改变传统的环境监测方法建立科学的环境数据监测网的构想

根据国家目前环境监测的现状,为适应经济建设与环境保护工作的发展,提出了建立科学的环境数据监测网的构想,以达到理论和实际相吻合,为国家环保部门的决策提供可靠依据.     

国务院办公厅关于建立完整的先进的废旧商品回收体系的意见

国办发[2011]49号各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府,国务院各部委、各直属机构:随着我国工业化、城镇化进程加速和人民生活水平不断提高,产品更新换代周期缩短,废旧商品数量增长加快。由于我国废旧商品回收体系很不完善,不仅影响废物利用,而且极易造成环境污染,建立完整的先进的回收、运输、处理、利用废旧商品回收     

废旧塑料的处理工艺

介绍了当前国内外几种处理和利用废旧塑料的方法,特别对废旧塑料掩埋、再生、回收、焚烧、热裂解制造燃料油和化学品的技术和存在的问题作了重点探讨.     

含银废料中银的化学法回收的研究

介绍了一种简便实用的含银废料中银回收的化学方法,本法具有工艺简便操作安全、技术条件易控制、污染小、适用性广和经济效益显著等优点.     

低碳经济的误区与对策:发达国家的实践与我国的发展选择

低碳经济的目标是在经济发展中排放最少温室气体的同时获得最大产出,即追求低能耗、低污染、低排放和高效能。英日等发达国家在这方面已经取得了诸多经验。我国居民不环保的生活方式和生活理念成为低碳经济发展的困境,同时对低碳经济还存在很多误区,将低碳经济与高投入、贫困、贸易壁垒、完全抛弃传统经济等联系起来,并将低碳经济完全归结为政府的责任。为此我国在低碳经济的实践中必须在多方面做出理性选择:产业生态化、开发节能建筑、公交工具优先、开发低碳能源、发展低碳电力、实践循环经济、促进产业集群和健康生活方式。     

纳米氧化锌的制备及其对对硝基氯苯的降解

采用蒸发氧化法制备纳米ZnO。当炉温为1100℃、空气流量为0．6m^3／h、锌粒加入量为5g时,得到高纯度类四锥体和柱形纳米ZnO。以该ZnO为光催化剂,对对硝基氯苯进行光催化氧化,考察了ZnO的加入量、对硝基氯苯的初始浓度、溶液pH等对对硝基氯苯降解率的影响。在ZnO质量浓度为0．5g／L、对硝基氯苯质量浓度为30mg／L、pH为7、光照时间为100min的条件下,对硝基氯苯降解率为98％。     

粉煤灰的改性及对刚果红的吸附

分别采用沸水浸泡、酸浸、碱浸和加热的方法对粉煤灰进行改性处理，利用FTIR仪和XRD仪对改性粉煤灰的成分和官能团进行了分析，并利用改性粉煤灰对模拟刚果红废水进行脱色。实验结果表明：碱改性粉煤灰中含有大量官能团，以及NaPl型沸石类物质，能够明显提高粉煤灰对刚果红的吸附性能；与活性炭相比，碱改性粉煤灰具有更高的性价比；在初始刚果红质量浓度为20mg/L、碱改性粉煤灰加入量为50g/L的条件下，废水的脱色率可达87.52%；碱改性粉煤灰对刚果红的吸附过程遵循二级反应动力学，较好地符合Langmuir等温式和Freundlich等温式。     

木质素活性炭的制备及其对硝基苯的吸附

利用工业碱木质素分别经KOH及H3PO4活化制备两种木质素活性炭（KAC和PAC），并用于模拟硝基苯废水的处理。采用SEM和IR等手段对木质素活性炭进行了表征。考察了木质素活性炭加入量、废水pH、吸附时间等因素对硝基苯吸附量的影响。表征结果显示，KAC具有丰富的孔结构，PAC表面含有多种功能基团。实验结果表明： 在吸附温度298 K、初始硝基苯质量浓度250 mg/L、木质素活性炭加入量1.0 g/L、废水pH 3、吸附时间24 h的条件下，KAC及PAC对硝基苯的吸附量分别为237.8 mg/g和211.9 mg/g，去除率分别达到91%和84%; KAC及PAC对硝基苯的吸附过程符合拟二级动力学方程，吸附等温线满足Langmuir等温吸附方程;当解吸剂的V（乙醇）∶V（去离子水）=9时，在PAC和KAC上吸附的硝基苯的解吸率分别达到99%和93%;木质素活性炭重复使用5次后，KAC和PAC对硝基苯的吸附量分别为115.4 mg/g和130.7 mg/g。     

精细化工行业的清洁生产与可再生原料的利用

综述了清洁生产的由来、概念和内容,以及它在化学工业中的具体实施;指出了治理精细化工行业的污染必须按照绿色化学的原则,实现单元反应的绿色化、产品的绿色化和原料的绿色化.探讨了可再生原料作为精细化工行业的原料并不一定是环保的.     

