农药行业规划环境影响评价中的风险评价

针对专项工业规划环境影响评价中环境风险评价应用尚不成熟的现状，建立了一套专项工业规划环境风险评价方法，并将其应用到江苏省农药行业总体规划环境影响评价分析中。从环境风险角度分析行业发展方向、强度和布局的合理性，提出规划调整和行业风险管理的建议，以降低事故发生的概率和影响，保障行业的健康稳定发展。通过对江苏省农药行业规划明确的产品结构、产业组织结构、创新体系和技术发展目标等进行风险识别、分析和评价，得出生产和使用光气的定点企业、使用液氯的企业、产生硫化氢的企业的环境风险防护距离（以生产装置为起点）应至少设置为1 000，500，250 m。     

典型液氯泄漏危害的ALOHA软件估算

以瞬时泄漏和连续泄漏两种典型液氯泄漏事故为例,分别运用ALOHA软件和公式计算两种方法对液氯泄漏危害进行量化评估。估算结果表明:ALOHA软件对泄漏毒物的危害区域和敏感点毒物浓度的预测结果均具有良好的精度;软件模拟与公式计算的结果对于液氯瞬时泄漏的相对误差仅为7%,对于连续泄漏的相对误差为8%,二者均在可接受范围内。ALOHA软件计算过程简单、表达形象直观,在泄漏事故应急中具实用性。     

从脱硫废液中回收硫代硫酸铵及硫氰酸铵的生产工艺

该发明公开了一种从脱硫废液中回收硫代硫酸铵及硫氰酸铵的生产工艺，工艺步骤包括：含硫废液的预处理、含硫废液的浓缩及结晶分离、硫代硫酸铵的提纯。该发明工艺简单，操作稳定，它将焦化厂脱硫生产过程中的含硫废液进行加工处理，提取的硫代硫酸铵和硫氰酸铵质量好、收率高，从而有效地解决了脱硫生产过程中含硫废水的回收处理问题，     

化学腐蚀碱液中锗的回收工艺

通过对化学腐蚀碱液基本性质的分析，对原有各种回收处理工艺进行了实验和生产测算。开展了氯化镁沉淀回收锗的工艺研究，先后进行了实验和生产扩大试运行。表明一步法氯化镁沉淀腐蚀碱液回收锗工艺，可以最大限度回收锗，简化操作流程，节约回收处理成本。     

综合利用“三废”资源,提高经济效益,促进生产发展

重庆天原化工厂是一个拥有十六种产品的化工厂。其中主要产品是:烧碱、盐酸、液氯、漂粉、漂液、三氯化铁、六六六原料、四氯化碳、味精及多晶硅、单晶硅等。过去,我厂的“三废”未经处理就直接排入环境,污染极为严重。全厂“三废”排放点多达35个,年排废气11亿米~3,废水571万吨,废渣14093吨。自1976年以来,通过技术改造,许多产品的生产已基本     

联碱废液的资源化

采用联碱生产过程中的废液与水玻璃反应制取工业白炭黑，并将回收的氨返回生产过程。研究了工艺条件对产品质量的影响，分析了反应原理，此项研究对联碱生产过程中环境污染治理、变废为宝是一种有益的探讨。     

高纯二聚酸清洁生产技术分析

以一个利用高真空三级分子蒸馏技术生产高纯二聚酸的大型新建项目为例，对其原料、产品、工艺和设备进行了分析。以从棉籽油下脚料中提取的粗二聚酸为原料，自主开发了高真空三级分子蒸馏技术并改进了设备及控制条件，使二聚酸的纯度最高可达98％，水、蒸汽及能源的消耗均比原工艺有所下降。对在高纯二聚酸生产中推行清洁生产提出了建议和措施。     

电炉法生产黄磷的工艺和装置

该发明公开了一种采用电炉法生产黄磷的工艺和装置，特别涉及电炉法生产黄磷排放物综合利用的工艺和装置。电炉法生产黄磷产生的尾气通过黄磷尾气净化装置净化，并在蓄热换热器内燃烧将热量传递给换热介质，换热后的热介质送至经过改进后的循环流化床锅炉装置烟气喷嘴进入循环流化床锅炉燃烧室，     

阳离子交换树脂生产中废酸的回收利用及树脂质量控制

采用 酸套洗工艺代替传统的加水稀释洗涤工艺，成功地解决了阳离子交换树脂生产中废酸的回收利用问题，研究了采用新洗涤工艺后树脂变红的机理和防止对策，结果表明，树脂发红帅微生物的参与而引起的。采以完善洗涤 灭菌措施可防止树脂 ，从而确保了稀酸套洗工艺的顺利实施。     

