资源循环科学与工程专业课程体系优化与教学内容创新实践的探索

针对资源循环科学与工程本科专业课程教学,以西安建筑科技大学该专业课程体系为案例,通过对毕业生和专业研讨会调研,分析了课程体系建设的现状和存在的问题。借鉴其他高校资源专业的课程体系和教学内容,通过梳理各门专业课程的教学内容和相互联系,构建了资源专业课程体系课程群,探索了课程体系优化的方法和增加创新实践环节的具体措施。     

Element partitioning in combustion- and gasification-based waste-to-energy units

A critical comparison between combustion- and gasification-based waste-to-energy systems needs a deep knowledge of the mass flows of materials and elements inside and throughout the units. The study collected and processed data from several moving grate conventional incinerators and high-temperature shaft gasifiers with direct melting, which are in operation worldwide. A material and substance flow analysis was then developed to systematically assess the flows and stocks of materials and elements within each waste-to-energy unit, by connecting the sources, pathways, and intermediate and final sinks of each species. The patterns of key elements, such as carbon, chloride and heavy metals, in the different solid and gaseous output streams of the two compared processes have been then defined. The combination of partitioning coefficients with the mass balances on atomic species and results of mineralogical characterization from recent literatures was used to estimate a composition of bottom ashes and slags from the two types of waste-to-energy technologies. The results also allow to quantify some of the performance parameters of the units and, in particular, the potential reduction of the amount of solid residues to be sent to final disposal.     

关于CCUS技术发展与标准建设的思考

我国CCUS技术发展，迫切需要政策制度的积极引导和技术标准的强力支撑。阐述了我国发展CCUS技术的基本原则和相关政策；跟踪了国内外CCUS技术发展动态及其标准研究现状；重点分析了美国及欧盟在CCS相关政策、法规和标准方面的主要成果；依据我国CCUS发展规划和技术发展路线图，提出了我国CCUS技术发展与标准建设的相关建议。     

人工湿地构造及生物因素研究进展

介绍了近10年报道的不同构造人工湿地（CW）的污水处理性能及CW中微生物、植物、动物的相关研究进展。分析了各种CW构造优缺点、CW与其他技术的结合、CW微生物群落的特征、影响因素和研究手段、CW植物与动物对CW处理性能的贡献及作用机制。提出今后应重点研究：复合人工湿地（ICW）工艺优化;CW强化技术及其参数;CW微生物群落动力学;超富集植物筛选及植物根系作用;耐受性动物筛选驯化、动物与植物及微生物的协同作用机制。     

Numerical modelling of multiphase flow and transport processes in landfills.

Waste material in municipal landfills can be described as heterogeneous porous media, where flow and transport processes of gases and liquids are combined with local material degradation. This paper deals with the basic formulation of a multiphase flow and transport model applicable to the numerical analysis of coupled transport and reaction processes inside landfills. The transport model treats landfills within the framework of continuum mechanics, where flow and transport processes are described on a macroscopic level. The composition of organic and inorganic matter in the solid phase and its degradation are modelled on a microscopic scale. The degradation model captures the different reaction schemes of various microbial activities. Subsequently, transport and reaction processes have to be coupled, since emissions at the surface and from the drainage layer depend on the flow of leachate and gas, the transport of various substances and heat, and the biodegradation of organic matter. The theoretical considerations presented here are fundamental to the development of numerical models for the simulation of multiphase flow and transport processes inside landfills coupled with biochemical reactions and heat generation. The implicit modelling of leachate and gas flows including growth and decay of micro-organisms are innovative contributions to landfill modelling     

解读《关于深入推进重点行业清洁生产审核工作的通知》

2020年10月16日,生态环境部和国家发改委联合发布了《关于深入推进重点行业清洁生产审核工作的通知》（环办科财〔2020〕27号）（《通知》）,以进一步加强清洁生产审核在重点行业节能减排和升级改造中的支撑作用,促进形成绿色发展方式,推动经济高质量发展。本文在分析《通知》出台的背景和意义的基础上,对清洁生产审核工作的顶层设计、模式创新、奖惩措施等方面进行梳理和解读,助力各地方深入理解《通知》精神,推动各项任务有效落实。     

