炼油污水处理装置恶臭气体源强估算方法的比较

以某炼油污水处理装置为例，根据其运行现状及恶臭气体的监测结果，使用卫生防护距离反推法、源强经验估算法以及地面浓度反推法3种方法对恶臭气体源强进行估算，并利用AERMOD模式进行预测，对预测值与监测值进行方差分析。实验结果表明：在监测得到的NH₃和H₂S的平均质量浓度分别为0.113，0.006 mg/m³的条件下，卫生防护距离反推法得到的NH₃和H₂S的无组织排放源强分别为2.395，0.127 kg/h。源强经验估算法得到的NH₃和H₂S的源强分别为0.255，0.080 kg/h，地面浓度反推法得到的NH₃和H₂S的源强分别为3.120，0.250 kg/h;源强经验估算法为炼油污水处理装置气体源强估算的最优方法。     

聚乙烯亚胺改性UiO-66-NH2对水中U(Ⅵ)的吸附

采用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)改性氨基化锆基金属有机骨架材料(UiO-66-NH₂)制备了UiO-66-NH₂/PEI,利用XRD、SEM和FTIR对产物进行了表征,并将其用于吸附水中的U(Ⅵ)。考察了UiO-66-NH₂/PEI吸附U(Ⅵ)的影响因素,并研究了吸附动力学和等温线。实验结果表明:UiO-66-NH₂/PEI对U(Ⅵ)具有良好的吸附效果,PEI与UiO-66-NH₂质量比为30%、溶液pH为6、吸附剂投加量为80 mg/L、吸附时间为120 min、初始U(Ⅵ)质量浓度为10 mg/L时,UiO-66-NH₂/PEI对U(Ⅵ)的去除率达98.2%(303 K下);UiO-66-NH₂/30%PEI对U(Ⅵ)的吸附在60 min内达到平衡,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir模型,最大吸附量达452.49 mg/g。     

应曲面法优化H2O2催化氧化烟气脱硝工艺

研究了H₂O₂催化氧化烟气脱硝工艺中H₂O₂质量分数、催化剂浓度和溶液pH对脱硝率的影响,采用 Box-Behnken响应曲面法优化了H₂O₂脱硝的工艺条件,得到了相应的数学模型,并进行了方差分析。结果表明,溶液pH、催化剂浓度、H₂O₂质量分数以及催化剂浓度和H₂O₂质量分数的一级交互作用对脱硝率的影响很显著,模型的决定系数为0.995 3,说明模型拟合效果很好。经模型优化分析的最优工艺条件为H₂O₂质量分数0.2%,催化剂浓度0.94 mmol/L,溶液pH 11.0,在此条件下处理进口流量3.5 L/min、 NO体积分数 2×10^-4、O₂体积分数10%、N₂体积分数90%的烟气,液气比为8 L/m³,脱硝率达97%。     

CuCl2改性飞灰吸附气相零价汞

采用CuCl₂对循环流化床锅炉飞灰进行改性,在固定床反应器上对CuCl₂改性飞灰进行了气相零价汞（Hg⁰）吸附实验。考察了CuCl₂负载量和吸附温度对改性飞灰Hg⁰吸附能力的影响,并结合颗粒内扩散模型、准一阶动力学模型、准二阶动力学模型和耶洛维奇模型拟合结果分析该过程的控制步骤。结果表明： CuCl₂改性飞灰的Hg⁰穿透时间远大于未改性飞灰,对Hg⁰的吸附量随CuCl₂负载量的增加而增加;CuCl₂改性飞灰的Hg⁰吸附能力随吸附温度的升高先增大后减小,150 ℃为最佳吸附温度;准二阶动力学模型的拟合值与实验值相关系数最高,且该模型初始吸附速率与实验值最为接近,即准二阶动力学模型更适合于描述CuCl₂改性飞灰的Hg⁰吸附过程。     

基于遥感数据反演的南漪湖水质时空变化监测

针对镇域水资源水质检测,在传统监测方法无法满足检测要求时,具有跨时空、大尺度、经济便捷等特点的遥感技术则可以很好地满足需要。以安徽省宣城市的南漪湖为例,以Landsat卫星影像为数据源,精确提取南漪湖水体,根据同期实测水质参数建立反演模型,对湖区内叶绿素a(Chl-a)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)浓度进行定量反演,根据Chl-a反演结果对南漪湖的营养状况进行评价。结果显示,南漪湖目前保持在轻度富营养状态,TP,TN含量超过三类水质标准,水质仍有恶化的趋势,水环境治理工作刻不容缓。     

