火电厂液氨贮存风险评价中典型事故影响范围计算

对火电厂液氨贮存风险评价中的三类典型事故（化学爆炸、管道泄漏和贮罐整体破裂）影响范围的计算方法进行了探讨。以某火电厂2×1000MW机组为例,当发生化学爆炸事故时,爆炸冲击波损害等级1、2、3、4的影响区域半径分别为78.3、156.6、391.5和1044m;管道泄漏和贮罐整体破裂所引发的中毒事故中,后者对环境的影响较大。若事故发生后10min内得到有效控制,则在F大气稳定度、1.5m/s风速条件下,贮罐整体破裂半致死浓度的影响区域半径（r值）为344.6m,大于管道泄漏r值（205.8m）;若事故发生后不考虑控制措施,则在F大气稳定度、1.5 m/s风速条件下,贮罐整体破裂半致死浓度的影响区域半径r值为561 m。     

农药行业规划环境影响评价中的风险评价

针对专项工业规划环境影响评价中环境风险评价应用尚不成熟的现状，建立了一套专项工业规划环境风险评价方法，并将其应用到江苏省农药行业总体规划环境影响评价分析中。从环境风险角度分析行业发展方向、强度和布局的合理性，提出规划调整和行业风险管理的建议，以降低事故发生的概率和影响，保障行业的健康稳定发展。通过对江苏省农药行业规划明确的产品结构、产业组织结构、创新体系和技术发展目标等进行风险识别、分析和评价，得出生产和使用光气的定点企业、使用液氯的企业、产生硫化氢的企业的环境风险防护距离（以生产装置为起点）应至少设置为1 000，500，250 m。     

石化企业环境风险评价初探

石化企业环境风险评价是对石化企业环境影响的不确定性及其环境后果进行调查和确定的过程,具有复杂性、综合性和不确定性3大特征.评价的核心是识别风险和后果计算,桥梁是风险分析和风险评价,最终目的是降低风险.此外,在改进石化企业环境风险评价程序基础上,就环境风险评价方法和评价标准进行了初步探讨.     

光气法生产甲氨基甲酰氯的事故风险分析

对光气法生产甲氨基甲酰氯过程中的事故风险进行了分析,讨论了生产过程中存在的事故隐患,并指出了切实可行的防范对策。     

上海东风农药厂光气生产系统事故隐患风险评价

本文通过对国内外光气及光气化产品生产事故的调查和分析,得出不同事故的发生概率;采用经验设定法和概率及风险分析法得出东风农药厂的基准事故,并以此基准事故作为事故隐患进行剖析;采用目前常用的若干模式,将其计算结果与典型事故案例进行比较,从而筛选出最接近实际情况的计算模式,作为本评价的模式,进而对已确定的基准事故进行风险评价,并寻求相应的对策和措施。     

化工项目环境风险评价中危险物质临界量的界定

在依据HJ 169—2018《建设项目环境风险评价技术导则》进行危险物质临界量界定的实际应用中,发现该导则存在危险物质种类及危险性质涵盖不全的问题。对比研究了与之相关的HJ 169—2004《建设项目环境风险评价技术导则》、HJ 941—2018《企业突发环境事件风险分级方法》、GB 18218—2018《危险化学品重大危险源辨识》、《赛维索指令Ⅲ》等技术规范和标准,构建了基于上述规范的危险物质临界量界定技术路线,为化工项目环境风险评价的实际工作提供借鉴。     

环境风险评价中氯气泄漏扩散的计算

根据HJ/T169-2004((建设项目环境风险评价技术导则>(简称<导则>),对某化工厂使用的液氯钢瓶的事故源进行分析.采用<导则>推荐的Cox和Carpenter稠密气体扩散模型,在氯气泄漏的初期,将其作为重气泄漏扩散进行计算,得到重气云团温度、半径、卷入空气质量和质量浓度随扩散时间的变化关系.计算结果与非重气扩散高斯模式的计算结果有较大差异.因此,对涉及氯气的项目进行环境风险评价时,应重视氯气作为重气泄漏扩散的环节.     

用VB和Surfer实现污染物在大气中扩散的动态演示

提出了一种用VB将基于DOS的污染物在大气中扩散的程序和Surfer软件结合起来实现动态演示的方法。该方法通过结合使用VB的Shell函数和Windows API的OpenProcess函数有效解决了DOS程序在VB中的调用和等待问题;并且用ActiveX技术解决了在VB中调控Surfer的问题,实现了污染物在大气中扩散的以评价区域地图为背景的动态演示,可为环境风险评价和事故应对决策提供支持。     

丙烯腈反应器的故障树分析

应用系统可靠性分析基本原理，以丙烯腈反应工序的核心装置反应器为分析对象，确定反应器在运行过程中的防爆膜破裂事故为顶事件，应用故障树分析方法建立故障树，并对其进行定性和定量分析，得出顶事件最小割集和发生概率。本工作对石化企业的环境风险评价和安全分析具有重要意义。     

溢油监测技术在石油石化企业环境风险防控中的应用

针对石油石化企业的溢油风险,提出企业在厂区雨水系统、外排口、涉水生产设施、环境敏感受体、溢油事故应急处置5类场景下的溢油监测需求,总结了溢油监测技术的类型和特点,介绍了可见光、红外、紫外、荧光、高光谱、微波辐射、雷达、电磁能量吸收等溢油监测技术的应用现状和优缺点。提出:企业溢油监测系统可分为企业内部溢油风险分级管控监测、企业边界的溢油风险报警监测、敏感环境监视的风险预警监测、溢油事故应急救援的溢油处置监测4个层次的运行模式。     