核化危害源项反演技术现状及研究展望

源项反演对缓解和遏制核化危害源、精准预测核化危害时空传输和扩散情况、辅助作战行动和保障决策等具有十分重要的意义。本文从源项反演应用平台和源项反演关键算法（包括欧拉方法、拉格朗日方法、深度学习等）两个方面,对国内外核化危害源项反演技术的现状和二者间的差距进行了总结与分析。研究指出,利用深度学习提高反演精度和速率、从单污染源到多污染源的拓展、定性与定量混合反演将成为该领域发展的重点。     

废钢铁在钢铁行业中应用前景研究

废钢铁是我国物资回收与再生资源利用体系中的重要资源,也是非常重要的战略性资源,是钢铁工业最主要的两种原料之一(另一种是铁矿石)。与铁矿石相比,废钢铁更符合绿色可持续发展的需要和钢铁行业超低排放政策的要求,未来废钢铁资源在钢铁工业发展中的重要性可能会不断提升。着重探讨了未来10年废钢铁资源产生量的变化趋势,以及对钢铁工业原料结构变化的影响。未来中国的废钢铁资源可能不仅能满足自身钢铁工业发展的需要,同时也可能为世界钢铁工业的发展提供重要的原料。     

轻烃类VOCs在活性炭上的动态吸附行为

采用BET,XRD,FTIR技术对两类椰壳活性炭进行了表征,考察了空速和吸附温度对正戊烷和正己烷动态吸附穿透容量(DPC)及穿透时间的影响,并对正戊烷和正己烷的二元竞争吸附过程进行了研究。结果表明:两类活性炭材料的组成和官能团结构相似,具有大量微孔的片状活性炭(FAC)有利于轻烃类VOCs的吸附;采用FAC吸附正己烷时,DPC对空速和温度变化不敏感;二元竞争吸附过程中,开始阶段正戊烷和正己烷同时被吸附,随后已被吸附的正戊烷被强吸附质正己烷部分置换,直至正己烷吸附饱和,与一元吸附相比,正己烷的DPC和饱和吸附容量略有增加,正戊烷的DPC和饱和吸附容量大幅降低。     

Thermal treatment for recovery of manganese and zinc from zinc-carbon and alkaline spent batteries

The aim of this paper is the recovery of manganese and zinc from a mixture of zinc-carbon and alkaline spent batteries, containing 40.9% of Mn and 30.1% of Zn, after preliminary physical treatment followed by removal of mercury. Separation of the metals has been carried out on the basis of their different boiling points, being 357°C and 906°C the boiling point of mercury and zinc and 1564°C the melting point of Mn(2)O(3). Characterization by chemical analysis, TGA/DTA and X-ray powder diffraction of the mixture has been carried out after comminution sieving and shaking table treatment to remove the anodic collectors and most of chlorides contained in the mixture. The mixture has been roasted at various temperatures and resident times in a flow of air to set the best conditions to remove mercury that were 400°C and 10min. After that, the flow of air has been turned into a nitrogen one (inert atmosphere) and the temperatures raised, thus permitting the zinc oxide to be reduced to metallic zinc by the carbon present in the original mixture and recovered after volatilization as a high grade concentrate, while manganese was left in the residue. The recovery and the grade of the two metals, at 1000°C and 30min residence time, were 84% and 100% for zinc and 85% and 63% for manganese, respectively. The recovery of zinc increased to 99% with a grade of 97% at 1200°C and 30min residence time, while the recovery and grade of manganese were 86% and 87%, respectively, at that temperature. Moreover, the chlorinated compounds that could form by the combustion of the plastics contained in the spent batteries, are destroyed at the temperature required by the process.     