抗坏血酸和铁系还原剂修复铬污染土壤

通过投加抗坏血酸(C₆H₈O₆)或铁系还原剂(FeCl₂,(NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂,FeS)对重庆某化工厂的Cr污染土壤进行修复。除FeS外,其余3种还原剂对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率均达80%以上,稳定效率均超73%,且投加量为理论值3倍和4倍时的效果相差不大。C₆H₈O₆相比于铁系还原剂表现出更好的长期稳定性,4~30 d的Cr(Ⅵ)浸出质量浓度均低于《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889—2008)中Cr(Ⅵ)的浸出限值(1.5 mg/L)。投加3倍理论值C₆H₈O₆的土壤在30 d时的Cr(Ⅵ)浸出质量浓度仅为0.83 mg/L,稳定效率高达98.3%。除FeS外,其余3种还原剂均显著增加了土壤中Cr的残渣态占比。FeCl₂和(NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂会导致土壤pH降低。4种还原剂均未对土壤晶体结构产生明显影响。     

#x0201c;两酸#x0201d;装置大气污染源分析及治理

石化企业的酸性水汽提装置、酸性干气脱硫装置和硫磺回收装置统称为#x0201c;两酸#x0201d;装置。对#x0201c;两酸#x0201d;装置所采用的工艺流程进行详细分析，得出#x0201c;两酸#x0201d;装置的有组织排放大气污染物主要为SO₂和NO_x，无组织排放大气污染物主要为H₂S、NH₃、有机硫化物和烃类。无组织排放源集中在各单元反应器、储罐和酸性气管线。针对无组织排放源，从防止逸散和恶臭治理两个方面提出了相应的污染防治措施，并比较了溶剂吸收法、燃烧法、湿法化学吸收法等目前常用的恶臭治理技术的优缺点。     

油田污油池VOCs源强核算

以油田两处污油池为研究对象开展VOCs浓度监测,结合社会科学统计软件包（Statistical Package for the Social Science,SPSS）的Pearson相关分析对监测数据进行了分析;并利用地面浓度反推法核算污油池的VOCs排放源强,将结果与排放系数法计算值进行对比;最后对下风向不同距离采样线监测数据反推源强逐渐减小的原因进行了讨论。结果表明：污油池B各采样线监测数据间的相关性好,反推出的源强较为准确,VOCs年排放量为17.6 t/a;而污油池A监测数据间的相关性不佳,可能是由于其他无组织排放源相距较近影响所致,不适合直接应用地面浓度反推法计算其源强,需要结合其他排放源的情况进行修正。     

α-Fe2O3/γ-Fe2O3/Cu2O的制备及其对橙黄G的催化降解性能

通过对常规CuFeO₂进行修饰，合成了复合催化剂α-Fe₂O₃/γ-Fe₂O₃/Cu₂O(CuFe-13)，采用XRD、FTIR、SEM、VSM等技术进行了表征，考察了CuFe-13-过一硫酸盐(PMS)体系对橙黄G (OG)的催化降解性能，分析了催化剂加入量、PMS浓度和反应p H对OG降解性能的影响。实验结果表明：在Cu Fe-13加入量为0.20 g/L、PMS浓度为1.0 mmol/L、pH为7.0的条件下，CuFe-13-PMS体系的催化降解性能最佳，反应30 min后OG的去除率为100%，反应120 min后TOC的去除率为73.4%；在CuFe-13-PMS体系中，起主要作用的活性物种为¹O₂、SO₄^-·和·OH。     

ACF床动态吸附及脱附性能试验研究

利用活性炭纤维(ACF)床在热态下进行动态吸附及脱附性能试验,研究了W/Q、水蒸汽含量对ACF吸附性能的影响,并利用ACF的选择性吸附性能,采用分段吸附,以达到同时高效吸附SO2和NOx.对ACF床进行了水洗脱附与负吸热空气法脱附试验.     

