火电厂排烟中颗粒物及多环芳烃的研究

对某火电厂电除尘器前后烟气中颗粒物的形貌、粒径分布及多环芳烃(PAHs)在颗粒物、烟气气相及原煤中的含量进行了研究.结果表明,颗粒物主要呈圆球形,主要成分为Al2O3和SiO2,除尘器前颗粒粒径主要分布在5～10 μm之间,其后以5 μm以下为主;电除尘器对大颗粒有较好的收尘效果,而对小于5 μm颗粒的收尘效果较差;低环PAHs在气相中的含量均高于颗粒物中的含量;电除尘器对PAHs的平均脱除率能达到89.74%,对4环和6环PAHs的脱除率高于90%.     

加压酸浸法提取粉煤灰中的Al2O3和Fe2O3

采用加压酸浸法提取粉煤灰中的A12O3和Fe2O3.实验研究了粉煤灰粒径、硫酸质量分数、反应时间、反应温度对粉煤灰中Al2O3和Fe2O3浸取率的影响,并通过SEM对粉煤灰酸浸前后的形貌进行了分析.实验结果表明,当粉煤灰粒径为75μm、硫酸质量分数为50％、反应温度为180℃、反应时间为4h时,粉煤灰中的Al2O3浸取率可达82.4％,Fe2O3浸取率为76.1％,经酸浸后粉煤灰的剩余率为72.4％.     

粉煤灰处理阴离子表面活性剂废水及机理研究

采用粉煤灰作为吸附混凝剂,研究了粉煤灰对废水中阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS）的去除及机理。分析了粉煤灰投加量、吸附时间、pH值对废水中SDS去除率的影响,探讨了最佳条件下废水中SDS去除率,研究了粉煤灰动力学特征。结果表明,在200mL浓度50mg/L的SDS溶液中,调节pH值为13,加入70 g粉煤灰,搅拌20m in后,SDS的去除率为83.3%。粉煤灰对SDS的吸附符合Freund lich吸附等温式。     

过硫酸钠-过氧化钙修复多环芳烃污染土壤

采用过硫酸钠-过氧化钙双氧化体系修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤.通过单因素实验考察了过硫酸钠浓度、过氧化钙质量分数和n(柠檬酸):n(硫酸亚铁)等对土壤中PAHs降解率的影响.通过响应面分析确定,在过氧化钙质量分数为2.7％、过硫酸钠浓度为0.62 mol/L、n(柠檬酸):n(硫酸亚铁)=1:1时,PAHs降解率最...     

我国粉煤灰高值应用研究进展

结合粉煤灰的性质及化学成分组成,综述了粉煤灰在制备白炭黑、沸石、水处理和在稀有金属回收方面的高值应用的新途径和应用现状。粉煤灰目前主要应用在建筑、交通等行业,虽然能在短时间内快速提高利用率,但均为低附加值产品,并未充分发挥潜在的价值,大力开发粉煤灰的高附加值产品是今后粉煤灰资源化利用技术研究的主要方向。     

双掺粉煤灰再生骨料对混凝土强度影响研究

通过试验研究再生骨料混凝土中粉煤灰和再生骨料对混凝土强度的影响。采用粉煤灰替代部分水泥、再生骨料替代部分天然粗骨料的方法,通过正交试验测定混凝土立方体抗压强度的方法,来研究粉煤灰对再生骨料混凝土强度的影响。试验得出:当再生骨料掺量为20%~30%时,粉煤灰的最佳掺量为20%左右;当再生骨料掺量高于40%、粉煤灰掺量高于20%时,其混凝土拌合物搅拌时间不小于240 s,且当粉煤灰在20%~30%时,可获得较理想的混凝土抗压强度;当粉煤灰的掺入量分布在20%~30%、再生骨料的最佳掺量为50%时,可获得较理想的混凝土抗压强度。由此得出,合理的再生骨料、粉煤灰掺量对混凝土的抗压强度影响并不明显且有提高的趋势,对降低混凝土成本,提高建筑垃圾的再生利用,有一定的经济效益和社会效益。     

粉煤灰制备聚硅酸铝铁及条件选择

研究了以粉煤灰为原料制取聚硅酸铝铁的方法和合成的最佳条件.焙烧粉煤灰应以钙基盐作为活化剂方能达到最佳效果;粉煤灰的适宜活化温度应为900～1000℃;酸浸粉煤灰的适宜温度为70～80℃;反应时间为1.0～1.5h,盐酸的质量分数为30%;合成聚硅酸铝铁的各成分最佳质量比为Al/Fe为1.8;Si/(Al+Fe)为1.5.     

