Effect of Degree of Substitution of Octenyl Succinate Starch on the Emulsification Activity on Different Oil Phases

Octenyl succinic starch (OSA starch) was synthesized from an aqueous medium and pyridine medium using previously established literature methods. Such a substitution would conceivably impart some hydrophobicity to the already hydrophilic starch chain. Thus, an amphiphilic character could be introduced wherein while the water solubility of the final product would be retained or enhanced, interactions with hydrophobic phases could be enhanced. These products find a variety of applications. The emulsifying activity of OSA starch was tested against different oil phases. It was found that the activity was dependent on the oil phase chosen. The activity was largely independent of the concentration of the substrates when the modification was conducted in an aqueous medium. Products from an organic medium did show an increase in activity with concentration. This difference in activity was attributed to the molecular weight of the final product, which seemed to be lower for the products from an organic medium as suggested by viscometry. The granular state of starch could also have a great effect on the properties of modified starch.     

建筑垃圾循环利用实践

建筑垃圾的循环利用是今后建筑垃圾处理的必经之路。在对国内外建筑垃圾循环利用的相关政策、法律法规及回收现状进行比较分析的基础上,对目前建筑垃圾循环利用的案例进行调查整理,总结出建筑垃圾循环利用的一般过程;并在对目前建筑垃圾循环利用的方法进行研究后,介绍了一种先进实用的建筑垃圾循环利用方法;最后对我国建筑垃圾循环利用存在的问题进行剖析并提出解决问题的建议,以期对我国建筑垃圾循环利用的发展有所裨益。     

Bioremediation of Stranded Oil on an Arctic Shoreline

The application of slow-release and soluble fertilizers proved to be an effective and environmentally benign way of stimulating oil biodegradation on an Arctic shoreline. Fertilizer application to the surface of the beach delivered nutrients to the oiled sediment beneath the beach surface. There was no significant run-off of this fertilizer to either the nearshore water or to unfertilized plots, and there were no adverse toxicological effects of the fertilizer application. The fertilizer application was followed by an increase in oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide evolution from the beach, increased microbial biomass, and significantly greater biodegradation of oil on the plots that had received fertilizer. The rate of oil biodegradation was approximately doubled over the course of a year by fertilizer applications in the first two months after the spill.Simple test kits proved adequate to monitor the fertilizer-application process in the field in a time frame that would allow the application process to be fine-tuned during treatment on a real spill. Simple test kits and portable instrumentation were useful in demonstrating the initial success of the bioremediation strategy.     

Evaluating the Triple Bottom Line Using Sustainable Return on Investment

A sustainable return on investment (sROI) analysis is a quantitative approach that captures the economic, environmental, and social impacts of an investment strategy in monetary terms—today and into the future. By providing a broader accounting of the benefits and costs, sROI provides a framework for optimal decision making. sROI is a nonproprietary methodology based on economic principles and includes an uncertainty analysis to demonstrate the likelihood of realizing costs and benefits. This approach provides a more comprehensive picture of projects and supports the selection of investment strategies that are defensible and transparent. sROI can provide the framework and metrics for the evaluation and selection of remediation projects. A demonstration study of a DuPont remediation project illustrates the process and outcome of an sROI analysis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

基于生态足迹理论的北京市生态盈亏平衡分析

利用生态足迹计算方法对北京市生态安全状况进行定量分析评价。以生态足迹计算模型为方法指导,计算出2005及2010年北京市生态足迹值、生态承栽力值及生态赤字盈余值,进而对北京市生态盈亏状况进行全面分析,对北京市可持续发展生态能力作出评价。总结“十一五”期间北京市实施的可持续发展政策所取得的显著成效,着重分析优化其能源消费结构及提高能源利用效率方面的成效,以及对弥补能源生态赤字所作的贡献。最后分析北京市生态赤字形成的主要原因,并针对各因素提出弥补北京市生态赤字的对策建议。     

Perspective on the Therapeutic Applications of Algal Polysaccharides

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Algae are an enormous source of polysaccharides and have gained much interest in human flourishing as organic drugs. Algal polysaccharides have aroused...     

Impact of Fungal Extracts on the Physical and Antioxidant Properties of Bioactive Films Based on Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Yeast Cell Wall

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Bioactive packaging is gaining interest in food preservation as an alternative to the incorporation of additives to food formulations. Yeast cell wall is a...     