根治污染是老企业发展的最佳途径

淮北焦化厂采取设备改造、工艺改革、综合利用、治理污染等措施，改变老厂面貌并促进生产发展，取得了明显的环境效益和经济效益。     

Utilization of amorphous rice husk ash for the synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite under low temperature

The present study deals with the production and characterization of ZSM-5 zeolite under low temperature using amorphous rice husk ash as an alternative cheap silica source. Rice husk was combusted at various temperatures for the production of amorphous silica. The resulted amorphous silica ash was then utilized without any other treatment as a starting material for the synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite using low temperature and under atmospheric pressure. For comparison, the high-temperature synthetic approach, the hydrothermal treatment under high temperature and autogenous pressure with the autoclave process, was also applied for the synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite. The low-temperature method led successfully to the synthesis of highly siliceous zeolite of type ZSM-5. The produced materials were characterized using a variety of analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry–differential thermogravimetry analyses, scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersion X-ray analysis and nitrogen porosimetry. The results show that the utilization of an industrial by-product in abundance as a starting material can lead through a simple inexpensive technique to the synthesis of a high value added microporous material with many potential applications.     

膜法处理精对苯二甲酸精制废水

采用“沉淀—超滤—反渗透—电去离子”工艺处理精对苯二甲酸精制废水,产水作为生产工艺用水回用于生产系统,考察了各工艺单元的操作条件。实验结果表明,在沉淀时间为4 h、超滤膜截留分子量为1 000且采用错流过滤模式、反渗透运行压力为1.8~2.2 MPa且温度控制在25~30 ℃、电去离子单元出水电阻率为5 MΩ·cm的操作条件下,最终出水水质优于GB/T 50109—2014《工业用水软化除盐设计规范》中的二级除盐水指标,可回用为生产工艺用水。     

用铁泥制氧化铁红

研究了以染化厂废料铁泥和工业废硫酸为原料,采用高温干法制取氧化铁红的工艺,简要介绍了该法生产氧化铁红的反应机理,探讨了氧化剂,氧化时间,氧化温度等对产品质量的影响,确定了适宜工艺条件,提出了工业生产流程和尾气治理方案。     

有机固体废物生物法制氢的研究进展

综述了利用有机固体废物生物法制氢的原理和研究现状。城市有机固体废物、农业有机废物、工业有机废物是生物法制氢的主要原料。暗发酵制氢是利用有机废物厌氧消化的产酸阶段而产氢，pH、温度、水力停留时间、氢气分压、原料性质、微量元素含量、产甲烷微生物抑制剂等均影响氢气产率。光发酵制氢是利用光合厌氧细菌将挥发性有机酸转化为氢气和二氧化碳。暗发酵和光发酵制氢时，生物固定化有利于高速连续产氢。在有机废物处理和生物法制氢方面，暗发酵一光发酵、暗发酵一微生物燃料电池的组合工艺是具有前景的技术。今后的研究方向是原料的预处理技术、选育高效产氢菌株、发明高效反应器、优化处理工艺和处理条件等。     

Towards eliminating systematic errors caused by the experimental conditions in Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) tests

The Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) test is increasingly recognised as a tool for selecting and pricing biomass material for production of biogas. However, the results for the same substrate often differ between laboratories and much work to standardise such tests is still needed. In the current study, the effects from four environmental factors (i.e. ambient temperature and pressure, water vapour content and initial gas composition of the reactor headspace) on the degradation kinetics and the determined methane potential were evaluated with a 2⁴ full factorial design. Four substrates, with different biodegradation profiles, were investigated and the ambient temperature was found to be the most significant contributor to errors in the methane potential. Concerning the kinetics of the process, the environmental factors’ impact on the calculated rate constants was negligible. The impact of the environmental factors on the kinetic parameters and methane potential from performing a BMP test at different geographical locations around the world was simulated by adjusting the data according to the ambient temperature and pressure of some chosen model sites. The largest effect on the methane potential was registered from tests performed at high altitudes due to a low ambient pressure. The results from this study illustrate the importance of considering the environmental factors’ influence on volumetric gas measurement in BMP tests. This is essential to achieve trustworthy and standardised results that can be used by researchers and end users from all over the world.     