粉煤灰的理化特性与浸出特性试验

阐述了有关粉煤灰理化特性及国内外固体废弃物浸出试验方法的研究成果，就粉煤灰的形成，结构特点和处置情况，着重介绍了“燃煤电厂粉煤灰浸出试验方法”中有关浸出特性测定的条件、程序、测定项目等规定，并通过8种具有代表性的粉煤灰的浸出特性试验，研究了粉煤灰理化特性对浸出浓度的影响，为研究粉煤灰的利用及对环境影响提供了试验依据。     

碱激发粉煤灰对Cs~+的吸附行为

将粉煤灰进行碱激发改性,运用XRD和SEM技术对碱激发粉煤灰进行了表征,通过静态平衡吸附实验研究了碱激发粉煤灰对Cs+的吸附动力学和热力学特性,并对吸附前后的碱激发粉煤灰进行了FTIR分析。表征结果显示,碱激发处理后,粉煤灰的晶相发生了改变,且粉煤灰表面密实的硬壳层被破坏。实验结果表明:在初始Cs+质量浓度为200 mg/L、吸附温度为25℃、溶液pH为10、碱激发粉煤灰投加量为12.0 g/L的条件下,碱激发粉煤灰对Cs+的平衡吸附率可达80%以上,其吸附能力比碱激发前提高了3倍以上;吸附过程可用准二阶动力学方程来描述,并较好地符合Langmuir等温吸附模型;碱激发粉煤灰对Cs+的吸附是吸热过程,且能自发进行;该过程以物理吸附为主,并伴随化学吸附。     

粉煤灰的理化特性及浸出规律

本文较为系统地分析总结了国内外有关粉煤灰理化特性和浸出行为的研究成果,就粉煤灰的形成和基本结构、粉煤灰中钙的分布和特性、粉煤灰的溶解反应及有关元素的浸出行为等问题进行了探讨。阐述某些内在的联系。为研究粉煤灰的利用、处置及对环境的影响提供一定的理论与实验依据.     

Determination of the Thermal Efficiency of Pre-boilover Burning of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil-spill. The total heat release, as a function of the pool diameter, is obtained from an existing correlation. It is assumed that radiative heat is absorbed close to the fuel surface, that conduction is the dominant mode of heat transfer in the liquid phase and that the fuel boiling temperature remains constant. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). The effect of weathering on the burning rate decreases with the weathering period and that emulsification results in a linear decrease of the burning rate with water content.     

Selection of adsorbents for treatment of leachate: batch studies of simultaneous adsorption of heavy metals

The simultaneous adsorption of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) ions from spiked deionized water and spiked leachate onto natural materials (peat A and B), by-product or waste materials (carbon-containing ash, paper pellets, pine bark, and semi-coke), and synthetic materials (based on urea-formaldehyde resins, called blue and red adsorbents) or mixtures thereof was investigated. The adsorbents that gave the highest metal removal efficiencies were peat A, a mixture of peat B and carbon-containing ash, and a mixture of peat A and blue. At an initial concentration of 5 mg/l for each metal, the removal of each species of metal ion from spiked water and spiked leachate solutions was very good (>90%) and good (>75%), respectively. When the initial concentration of each metal in the solutions was twenty times higher (100 mg/l), there was a noticeable decrease in the removal efficiency of Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, but not of Pb²⁺. Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacities, q_m, on peat A were found to be 0.57, 0.37, and 0.36 mmol/g for Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, respectively. The order of metal adsorption capacity on peat A was the same in the case of competitive multimetal adsorption conditions as it was for single-element adsorption, namely Pb²⁺ > Cd²⁺ ≥ Ni²⁺. The results show that peat alone (an inexpensive adsorbent) is a good adsorbent for heavy metal ions.     