利用生活垃圾填埋场上建设飞灰固化物填埋场适宜性探讨

针对利用原有生活垃圾填埋场改扩建飞灰固化物填埋场,从勘查设计和建设角度,通过与常规生活垃圾填埋的安全和环保各相关因素对比,分析扩建前后填埋场稳定性、防渗及导排系统等勘察设计要点,研讨扩建工程新老填埋堆体基础层、防渗及导排系统等安全环保关键技术及扩建的适宜性,为扩建的可行性研究提出较为系统的技术论证思路。     

Evaluation of the Effect of Chemical or Enzymatic Synthesis Methods on Biodegradability of Polyesters

This work compares the biodegradability of polyesters produced by an esterification reaction between glycerol and oleic di-acid (D 18:1) issued from green chemical pathways, via either classical thermo-chemical methods, or an enzymatic method using the immobilized lipase of Candida antartica B (Novozym 435). An elastomeric polymer synthesized by enzymatic catalysis is more biodegradable than an elastomeric thermo-chemical polyester synthesized by a standard chemical procedure. This difference lies in percentage of the dendritic motifs, in values of the degree of substitution, and certainly in cross-links inducing an hyper-branched structure less accessible to the lipolytic enzymes in a waste treatment plant. However, when the elastomeric polymer synthesized by enzymatic catalysis is processed at high temperature as required for certain industrial applications, it presents an identical rate of biodegradation than the chemical polyester. The advantages of the thermo-chemical methods are greater speed and lower cost. Enzymatic synthesis appears be suited to producing polyesters, devoid of metallic catalysts, which must be used without processing at high temperature to keep a high biodegradability.     

电除尘器末端微细粉尘收集装置研究

电除尘器末端是针对二次扬尘超细粉尘颗粒的收集的最后一道屏障。通过分析前人在此方面开展研究的技术成果基础上,集成多项技术,探索一条经济性较高的电除尘器增容提效改造的途径。     

基于GPRS技术电除尘器高频电源智能监测系统研究

电除尘器是火电厂重要环保设备，其运行的稳定性和参数合理性直接影响粉尘排放浓度。针对上述问题，详述利用ARM微处理器和GPRS网络相结合，开发电除尘器高频电源智能监测系统设备，在远距离处可以获得现场的实时数据，实现对高频电源远程监控和诊断。     

Review on Anti-cancer and Anti-microbial Applications of Curdlan Biomaterials

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Polysaccharides are polymers of natural origin that are formed by microorganisms, animals and plants. Polysaccharides play an important part in the...     

Theoretical and experimental study on the triboelectric separation of ternary plastics combination using fluidized bed

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Triboelectric separation is an efficiency and promising method to recycle waste plastics. Fluidized bed has been proved an optimal tribocharger...     

The building materials decree: an example of a Dutch regulation based on the potential impact of materials on the environment

Some 20 years ago Dutch society became very aware of the problem of the increasing production of waste materials and of the need to find solutions. Technical solutions had to be developed and introduced into society. Due to the discovery of many soil pollution problems and other environmental calamities, people asked for clear criteria on which proper and safe solutions could be based. Therefore a large number of environmental aspects had to be taken into account in the developing field of environmental policy. The Dutch building materials decree is one of the steps on the road towards a sustainable society. The decree is based on the soil protection act and the surface water protection act. The decree gives quality criteria for the application and re-use of stony materials and earth used as building materials. No difference is made between primary materials, secondary materials and waste materials. The decree is applicable in case these materials are used in constructions where they are in contact with rain, surface water and ground water (e.g. in embankments, road building, outside walls of buildings, foundations and roofs). For implementation of the decree in the construction industry it was necessary to develop standards, methods for testing and certification schemes. In order to guarantee independent testing and judgement, laboratories had to meet quality standards put forward in an accreditation scheme. Although this legislation does not cover all environmental aspects, it has proved to be an important element in judging the environmental quality of construction materials in a direct or indirect way, and a contribution to the management of waste materials. The question of clear and fair criteria was easily put forward. Answering this question, however, turned out to be a complex task in which a great number of aspects had to be considered and a great many tools had to be developed, checked and thoroughly discussed. In some cases practical choices had to be made in order to prevent an unclear situation continuing too long. After an introduction period of three years, the decree came into full operation on 1 July 1999.     

Successful contracting based on candor,realism, and common goals

This article is intended to provide an overview of the issues involved in remediation contracting, from general principles of contract law and negotiation, to specific contract provisions of interest to the remediation community, to the practical consequences of including or not including these provisions on disputes arising under the contract. This article does not treat every potential issue arising in contracts concerning remediation, but hopefully it discusses many of these issues and provides an overview that will be helpful to the reader.     