电絮凝法去除SAGD工艺高温采出水中的硅

采用电絮凝法,以新疆油田蒸汽辅助重力泄油（SAGD）工艺高温采出水为研究对象,考察了电流、反应时间、反应温度和初始pH等实际生产中较为可控的工艺条件对电絮凝除硅效果的影响。实验结果表明：在1.0 L的反应器中,反应时间不少于4 min,电流不小于0.8 A,即可达到较好的除硅效果,过大的电流无法提高电絮凝除硅能力;反应时,应保证初始pH在7.0~8.0范围,反应温度不低于80 ℃,否则会导致反应速率降低而延长反应时间;在SAGD工艺采出水除硅中,电絮凝法对不同的水质和反应条件具有较强的适应性,是一种较为可靠的SAGD工艺高温采出水净化技术。     

Degradation of Post-consumer PLA: Hydrolysis of Polymeric Matrix and Oligomers Stabilization in Aqueous Phase

Degradation of post-consumer PLA to lactic acid was analysed in order to assess the economic feasibility of the PLA chemical recycling process. Hydrolysis of PLA, in batch reactor, was analysed in the temperature range of 443–473 K, under autogenous pressure and a constant PLA to water ratio (equal to approximately 0.11 by weight), without the use of a catalyst. The experimental results suggest that the complete degradation of PLA can be obtained using relatively low reaction-times with the production of a mixture containing the monomer and traces of the dimer of lactic acid. The overall process was modelled using a two-step process: bulk degradation of PLA (in the solid or molten phase) with the solubilisation of low molecular weight oligomers, and their subsequent hydrolysis in water (stabilization). The model describes the trend of oligomer concentrations in the aqueous phase and PLA conversion as a function of time with both high accuracy and agreement with experimental results.     

纳滤膜深度处理棉针织品印染废水

采用芳香聚酰胺膜(NF-1#)、复合膜(NF-2#)和聚酰胺复合膜(NF-3#)深度处理棉针织品印染废水，考察了膜分离性能及膜污染情况的影响因素。实验结果表明，在操作压力为0.5MPa、废水温度为25~35℃、废水pH为7的条件下，NF-1#膜处理效果最佳，COD去除率最高，为76.0%~85.0%;脱盐率也最高，达90.0%。膜过滤后浓水送污水厂处理，产水回用于车间生产。操作压力增高、废水温度升高和废水pH增大均导致滤饼层阻力(Rc)和膜过滤过程中的总阻力(Rt)增加，Rc是Rt的主要组成部分，同时也是导致膜透过通量下降的主要因素。     

Life cycle assessment of biogas upgrading technologies

This article evaluates the life cycle assessment (LCA) of three biogas upgrading technologies. An in-depth study and evaluation was conducted on high pressure water scrubbing (HPWS), as well as alkaline with regeneration (AwR) and bottom ash upgrading (BABIU), which additionally offer carbon storage. AwR and BABIU are two novel technologies that utilize waste from municipal solid waste incinerators - namely bottom ash (BA) and air pollution control residues (APC) - and are able to store CO(2) from biogas through accelerated carbonation processes. These are compared to high pressure water scrubbing (HPWS) which is a widely used technology in Europe. The AwR uses an alkaline solution to remove the CO(2) and then the solution - rich in carbonate and bicarbonate ions - is regenerated through carbonation of APC. The BABIU process directly exposes the gas to the BA to remove and immediately store the CO(2), again by carbonation. It was determined that the AwR process had an 84% higher impact in all LCA categories largely due to the energy intensive production of the alkaline reactants. The BABIU process had the lowest impact in most categories even when compared to five other CO(2) capture technologies on the market. AwR and BABIU have a particularly low impact in the global warming potential category as a result of the immediate storage of the CO(2). For AwR, it was determined that using NaOH instead of KOH improves its environmental performance by 34%. For the BABIU process the use of renewable energies would improve its impact since accounts for 55% of the impact.     

模拟氯化钠盐渣的高温处理

采用高温处理法对模拟氯化钠盐渣（简称盐渣）进行处理，研究了加热过程中气体有机物产生量随加热时间的变化规律以及加热温度对气体有机物产生量的影响，并分析了盐渣的高温处理效果。实验结果表明：含苯盐渣、含异丁醇盐渣、含氯苯盐渣、含二甲苯盐渣和混合盐渣在高于盐渣中所含有机物沸点30 ℃的条件下加热120 min，盐渣中的有机物去除率均大于99.99%;混合盐渣的加热温度越高，气体有机物的产生速率越快，相同时间内有机物的去除率也越大;盐渣中有机物的气化分离可分为3个阶段，初始阶段有机物气化速率较小，中间阶段气体有机物产生量迅速增加，最后阶段大部分有机物从盐渣中气化分离;盐渣中的有机物在高温气化时，会发生一定的化学反应，有微量的新物质生成。