Modelling of Flow and Pollution Dispersion in a Two Dimensional Urban Street Canyon

The wind-driven flow patterns and the dispersion of vehicle exhaust pollutants released at street level has been simulated with the three-dimensional (3-D) dispersion model ADREA-HF (Andronopoulos et al., 1993), for idealised two-dimensional urban fetches occupied by buildings with slanted roofs. The simulation used oncoming atmospheric boundary layer characteristics corresponding to realistic above-town wind characteristics, as measured in reference wind tunnel experiments (Rafailidis, 1997). At that stage, analysis was limited to neutral stability conditions only. Firstly, the quality assurance of the numerical model was investigated in terms of the sensitivity to different grid allocations. The modelling results were corroborated by comparison with wind tunnel measurements in a similar two-dimensional domain (Pavageau et al., 1997). The numerical modelling replicated well the high degree of non-uniformity in the dispersion field in the test street, and the results agreed satisfactorily with the experimental measurements. The reasons for the differences observed have been investigated. With the model thus validated, three different exhaust release scenarios have been tested, keeping the same overall emission rate but different spatial patterns of street-release. The effect of the different street-release scenarios was found to be only marginal, with the dispersion patterns on the sidewalls affected only locally, close to the street level.     

Steady-state design of horizontal systems for liquids addition at bioreactor landfills

The key parameters for designing a horizontal source (horizontal trenches, infiltration ponds, infiltration galleries or blankets) for steady state are the rate liquids can be added to the source, the lateral and vertical extents of the zone of impact of the source, and the liquids volume needed to wet the waste within the zone of impact at steady state. This paper presents charts that a designer can use to estimate these key parameters as functions of source dimensions, injection pressure, and municipal solid waste properties (porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and anisotropy) for designing a new or analyzing an existing horizontal source system for liquids addition to landfilled waste. SEEP/W was used to model liquids flow from a horizontal source in a range of conditions practically encountered for such systems. The governing equation (Richard’s equation) and the boundary conditions were analyzed to formulate dimensionless variables by normalizing the design parameters (flow rate, injection pressure, the lateral zone of impact, injection pressure, and the added liquids volume) with the waste properties and source dimensions. The simulation results were transformed to the respective dimensionless forms and presented in design charts to estimate the key design parameters as functions of the source dimensions, waste properties, and injection pressure. The presentation of the modeling results in the dimensionless form facilitates their use beyond the conditions modeled. A solved example is presented to demonstrate the use of the design charts. The approach presented in the paper should be considered as approximate and designers should use their judgement and experience when using these charts for designing a horizontal liquids addition system for a specific site.     

Measurement and Modelling of Ammonia Emissions at Waste Treatment Lagoon-Atmospheric Interface

Global emissions of ammonia are approximately 75 Tg N/yr (1 Tg =10¹²g). The major global source is excreta from domestic animals ( 32 Tg N ^-1yr^-1). Waste storage and treatment lagoonsare used to treat the excreta of hogs in North Carolina (NC). Proteins and nitrogen rich compounds in the lagoon are convertedto ammonia, through a series of biological and chemical transformations. The process of ammonia emission has been investigated using two different model approaches: (1) CoupledMass Transfer with Chemical Reaction Model (Model I), and (2)Mass Transport without Chemical Reaction Model (Model II). Asensitivity analysis is performed with the models, and the modelresults are compared with ammonia emission experiments at a swinewaste storage and treatment lagoon in NC using a dynamic emissionflux chamber.Results of model predictions of emission flux indicate an exponential increase in ammonia flux with increasing lagoontemperature and pH, a linear increase with increasing lagoontotal ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN), and a secondary degree increasewith the increasing wind speed. In addition, the fluxes predictedby Model I are consistently larger than fluxes predicted by Model II. Experimental values of flux agreed well with model predictions, with the experimental values lying in different positions between the two model predictions under different physical and chemical conditions. Further, when compared to diurnal and seasonal experimental flux values, Model I corroborates the results in calm meteorological conditions (windspeed U10 = 1.5 m s^-1). However, the observed results are better predicted by Model II during unstable conditions, when wind speeds are higher than 2.0 m s^-1 and physical transfer process functions dominate.     

Influence of the geomembrane on time-lapse ERT measurements for leachate injection monitoring

Leachate recirculation is a key process in the operation of municipal waste landfills as bioreactors. To quantify the water content and to evaluate the leachate injection system, in situ methods are required to obtain spatially distributed information, usually electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). However, this method can present false variations in the observations due to several parameters. This study investigates the impact of the geomembrane on ERT measurements. Indeed, the geomembrane tends to be ignored in the inversion process in most previously conducted studies. The presence of the geomembrane can change the boundary conditions of the inversion models, which have classically infinite boundary conditions. Using a numerical modelling approach, the authors demonstrate that a minimum distance is required between the electrode line and the geomembrane to satisfy the good conditions of use of the classical inversion tools. This distance is a function of the electrode line length (i.e. of the unit electrode spacing) used, the array type and the orientation of the electrode line. Moreover, this study shows that if this criterion on the minimum distance is not satisfied, it is possible to significantly improve the inversion process by introducing the complex geometry and the geomembrane location into the inversion tools. These results are finally validated on a field data set gathered on a small municipal solid waste landfill cell where this minimum distance criterion cannot be satisfied.     