袋式除尘器气流分布数值计算研究

采用结构化/非结构化混合网格技术、多孔介质模型及k-ε两方程湍流模型,对某袋式除尘器及进出口管道内的气体流场进行了数值计算.计算结果表明,合理布置导流板后,袋式除尘器两箱体流量偏差为1.8％;除尘器下游滤袋单元处理气量偏大,中游滤袋单元处理气量较小,最大流量与最小流量偏差为22.3％；靠近除尘器进口处灰斗内存在气流回流特性,易造成粉尘的二次附着现象.     

Kinetics of Hydrolytic Degradation of PLA

The chemical recycling of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to its monomer is crucial to reduce both the consumption of renewable resources for the monomer synthesis and the environmental impact related to its production and disposal. In particular, the production of lactic acid from PLA wastes, rather than from virgin raw materials, it is also possible to achieve considerable primary energy savings. The focus of this work is to analyse deeply the PLA hydrolytic decomposition by means of a kinetic model based on two reactions mechanism. To this end, new experimental data have been gathered in order to investigate a wider temperature range (from 140 to 180 °C) and to extend the water/PLA ratio up to 50 % of PLA by weight. The reported results clearly highlight that more than 95 % of PLA is hydrolyzed to water-soluble lactic acid within 120 min, when it is hydrolyzed within 160–180 °C. Furthermore, the kinetic constant is highly influenced by reaction temperature. The proposed “two reactions” kinetic mechanism complies satisfactorily with the experimental data under analysis.     

富拉尔基发电总厂200MW机组除尘器改造

对富拉尔基发电总厂5号炉的设计条件进行了分析，针对燃用低硫煤，飞灰比电阻高，场地较小，除尘效率要求高的情况，在电除尘器的设计上采取有效措施，达到了排放要求。     

Calculation of carbon balances for evaluation of the biodegradability of polymers

Establishing carbon balances has been proven to be an applicable and powerful tool in testing biodegradability of polymers. In controlled degradation tests at a 4-L scale with the model polymer poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), it was shown that the degree of degradation could not be determined with satisfactory accuracy from CO₂ release alone. Instead, the course of degradation was characterized by means of establishing carbon balances for the degradation of PHB withAcidovorax facilis and a mixed culture derived from compost. Different analytical methods for determining the different carbon fractions were adapted to the particular test conditions and compared. Quantitative determination of biomass and residual polymer were the main problems in establishing carbon balances. Amounts of biomass derived from protein measurements depend strongly on assumptions of the protein content of the biomass. Selective oxidation of biomass with hypochlorite was used as alternative, but here problems arose from insoluble metabolic products. Determination of soluble components with the method of chemical oxygen demand (COD) also includes empirical assumptions but seems acceptable if the dissolved carbon fraction is in the range of some 10% total carbon. Results confirm both analytical assays and theoretical approaches, in ending up at values very close to 100%, within an acceptable standard deviation range under test conditions comparable to standard test practice.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

Review of the kinetics of alkaline degradation of cellulose in view of its relevance for safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories

The degradation of cellulose (a substantial component of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste) under alkaline conditions occurs via two main processes: a peeling-off reaction and a basecatalyzed cleavage of glycosidic bonds (hydrolysis). Both processes show pseudo-first-order kinetics. At ambient temperature, the peeling-off process is the dominant degradation mechanism, resulting in the formation of mainly isosaccharinic acid. The degradation depends strongly on the degree of polymerization (DP) and on the number of reducing end groups present in cellulose. Beyond pH 12.5, the OH^- concentration has only a minor effect on the degradation rate. It was estimated that under repository conditions (alkaline environment, pH 13.3-12.5) about 10% of the cellulosic materials (average DP = 1000-2000) will degrade in the first stage (up to 10⁵ years) by the peeling-off reaction and will cause an ingrowth of isosaccharinic acid in the interstitial cement pore water. In the second stage (10⁵-10⁶ years), alkaline hydrolysis will control the further degradation of the cellulose. The potential role of microorganisms in the degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions could not be evaluated. Proper assessment of the effect of cellulose degradation on the mobilization of radionuclides basically requires knowing the concentration of isosaccharinic acid in the pore water. This concentration, however, depends on several factors such as the stability of ISA under alkaline conditions, sorption of ISA on cement, formation of sparingly soluble ISA-salts, etc. A discussion of all the relevant processes involved, however, is far beyond the scope of the presented overview.     