Characterizing soils contaminated with heavy metals: A uranium contamination case study

To stem rising remediation costs for soils contaminated with hazardous metals, increased emphasis is being placed on the development of in-situ and ex-situ treatment technologies. Often, a lack of basic information on the chemical and physical characteristics of the soil and contaminants hampers treatability studies used to design these technologies. This article proposes and demonstrates a characterization program to meet these information needs, employing standard analytical techniques coupled with advanced spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. To support treatments involving physical separation strategies, the program uses standard analytical techniques to characterize the soil and the association of contaminants with different soil fractions (e.g., size and density fractions). Where chemical treatments are required, spectroscopy and microscopy methods are employed to yield quantitative information on the oxidation state and speciation of the contaminant. Examples demonstrate the use of measured soil and contaminant characteristics in the screening of alternative treatment technologies and in the selection of soils for use in treatability studies. Also demonstrated is the use of these characterization tools in the design and optimization of treatment strategies and in support of risk assessment determinations.     

Analytical determination of the suitability of different processes for the treatment of odorous waste gas

In order to determine the efficiency of different treatment systems for the reduction of odorous emissions, a gas chromatographic method followed by simultaneous mass spectrometry and olfactometry (GC-MS/O) was developed. Samples from a coffee bean roasting and a fat and oil processing plant were analyzed, respectively. The results were compared with the data obtained by olfactometric measurements. At a coffee bean roasting plant, cooling gases were analyzed prior to and after treatment in a full scale bioscrubber. The GC-MS/O analysis showed that the amounts of aldehydes and ketones decreased after treatment of cooling gases of coffee bean roasting in the bioscrubber, whereas the contents of the heterocyclic compounds, like pyridine and the pyrazines, and acetophenone and guaiacol remained almost unchanged. The amounts of dimethyl disulfide, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, and the carboxylic acids increased after bioscrubber treatment. Furthermore, the performance of each stage of a combined experimental plant for the treatment of exhaust air of fat and oil processing was investigated. This treatment plant consisted of a bioscrubber, a biofilter, and an activated carbon adsorber. The important odor-active compounds of the exhaust air of fat and oil processing were the typical fat oxidation products (aldehydes, ketones) and with lower importance 2-pentylfuran, a few terpenes and aromates. Again, the key odor-active compounds, aldehydes and ketones, were degraded in the bioscrubber. Further degradation of aliphatic, unsaturated, methylated, and cyclic alkanes, as well as aromates, terpenes, and furans by the biofilter was observed. After the last treatment stage, the activated carbon filter, only small amounts of aliphatic, unsaturated, methylated, and cyclic alkanes and aromates remained in the waste gas. For both applications, the results of the developed GC-MS/O method correlated very well with olfactometric measurements.     

Static and Dynamic Behavior of Fibrous Polymeric Composite Materials at Different Environmental Conditions

The study of static and dynamic behavior of environmentally conditioned fibre reinforced polymeric (FRP) composites is necessary and crucial to examine the durability, reliability and sustainability of these noble materials. FRP composites are being used all around the globe and substituting the conventional materials, starting from mini toys to large aerospace components. Present review has introduced to accumulate and understand the disseminate literature in concentrating the significance of understanding the static and dynamic behavior of FRPs with changing environmental conditionings (hygrothermal, low and high temperature, salt solution, freeze thaw, UV light) and with the interaction of different nano-fillers. Their stability and integrity in diverse service environments may be reformed by their reactions against different nature of loadings i.e. static or dynamic and the components such as fibre, matrix and fibre/matrix interfaces in those environments. The static and dynamic states of loading may come with a possible weaker region to encounter the durability and integrity of the composites. To understand the exact failure modes that correlates the position of environmentally conditioned interfaces and dynamic state of loadings, thus confusing the estimation of its overall performance and mechanical behavior. Interface reliability and durability is vital since in-service environments the degradation in the interfacial region leads to complete composite failure. Therefore, the study of combined effects of various in-service environmental conditions and the role of static and dynamic behavior on the interface will be a crucial part related to the multiaxial dynamic states of failures occurring in FRP’s.     