臭氧在循环冷却水中缓蚀作用的研究

循环冷却水处理是工业生产中的一个重要环节。臭氧作为单一的水质稳定剂在循环冷却水中具有缓蚀作用。研究结果表明：吸附在金属表面的臭氧使金属表面从活化腐蚀状态转变为钝化状态,使金属腐蚀电位由活化电位区跃变到钝化电位区,阻止金属的溶解;同时氧的传质速率加快,也可以降低由于浓差极化所产生的腐蚀作用;对于未经预膜处理的金属,臭氧改变金属表面状态,形成一层氧化钝化膜,从而起到了缓蚀作用。     

Arsenic removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption on red mud

Use of red mud, which is a waste product from bauxite processing, has been explored as an alternate adsorbent for arsenic in this study. The tests showed that the alkaline aqueous medium (pH 9.5) favored the removal of As(III), whereas the pH range from 1.1 to 3.2 was effective for As(V) removal. The process of arsenic adsorption follows a first-order rate expression and obeys the Langmuir's model. It was found that the adsorption of As(III) was exothermic, whereas As(V) adsorption was endothermic. It would be advantageous to use this residue as an adsorbent replacing polyvalent metal salts.     

Primer on GRITS/STAT 5.0

GRITS/STAT 4.2 (Groundwater Information Tracking System with statistical analysis capability) enjoys widespread use in the groundwater community. GRITS/STAT is a free PC-based database system capable of performing many of the statistical methods promulgated by the EPA guidance documents: Statistical Analysis of Ground-Water Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities, 1989, and Addendum to Interim Final Guidance, 1992. GRITS/STAT 4.2, however, suffered from numerous software problems and lagged behind current guidance, particularly in the implementation of statistical intervals. With the release of GRITS/STAT 5.0, many of the software problems that plagued GRITS/STAT 4.2 were addressed and an entirely new Statistical Intervals module was added to bring the software closer to current guidance. The GRITS/STAT 5.0 Beta Test produced a helpful list of work arounds to commonly reported problems. A comparison of the Parametric Confidence Interval methods in GRITS/STAT 4.2 and GRITS/STAT 5.0 illustrates the expanded utility offered by the new Statistics module. The Parametric Confidence Interval in GRITS/STAT 4.2 is only moderately useful for comparing individual wells to an alternate concentration limit (ACL) computed on average background samples. GRITS/STAT 5.0, however, offers users the ability to compare individual and pooled wells to ACLs computed on background averages and risk-based maximum concentration limits (MCLs).     

Compost: Its role,mechanism and impact on reducing soil-borne plant diseases

Soil-borne plant pathogens are responsible for causing many crop plant diseases, resulting in significant economic losses. Compost application to agricultural fields is an excellent natural approach, which can be taken to fight against plant pathogens. The application of organic waste products is also an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical use, which unfortunately is the most common approach in agriculture today. This review analyses pioneering and recent compost research, and also the mechanisms and mode of action of compost microbial communities for reducing the activity of plant pathogens in agricultural crops. In addition, an approach for improving the quality of composts through the microbial communities already present in the compost is presented. Future agricultural practices will almost definitely require integrated research strategies to help combat plant diseases.     

Approaches to assess biocover performance on landfills

Methane emissions from active or closed landfills can be reduced by means of methane oxidation enhanced in properly designed landfill covers, known as “biocovers”. Biocovers usually consist of a coarse gas distribution layer to balance gas fluxes placed beneath an appropriate substrate layer. The application of such covers implies use of measurement methods and evaluation approaches, both during the planning stage and throughout the operation of biocovers in order to demonstrate their efficiency. Principally, various techniques, commonly used to monitor landfill surface emissions, can be applied to control biocovers. However, particularly when using engineered materials such as compost substrates, biocovers often feature several altered, specific properties when compared to conventional covers, e.g., respect to gas permeability, physical parameters including water retention capacity and texture, and methane oxidation activity. Therefore, existing measuring methods should be carefully evaluated or even modified prior to application on biocovers. This paper discusses possible strategies to be applied in monitoring biocover functionality. On the basis of experiences derived from investigations and large-scale field trials with compost biocovers in Austria, an assessment approach has been developed. A conceptual draft for monitoring biocover performance and recommendations for practical application are presented.