我国化工园区布局性环境风险及对策建议

介绍了我国化工园区基本情况和布局现状,指出了化工园区布局不合理、城市规划源头缺少环境风险控制要求、后期规划实施和控制不利导致环境风险累积、已属末端的园区规划环评无法改变不合理的空间布局等问题,提出了科学布局新建化工园区、从城市规划源头控制环境风险、推动城市规划环境影响评价并针对现有城市开展环境安全评估、推进现有园区清理整顿等对策建议。     

化工建设项目环境影响评价中的热点问题

分析了化工建设项目环境影响评价工作中的热点问题。指出化工生产的环境风险是可控的;环评报告书中应将环境风险的预防作为风险评价的重点，同时要积极推进责任关怀，将企业每年度外排的各种污染物的数量及削减量如实公布，让公众了解企业在预防污染方面的进步和尚存的问题。提出了精简环评报告书的途径：编写环评报告书简化本;突出环评报告书的重点，将污染预防和治理措施作为环评报告书最重要的章节之一;评价环境影响预测的准确性等。     

梨园杀虫剂的环境风险评价

评价了某雪花梨栽培试验园区施用的杀虫剂对周围环境的风险性。其中包括；利用化学物质排毒系数评价法对梨园杀虫剂进行初步风险识别；非突发性水环境污染风险分析。采用瞬时点源一维河流模型对杀虫剂因事故性泄漏水体造成的风险进行预测；简要说明了杀虫剂进入土壤的途径及其对施药区和非施药区土壤的危害；采用高斯烟团模式，通过大气取样，对杀虫剂超常量喷施进入大气捕捞浓度分布进行统计分析，测算出杀虫剂在不同浓度范围出现的相对频率，从而鉴别其对居民点空气质量的危害几率。     

Pesticide Impact Rating Index – A Pesticide Risk Indicator for Water Quality

Pesticide users, natural resource managers, regulators, government agencies and many others are concerned about the off-site impact of pesticides on the environment. Systematic methods of the assessment of potential risk of pesticides to environmental components can serve as valuable tools in decision making and policy formulation. Simple risk indicators have been developed which cover a range of scenarios such as toxicity to organisms, health of farm workers, consumer health, and residues in harvested produce. The authors have developed a software package named Pesticide Impact Rating Index (PIRI) that outputs an improved pesticide risk indicator for water quality. PIRI is a standalone, user-friendly, platform-independent program. It can be used to (i) rank pesticides in terms of their relative pollution potential to groundwater or surface water, and (ii) to compare different land uses in a catchment or at a regional scale in terms of their relative impact on water quality. It is based on pesticides use; the pathway through which the pesticides are released to the water resources (drift, runoff, erosion, leaching) and the value of the water resources threatened. Each component is quantified using pesticide characteristics (including toxicity to organisms at different trophic levels, i.e. fish, daphnia, algae, etc.), environmental and site conditions (e.g. organic carbon content of soil, water input, slope of land, soil loss, recharge rate, depth of water table, etc.). This paper describes two case studies of the application of PIRI in Australia. The comparison of the risk assessment by PIRI on these revealed that PIRI correctly estimated the pollution potential of pesticides in greater than 80% of cases. A GIS version of PIRI is described in a companion paper in this volume. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Risk assessment of landfill disposal sites--State of the art

A risk assessment process can assist in drawing a cost-effective compromise between economic and environmental costs, thereby assuring that the philosophy of 'sustainable development' is adhered to. Nowadays risk analysis is in wide use to effectively manage environmental issues. Risk assessment is also applied to other subjects including health and safety, food, finance, ecology and epidemiology. The literature review of environmental risk assessments in general and risk assessment approaches particularly regarding landfill disposal sites undertaken by the authors, reveals that an integrated risk assessment methodology for landfill gas, leachate or degraded waste does not exist. A range of knowledge gaps is discovered in the literature reviewed to date. From the perspective of landfill leachate, this paper identifies the extent to which various risk analysis aspects are absent in the existing approaches.     

Obtaining Approvals for Oil and Gas Projects in Shallow Water Marine Areas in Western Australia using an Environmental Risk Assessment Framework

The oil and gas industry is of major economic importance to the state of Western Australia. The majority of its activities are offshore, some occurring in shallow marine areas adjacent to sensitive resources such as coral reefs and mangroves. One of the main issues for the oil and gas industry is continued access to marine acreage. Increasing public concern about the environmental protection of the coastal and marine environment has increased the focus on the various users. This has resulted in the development of statutory and administrative processes, more stringent environmental assessment and operating conditions, and greater scrutiny on the issue of access of proposals to some areas. Detailed environmental assessment and management plans are generated for all drilling and development projects. An environmental risk assessment approach utilising computer modelling, habitat mapping, research and monitoring is used to evaluate the risk of a project on adjacent resources and to obtain government approval. The Wonnich appraisal drilling program, which consisted of two wells drilled from the same surface location situated one kilometre away from an area of high conservation value, will be used as a case study of the risk assessment procedure used by one oil and gas company.     

香港青山B电厂4×680MW机组排放控制工程OHS风险控制方案介绍

以香港青山B电厂4×680MW机组排放控制工程（CPBEC）为例，介绍了海外环保EPC项目OHS风险控制的特点和风险控制方案，阐述了目前国内环保企业OHS风险管理中存在的主要问题和改进措施。