To Dredge or Not

The streams, rivers, freshwater lakes, and coastal and open ocean waters of the world have been used for centuries for the disposal of municipal and industrial wastes. During the twentieth century, the range and quantities of waste materials discharged to the world's fresh and salt waters have grown progressively, increasing the potential ecological and human health impacts. The types and quantities of organic and inorganic wastes reaching the surface waters and associated sediments have increased in proportion to a region's or nation's population and industrial growth. Many of the contaminaants deliberately or inadvertently discharged to waterways are hydrophobic, are not biodegradable, or are highly resistant to degradation resulting in the accumulation of organic and inorganic substances in the waters, bottom, and suspended sediments of impacted waterways. Because of their persistence, these compounds and trace metals bioaccumulate and bioconcentreate in the aquatic organisms that occupy the affected waterway. Because many of the discharged waste materials are relatively insoluble and readily sorb to particles, the bottom and suspended sediments will commonly have higher contaminant concentrations than the associated overlying waters. Concentrations will normally decrease downstream of the contaminant source areas due to inputs and dilution by sediments and waters from cleaner tributaries. Although the sediments will normally have the higher concentrations, considerable quantities of contaminants may be found in the aqueous phase requiring not only removal of the solids, but treatment of the associated water as well. This is particularly the case when the water to solids recovered during dredging may approach 10:1. Many of the persistent contaminants impacting a nation's waterways are readily sorbed to the finer‐grained, organic rich sediments. Reaches of rivers and streams, or areas amenable to deposition of organic rich clays and silts, result in the creation of “hot spots” of contamination, localized areas where higher contaminant concentrations are found. It is these “hot spots” that are at the center of a debate over whether to dredge or leave the contaminated sediments undisturbed to allow natural attenuation to work. It is well recognized that dredging is not able to remove all of the contaminated sediments; some portion of the resuspended sediments created during the dredgirg will be dispersed downstream. The issue is whether to physically removeportions of the mass of contaminants impacting waterwa‐ys or rely on natural attenuation. Environmental dredging is expensive and many argue not worth the effort because of the lack of effective technologies that will prevent redistribution of the material resuspended as apart oJthe dredging process and management of associated water. Opponents of dredging cite natural attenuation and burial by cleaner sediments as eflective mechanisms to reduce the concentration of contaminants. Dredgingproponents argue the contaminant sources and accumulated hot spots must be removed in order to accelerate ecological recovery of the impacted waterway as well as reduce impacts to the environment and to public heulth. During thc next several years, decisions will be made by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agemy (USEPA) on whether to dredge major and minor waterways involving millions of cubic yards of contaminatedsedinaents requiring expenditures of hundreds of millions oj‐dollars by the responsible parties. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Innc.     

欧盟电子电器产品生态设计新法中的责任规范研究

当前,快速升级更新的电子电器产品极大地便利和丰富了人们的生活,但随之而来的是数量庞大的电子废弃物,造成严重的资源浪费和环境污染。为解决电子废弃物难题,各国纷纷制定法律和政策形成相应的管理制度,而生态设计逐步成为其中的核心环节。欧盟颁布的电子电器产品生态设计指令将多个主体纳入责任制度框架,体现了科学合理的生产者延伸责任、销售者补充责任和监管部门核查验证责任,对于各国未来建立和完善电子产品生态设计责任条款,全面发展循环经济有着重要的借鉴意义。     

生物法处理印染废水的研究进展

介绍了生物法在印染废水处理中的应用,主要从印染废水的水质、新旧排放标准的对比、生物法的改进及强化(包括微生物研究、生物固定化技术的开发、工艺流程的改进)、生物法研究领域的新探索(包括生物法与其他处理方法的联用、产电微生物的应用)等方面分析和总结了生物法研究的现状和存在的问题,对未来生物法发展的方向进行了初步探讨,认为生物法的深度研究及生物法与其他方法的联用探索格外重要。     