A Sensitivity Analysis of Ozone Formation to Ambient Air Composition by Means of Photochemical Models

The prediction of the atmospheric concentration of ozoneand of other photochemical pollutants represents one of themajor scientific challenges in the study of urban airquality. To this aim, photochemical models are widelyapplied as support tools for regulatory purposes, but theirresults are known to be affected by several uncertainties,in boundary conditions, geographical and meteorologicaldata and the chemical composition of emission and ambientair as well. Also the mechanism selected to describe theurban chemistry may lead to large differences in the modelresults. In this work, the influence of ambient air composition onthe results of photochemical model has been studied using a simple Lagrangian trajectory model coupled with different chemical sub-models (CB-IV and a simplified version of EMEP). To this aim a parametric sensitivity study of ozone with respect to its precursors' concentration was performed withreference to the same meteorological conditions and by simulatingdifferent scenarios characterized by specific emitted pollutantsconcentration. Rather than analyzing sensitivity by changing initial composition, an analytical local sensitivity concept has been applied; this allowed evaluation the influence of initial concentration on the predicted ozone concentration andto discriminate between VOC-sensitive and NOx-sensitive kineticregimes. Finally, these results have been successfully comparedwith those obtained applying the concept of photochemical indicators (i.e. O₃/NOy and H₂O₂/HNO₃ ratios).     

纳米FeVO_4的制备及其可见光下降解甲苯的性能

以Fe(NO3)3或FeCl3作为铁源,采用水热法制备了纳米FeVO4光催化剂,通过XRD、SEM、DRS等手段表征了所合成FeVO4的物相、表面形貌及光学性质,研究了其可见光下光催化降解甲苯的性能。表征结果显示:FeVO4平均晶粒尺寸约为75 nm,为棒状;FeVO4在可见光区域(λ400 nm)表现出较高的吸光性,其吸光区域可红移至约600 nm;以FeCl3为铁源,水热反应3 h制备的FeVO4的禁带宽度为2.1 e V;以Fe(NO3)3为铁源制备的FeVO4的比表面积(74.70 m2/g)大于以FeCl3为铁源制备的FeVO4的比表面积(67.72 m2/g)。在初始甲苯质量浓度为494 mg/L、FeVO4为光催化剂、反应4 h的条件下,甲苯降解率达62%。甲苯降解最终产物为CO2和H2O。     

U（Ⅵ）在处置场地质环境中迁移规律的模拟研究

以西南某极低放射性废物处置场土壤为研究对象,采用静态吸附和动态吸附实验获取处置场地质特征参数,结合PHREEQC软件和地下水数值模拟系统（GMS）预测U（Ⅵ）在处置场环境中的化学种态和迁移规律。结果表明：U（Ⅵ）在处置场土壤中的吸附平衡时间为20 d,吸附分配系数为358 mL/g;U（Ⅵ）在处置场地下水环境中主要以UO₂（CO₃）₂^2-和UO₂（CO₃）₃^4-形式存在;处置场关闭后安全运行30 a,处置场中心U（Ⅵ）质量浓度下降4.20%,外围50 m与下游河流边界处U（Ⅵ）质量浓度分别为初始给定值的3.40%和1.32%;在12 a时有0.10%的U（Ⅵ）到达河边。     

乌鲁木齐市非金属矿物制品业大气污染物排放清单与时空分布

基于乌鲁木齐市各类非金属矿物制品业的活动水平数据及其排放因子，建立了2015年乌鲁木齐市3种大气污染物的排放清单。2015年乌鲁木齐市非金属矿物制品业大气污染物NO_x、SO₂和PM_2.5的排放总量分别为1.17×10⁴ t、1.63×10⁴ t和8.35×10³ t。混凝土配料行业是NO_x和SO₂的主要排放源，占比分别为56.77%和71.72%；PM2.5的排放源主要是水泥（干法）行业，占比为70.23%。米东区是对NO_x、SO₂和PM_2.5排放量的最大贡献区域，头屯河区是NO_x和SO₂的第二大贡献区域，达坂城区是PM_2.5的第二大贡献区域。污染物在5~9月处于排放高峰期。蒙特卡罗法模拟结果表明，混凝土配料制品行业95%置信区间的不确定性最高，为-72%~157%。