slags were mixed with graphite powder and heated to a temperature higher than 1873 K to precipitate a lump of Fe–C alloy with a diameter of 2–8 mm. The larger the carbon equivalent (C_eq, defined in the text), the higher the fractional reduction of iron and phosphorus. An increase in the SiO₂ content of slag led to a considerable improvement in the reduction for both iron and phosphorus because of the improvement in the fluidity of the slags and an increase in the activity coefficient of P₂O₅ in the slags. The extraction behavior of phosphorus from Fe–P–C_satd alloy was also investigated at 1473 K by carbonate flux treatment. For all the experiments with a processing time longer than 10 min, the phosphorus in the fluxes could be concentrated to more than 9% (w/w) showing that it could be used as a phosphorus resource. Compared with K₂CO₃ flux treatment, that using Na₂CO₃ was more effective for the extraction of phosphorus, and this was attributed to the lower evaporation of Na₂CO₃. Finally, a recycling scheme for steel-making slag is proposed. Received: March 16, 2001 / Accepted: November 12, 2001     

模拟氯化钠盐渣的高温处理

采用高温处理法对模拟氯化钠盐渣（简称盐渣）进行处理，研究了加热过程中气体有机物产生量随加热时间的变化规律以及加热温度对气体有机物产生量的影响，并分析了盐渣的高温处理效果。实验结果表明：含苯盐渣、含异丁醇盐渣、含氯苯盐渣、含二甲苯盐渣和混合盐渣在高于盐渣中所含有机物沸点30 ℃的条件下加热120 min，盐渣中的有机物去除率均大于99.99%;混合盐渣的加热温度越高，气体有机物的产生速率越快，相同时间内有机物的去除率也越大;盐渣中有机物的气化分离可分为3个阶段，初始阶段有机物气化速率较小，中间阶段气体有机物产生量迅速增加，最后阶段大部分有机物从盐渣中气化分离;盐渣中的有机物在高温气化时，会发生一定的化学反应，有微量的新物质生成。     

脱硫废水引入渣溢水系统的处理效果分析

介绍了脱硫废水引入渣溢水系统的综合处理效果，对处理后水质指标及影响因素进行了长期跟踪分析，结果表明：处理后各水质指标均符合废水回用或排放标准，脱硫废水引入渣溢水系统处理是可行的。     

镍对活性污泥生物除磷的影响及其机理

以实际生活污水为研究对象，在序批式活性污泥反应器中探究了Ni2+对活性污泥形态及生物除磷性能的影响。实验结果表明，Ni2+能够抑制生物除磷，当Ni2+质量浓度由0 mg/L增加至10.0 mg/L时，PO43--P去除率由93%下降至12%。机理研究结果表明：Ni2+能抑制聚磷微生物的厌氧释磷和好氧吸磷，并能抑制内聚物聚羟基烷酸酯（PHA）的合成；当Ni2+质量浓度为10.0 mg/L时，PHA的最大含量仅为2.4 mmol/g （以单位质量挥发性悬浮物所含PHA中C的物质的量计），远低于空白组中PHA的含量。此外，Ni2+还对微生物群落的组成产生影响，并促进活性污泥中聚糖微生物的增殖。     

Phosphorus recovery from secondary effluent and side-stream liquid in a sewage treatment plant using zirconium-loaded saponified orange waste

Zirconium was loaded onto orange waste, a cheap and available agricultural waste in Japan, to investigate the feasibility of its utilization for phosphorus recovery from secondary effluent and side-stream liquid, which contain 5.9 and 68.2 mg/dm³ phosphorus, respectively. The phosphorus removal from side-stream liquid by using zirconium-loaded saponified orange waste (Zr-SOW) gel increased with an increasing solid/liquid ratio, and it was found that Zr-SOW gel showed better performance than zirconium ferrite. The prepared adsorbent was effective for phosphorus removal and exhibited a reasonably high adsorption capacity, twice than that of zirconium ferrite. The secondary effluent was treated in a column packed with Zr-SOW gel, and an dynamic adsorption capacity of 1.3 mol-P/kg was attained. The adsorbed phosphorus from the column was successfully eluted as a concentrated form by using a small amount of 0.2 M NaOH. Throughout the elution process, zirconium was not leaked from the adsorption gel.     

Wastewater remediation using coal ash

 Small-scale domestic septic tanks discharge excess nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen, as well as pathogens, which can degrade local water supplies. Unfortunately, traditional chemical and physical treatments are not practicable for single-home dwellings. This work reports on a potentially attractive solution to protect local water supplies by using a low-cost industrial waste, coal ash, for contaminant removal. Coal ash is produced as a consequence of electric power generation. The majority of the ash is disposed of in landfills and surface impoundments, or stored on- or off-site, producing large hills or leveling valleys. Only a small portion of the ash is ever utilized, mainly by cement industries and road construction. For example, in Canada less than 25% is used. Therefore, if useful applications can be found, an opportunity exists to make better use of this waste material. Bench-scale laboratory experiments and full-scale field tests show that coal ash has the capacity to remove phosphorus from domestic waste water. The experimental and field data demonstrate that phosphate levels and calcium levels can be correlated, although not in a simple manner. In addition, the ash in packed beds removed total suspended solid (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃—N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and E. coli. The removal of E. coli was close 100% in the cases studied. Received: May 20, 2002 / Accepted: October 5, 2002