乡镇垃圾分类循环利用现状——以闽侯县上街镇为例

由于我国乡镇经济的迅速发展以及乡镇村民生活水平加速提高,乡镇的垃圾种类及数量趋向于城市。乡镇村民居住较为分散,垃圾分类、收集、循环利用相较于城市困难,因此推进乡镇垃圾分类循环利用迫在眉睫。本文从闽侯县上街镇展开调查,以乡镇垃圾分类、回收循环利用为关键词展开分析,并从上街镇垃圾分类循环利用模式存在的问题进行分析、总结和建议。     

Experimental study of rubber tire aggregates effect on compressive and dynamic load-bearing properties of cylindrical concrete specimens

Sustainable development has become a major focus for engineers and planners as part of their collective efforts in finding, developing and integrating environmental-friendly solutions for material recycling and waste management into design and construction of civil engineering infrastructure. In the past three decades, there has been an increase in recycling and application of waste materials into the concrete to decrease costs and improve material properties of the concrete. Significant growth in automobile manufacturing industry and increased rubber tire supply for vehicles suggested the application of waste tire particles as concrete aggregates to minimize the ecological footprint of the rubber tire waste due to its recycling process difficulties. In this paper, the effect of rubber tire particles on compressive and dynamic strength of concrete specimens with different particle percentiles was tested on more than 55 cylindrical specimens. To achieve the optimal mix design properties of rubber tire concrete specimens, both fine and coarse aggregates got replaced by fine and coarse rubber particles. Introduction of rubber tire particles as coarse and fine aggregate reduces the brittleness of the concrete and provides more flexible aggregate bonding which ultimately improves the dynamic resistance of the concrete. It increases the concrete workability and provides environmental-friendly and cost-effective solutions in using recycled materials for concrete construction applications.     

大学生对废旧服装回收利用认识的调查分析

对大学生对废旧服装回收利用的认识进行了问卷调查与分析.首先对大学生希望的废旧服装处理方式及回收方式、对废旧服装回收的认识进行了调查与分析,然后对大学生二手服装购买的态度、购买二手服装时注重的因素、对穿着二手服装的认识进行了调查与分析.研究结果：多数学生期望废旧服装应由慈善公益机构或商业机构回收,捐给有需要的人或循环利用、或作为二手服装销售;多数学生购买二手服装时最注重的因素是卫生安全,能够认识到穿着二手服装和废旧服装回收是环保和节约资源的需要.其研究结果以期对我国废旧服装的回收体系及回收渠道的建立提供一定的参考价值;对大学生及家度对废旧服装回收再利用认识的提高具有一定的促进作用.     

Guidelines for the evaluation and assessment of the sustainable use of resources and of wastes management at healthcare facilities.

This paper presents guidelines that can be used by managers of healthcare facilities to evaluate and assess the quality of resources and waste management at their facilities and enabling the principles of sustainable development to be addressed. The guidelines include the following key aspects which need to be considered when completing an assessment. They are: (a) general management; (b) social issues; (c) health and safety; (d) energy and water use; (e) purchasing and supply; (f) waste management (responsibility, segregation, storage and packaging); (g) waste transport; (h) recycling and re-use; (i) waste treatment; and (j) final disposal. They identify actions required to achieve a higher level of performance which can readily be applied to any healthcare facility, irrespective of the local level of social, economic and environmental development. The guidelines are presented, and the characteristics of facilities associated with sustainable (level 4) and unsustainable (level 0) healthcare resource and wastes management are outlined. They have been used to assess a major London hospital, and this highlighted a number of deficiencies in current practice, including a lack of control over purchasing and supply, and very low rates of segregation of municipal solid waste from hazardous healthcare waste.