Study of Aging Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Polyethylenes—II

Six film samples of low-density polypropylene (LDPE)/linear LDPE (LLDPE)/high-density polypropylene (HDPE) with varying ratios of LDPE (20–45 ... wt%) and LLDPE (25–50 wt%) having a fixed amount of HDPE at 30 wt% were prepared by blown film extrusion technique. The samples were aged at four different temperatures, 55°, 70°, 85°, and 100°C, for four different time periods in the interval of between 150 hours and up to 600 hours. The change in the structure of various constituents and the formation of various oxygenated (peroxy and hydroperoxy) and unsaturated groups during thermo-oxidative degradation was discussed by infrared spectroscopy. The visiosity-average molecular weight was found to have decreased slowly in the initial aging hours and temperatures, whereas it decreased by 10% with its previous value tensile strength that is, 100°C when aged for 600 hours. The tensile strength of the sample first increased by 67% at 55°C and 89% at 70°C up to 450 hours, whereas the values increased by 52.5% at 85°C and 33.9% at 100°C when aged for 150 hours and then decreased. The percentage elongation at break increased by 2.7% at 55°C and 10.7% at 70°C for 150 and 300 hours of aging, respectively, whereas the percentage decreased when aged at 85°C and 100°C for up to 600 hours of aging. The values of gel content (percent) increased and initial degradation temperature decreased with aging time and temperature.     

Effects of temperature on the release of nutrient elements of solid organic materials under conditions of oversaturation

The effects of temperature on the release of chemical components of six solid organic materials under conditions of oversaturation were investigated in this paper. The six materials were peat moss (PM), weathered coals (WC), charred rice husks (CRH), sawdust (Sd), turfgrass clippings (TC), and chicken manure (CM). Significant differences were observed in the available nitrogen and phosphorus content of the aqueous extracts of organic materials at different temperatures. The available nitrogen content in aqueous extracts of PM and WC at 25 °C was higher than that registered at 15 °C and 35 °C. Available nitrogen content in the aqueous extracts of CRH, Sd, TC, and WC at 35 °C was higher than at 15 °C and 25 °C. The available phosphorus content in the aqueous extracts of organic materials at 35 °C was higher than that available at 15 °C and 25 °C, with the exception of Sd. In addition, the release of available phosphorus in the aqueous solution of organic materials at different temperatures varied constantly for 108 h. The release of potassium (K⁺) and sodium (Na⁺) ions in the aqueous extracts of organic materials was basically steady over time, with the exception of CM. High temperature (35 °C) may significantly hasten the release of K⁺ from organic substrates (except for WC) with low temperatures significantly inhibiting release of K⁺ in Sd and CRH. High temperatures (35 °C) might significantly facilitate the release of Na⁺ in CM and TC. However, no significant differences were manifested in the release of Na⁺ from organic substrates at different temperatures, with the exception of CM and TC. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in the release of calcium, magnesium and iron ions with time, nor were there any significant differences in the contents of iron ions in the aqueous extracts of organic materials at different temperatures. The results indicate that multiple mediums should be pretreated in water for a week before being used for planting. They should be used when all mineral elements of organic materials are steady and ignoring the effect of organic mediums.     

Effect of Degree of Substitution of Octenyl Succinate Starch on Enzymatic Degradation

Octenyl succinate starch of degree of substitution (ds) 0.03, 0.07, and 0.11 was synthesized in an aqueous medium. These compounds were then tested for the susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. The multiple-enzyme regime of -amylase, amyloglucosidase, and pullulanase was chosen for the evaluation. This combination of enzymes had been proven to degrade 99.5% of unmodified starch to glucose and hence was chosen for this study. It was found that even small amounts of subsituent caused a considerable decrease in the extent of degradation. The net extent of degradation decreased with increasing ds. Surprisingly, the amount of glucose from all three substituted substrates was quite similar, suggesting the effect small amounts of subtituent had on the enzymatic activity.