火电厂温排水溶解氧初探

本文通过夏、冬二季对火电厂温排水溶解氧的多次调查测定,较详细地了解了汽轮机凝汽器冷却水的进水和排水溶解氧变化情况。在对测定数据分析和现场调查的基础上,认为利用电厂温排水管沟弯头获得温排水的曝气复氧,可以减少或避免对天然水体溶解氧的影响。     

一种预测火电厂温排水影响的数值模型

电厂冷却水排入对受纳水体造成的热污染，将在局部范围内影响水生生物的生长发育，破坏生态平衡。因此，定量估算电厂温排水的影响范围并提出治理措施，是火电厂项目环评工作中重要内容之一。本文给出了一种边界符合良好、收敛性好的、符合实际的新型数学模型，定量估算电厂温排水排入受纳水体中所引起的温升范围。     

电厂温排水对受纳水体影响的试验和观测

本文根据我室历年所作热力发电厂冷却水物理模型试验和温排水的原体观测资料,就电厂容量、取排水口工程布置和温排水对受纳水体近区和超温区的影响进行综合分析,供制定热排放标准和设计热力发电厂水工设施参考。     

水库富营养化的发展与电厂温排水

本文以姚孟电厂为例,通过有关的调查和试验资料研究分析,详细说明了水库富营养化发展的关键是水库外部营养物质向水库的输入,电厂的温排水只起到了一定的促进作用.     

规划岸线影响下的电厂冷却水数值模拟

随着深圳南山区规划岸线的实施,将影响该海区潮流流态,给前湾燃机电厂的循环冷却水工程造成影响.针对这种情况,利用数值模拟对现状海域流场进行了验证计算,对规划岸线下的流场变化情况及电厂温排水的水力热力特性进行了模拟.在考虑取水温度、经济性、环保性的基础上,为环境评价提供了科学依据.     

阳宗海电厂改建工程温排水对湖水温度预测及对水生物影响分析

本文在阳宗海电厂现有机组温排水对湖水温升实测基础上，对改建2×200MW工程对湖水的温度影响分析作了一维估算和二维数值模拟计算，分析了对水生生物的影响，为改建工程确定冷却方式提供了科学依据。     

防治温排水的热污染,提高电厂的经济效益

电厂一般临近大江、大河、大海,目前我国沿海已建成或正在建的电厂近3千万千瓦,预测还得建3千万到4干万瓦,而一座1百万千瓦的火力发电厂所需的冷却水量约40m~3/s,冷却水经凝汽器后,水温约升高8～10°。因此,电厂的温排水对受纳水域的影响如何,必须给予认真的评估。1978年夏季,华东地区持续干旱高温,此时,望     

大姚电厂总排水水质预测

火电厂排水对环境的影响不仅要考虑灰场灰水,而且要考虑厂区下水道即总排口排水对环境水体的影响,尤其在水源保护区附近。对于新建电厂,无法获得总排口水水质实测资料。要做好环境评价,就必须对总排口水水质进行预测。笔者在进行巢湖大姚村电厂(新建40万瓩机组)水体环境影响评价时,对该电厂总排口排水水质进行了预测,供同行参考。     

我国火电厂排水水质现状

为了掌握我国火力发电厂排水的水质和水量现状,我们收集了装机容量为5万瓩以上的132个电厂排水资料,其中大部分是1985年工业污染源普查时的分析数据和1986年的环境监测值,只有极少数是1985年以前的分析数据。因此,这些资料基本上反映了目前我国火电厂废水排放状况。由于有的电厂提供的排水水质数据不全,在综合分析时按各个水质指标分别统计分析并在统计分析结果中列出了按各个指标所统计的电厂数目。     

垃圾焚烧余热发电的环境保护措施

在某垃圾焚烧余热发电厂的设计过程中，发现垃圾电厂对环境的污染影响比一般的火力发电厂要复杂。针对这一情况，介绍了该类电厂的工艺特点及其运行过程中的三废排放、治理措施，希望从多角度关注此类电厂的环境保护问题。     

重金属废水处理与资源化利用现状

重金属废水的排放是重金属污染的重要源头之一。介绍了目前国内外用于处理不同重坌属废水的方法，以及重金属废水资源化可采用的多种工艺。在重金属废水资源化技术中，膜分离技术起着十分重要的作用。     

炭黑尾气净化及余热利用

对炭黑生产尾气中ＣＯ，Ｈ２及ＣＨ４等可燃气态污染物的净化及其余热的回收和利用进行了研究，结果表明，采用直接燃烧法是目前我国炭黑尾气净化和余热回收利用的最佳方法，直接燃烧法，不仅可将黑尾气中可燃气态污染物变为无害的物质ＣＯ２和Ｈ２Ｏ，并可回收和利用热，可使炭黑生产余热利用率提高５０％以上，其经济效益和环境效益十分可观。     

废塑料的回收利用

介绍了国外废塑料再生利用、热分散回收低分子化合物和焚烧回收热能的技术与方法。     

Mathematical modeling of biomass fuels formation process

The increasing demand for thermal and electric energy in many branches of industry and municipal management accounts for a drastic diminishing of natural resources (fossil fuels). Meanwhile, in numerous technical processes, a huge mass of wastes is produced. A segregated and converted combustible fraction of the wastes, with relatively high calorific value, may be used as a component of formed fuels. The utilization of the formed fuel components from segregated groups of waste in associated processes of co-combustion with conventional fuels causes significant savings resulting from partial replacement of fossil fuels, and reduction of environmental pollution resulting directly from the limitation of waste migration to the environment (soil, atmospheric air, surface and underground water). The realization of technological processes with the utilization of formed fuel in associated thermal systems should be qualified by technical criteria, which means that elementary processes as well as factors of sustainable development, from a global viewpoint, must not be disturbed. The utilization of post-process waste should be preceded by detailed technical, ecological and economic analyses. In order to optimize the mixing process of fuel components, a mathematical model of the forming process was created. The model is defined as a group of data structures which uniquely identify a real process and conversion of this data in algorithms based on a problem of linear programming. The paper also presents the optimization of parameters in the process of forming fuels using a modified simplex algorithm with a polynomial worktime. This model is a datum-point in the numerical modeling of real processes, allowing a precise determination of the optimal elementary composition of formed fuels components, with assumed constraints and decision variables of the task.     

Degradation of Polylactic Acid by Irradiation

Polylactic acid (PLA) waste has various treatment methods, such as natural decomposition, composting, incineration, and hydrolysis. Degradation of PLA waste by gamma ray and pulsed light irradiation is an efficient, safe and innovative method that also protects the environment. The focus of this study was on the development of an alternative, green technology for solving the PLA waste disposal problem of PLA, rather than using incineration or the landfill method. We used a novel approach to identify the thermal decomposition and heat properties of crystalline poly lactic acid, non-crystalline polylactic acid, and blend polylactic acid. The approach involved the degradation of the materials with gamma ray and pulsed light irradiation followed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). We also developed a novel approach to the heat effect, including heat reactivity properties by TGA tests and thermal mass loss simulation for proper application, processing, and waste treatment conditions. The data from this study can be used to improve the design of operation and waste treatment protocols for PLA, which will benefit the environment.     

Simulation of a waste incineration process with flue-gas cleaning and heat recovery sections using Aspen Plus

In the present paper, the modeling of a dual-purpose plant for the production of electrical and thermal energy from the heat treatment of solid wastes is presented. Particularly, the process has been modeled by using the Aspen Plus Shell, with the aim of performing a study about the applicability of this software in the simulation of a solid waste incineration process, which involves complex gas-solid reactions where the solids are referred to as "non-conventional". The model is developed to analyze and quantify the expected benefits associated with refuse derived fuel (RDF) thermal utilization; thus attention is focused on the performance of the energy recovery section.     

Current EU-27 technical potential of organic waste streams for biogas and energy production

Anaerobic digestion of organic waste generated by households, businesses, agriculture, and industry is an important approach as method of waste treatment – especially with regard to its potential as an alternative energy source and its cost-effectiveness. Separate collection of biowaste from households or vegetal waste from public green spaces is already established in some EU-27 countries. The material recovery in composting plants is common for biowaste and vegetal waste. Brewery waste fractions generated by beer production are often used for animal feeding after a suitable preparation. Waste streams from paper industry generated by pulp and paper production such as black liquor or paper sludge are often highly contaminated with toxic substances. Recovery of chemicals and the use in thermal processes like incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification are typical utilization paths. The current utilization of organic waste from households and institutions (without agricultural waste) was investigated for EU-27 countries with Germany as an in-depth example. Besides of biowaste little is known about the suitability of waste streams from brewery and paper industry for anaerobic digestion. Therefore, an evaluation of the most important biogas process parameters for different substrates was carried out, in order to calculate the biogas utilization potential of these waste quantities. Furthermore, a calculation of biogas energy potentials was carried out for defined waste fractions which are most suitable for anaerobic digestion. Up to 1% of the primary energy demand can be covered by the calculated total biogas energy potential. By using a “best-practice-scenario” for separately collected biowaste, the coverage of primary energy demand may be increased above 2% for several countries. By using sector-specific waste streams, for example the German paper industry could cover up to 4.7% and the German brewery industry up to 71.2% of its total energy demand.     

运用灰色GM（1,1）系统模型预测北京市污水排放量

北京市水资源开发利用已经超过了水资源承载能力范围,由此引发的水资源短缺问题日益严重.对污水的综合利用进行研究可以达到持续利用水资源的目的,解决水资源短缺问题.以北京市2005-2012年污水排放量资料为基础,运用灰色系统模型,对工业、生活污水排放量及总污水排放量进行了预测,分析北京市污水排放量走势及存在的问题,提出未来北京市污水综合利用的对策措施.     

Possibilities and limitations of life cycle assessment (LCA) in the development of waste utilization systems – Applied examples for a region in Northern Germany

Against the background of increasing concerns about climate change, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions has become an integral part of processes in both the waste management and the energy industries. This is reflected in the development of new waste treatment concepts, in which domestic and commercial waste is treated with the aim of utilizing its energy content, while at the same time recycling as much of its material content as possible. Life cycle assessment (LCA) represents a method of assessing the environmental relevance of a waste management system, the basis of which is a material flow analysis of the system in question. GHG emissions from different options for thermal treatment and energy recovery from waste as applied to a region in Northern Germany have been analyzed by the LCA approach and an indicative LCA, which only considers those emissions resulting from operating stages of the system. Operating stages have the main share of emissions compared to pre-processing stages. Results show that through specific separation of waste material flows and highly efficient energy recovery, thermal treatment and energy generation from waste can be optimized resulting in reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases. There are also other areas of waste utilization, currently given little attention, such as the solar drying of sewage sludge, which can considerably contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.     

乌鲁木齐市工业固体废物资源化现状、趋势及建议

分析了乌鲁木齐市工业固体废物产生现状及其资源化利用情况,预测了＂十二五＂期间乌鲁木齐市工业固体废物产生量及资源化利用量。针对乌鲁木齐市工业固体废物资源化利用存在的问题,提出了实施工业固体废物资源化利用过程中,应该减少工业固体废物排放总量、扩大资源化利用途径、推进资源回收和资源化利用的产业化进程、加强工业固体废物监督管理工作等建议。