复合混凝剂的制备及活性染料的去除

以马铃薯淀粉、丙烯酰胺（AM）和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（DADMAC）为原料进行接枝反应,将接枝产物（TSI）与聚合氯化铝铁（PAFC）复配,制得新型复合混凝剂PAFC-TS1。优化了复合混凝剂制备的工艺条件。研究结果表明,复合混凝剂PAFC-TS1的优选制备条件为：OH^-浓度与铝铁总浓度的比（r）为0.5,铝铁总浓度与TS1的质量浓度比（R_m）为0.5 mol/g,铝铁摩尔比9∶1。在此条件下处理质量浓度为100 mg/L的活性染料废水,当混凝剂投加量为24 mL/L时,染料去除率可达97%以上。相同条件下,使用PAFC-TS1比单独使用PAFC或PAFC-PAM的染料去除率更高。     

Determination of the Thermal Efficiency of Pre-boilover Burning of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil-spill. The total heat release, as a function of the pool diameter, is obtained from an existing correlation. It is assumed that radiative heat is absorbed close to the fuel surface, that conduction is the dominant mode of heat transfer in the liquid phase and that the fuel boiling temperature remains constant. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). The effect of weathering on the burning rate decreases with the weathering period and that emulsification results in a linear decrease of the burning rate with water content.     

富拉尔基发电总厂200MW机组除尘器改造

对富拉尔基发电总厂5号炉的设计条件进行了分析，针对燃用低硫煤，飞灰比电阻高，场地较小，除尘效率要求高的情况，在电除尘器的设计上采取有效措施，达到了排放要求。     

Calculation of carbon balances for evaluation of the biodegradability of polymers

Establishing carbon balances has been proven to be an applicable and powerful tool in testing biodegradability of polymers. In controlled degradation tests at a 4-L scale with the model polymer poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), it was shown that the degree of degradation could not be determined with satisfactory accuracy from CO₂ release alone. Instead, the course of degradation was characterized by means of establishing carbon balances for the degradation of PHB withAcidovorax facilis and a mixed culture derived from compost. Different analytical methods for determining the different carbon fractions were adapted to the particular test conditions and compared. Quantitative determination of biomass and residual polymer were the main problems in establishing carbon balances. Amounts of biomass derived from protein measurements depend strongly on assumptions of the protein content of the biomass. Selective oxidation of biomass with hypochlorite was used as alternative, but here problems arose from insoluble metabolic products. Determination of soluble components with the method of chemical oxygen demand (COD) also includes empirical assumptions but seems acceptable if the dissolved carbon fraction is in the range of some 10% total carbon. Results confirm both analytical assays and theoretical approaches, in ending up at values very close to 100%, within an acceptable standard deviation range under test conditions comparable to standard test practice.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

Review of the kinetics of alkaline degradation of cellulose in view of its relevance for safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories

The degradation of cellulose (a substantial component of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste) under alkaline conditions occurs via two main processes: a peeling-off reaction and a basecatalyzed cleavage of glycosidic bonds (hydrolysis). Both processes show pseudo-first-order kinetics. At ambient temperature, the peeling-off process is the dominant degradation mechanism, resulting in the formation of mainly isosaccharinic acid. The degradation depends strongly on the degree of polymerization (DP) and on the number of reducing end groups present in cellulose. Beyond pH 12.5, the OH^- concentration has only a minor effect on the degradation rate. It was estimated that under repository conditions (alkaline environment, pH 13.3-12.5) about 10% of the cellulosic materials (average DP = 1000-2000) will degrade in the first stage (up to 10⁵ years) by the peeling-off reaction and will cause an ingrowth of isosaccharinic acid in the interstitial cement pore water. In the second stage (10⁵-10⁶ years), alkaline hydrolysis will control the further degradation of the cellulose. The potential role of microorganisms in the degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions could not be evaluated. Proper assessment of the effect of cellulose degradation on the mobilization of radionuclides basically requires knowing the concentration of isosaccharinic acid in the pore water. This concentration, however, depends on several factors such as the stability of ISA under alkaline conditions, sorption of ISA on cement, formation of sparingly soluble ISA-salts, etc. A discussion of all the relevant processes involved, however, is far beyond the scope of the presented overview.     

Study of Aging Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Polyethylenes—II

Six film samples of low-density polypropylene (LDPE)/linear LDPE (LLDPE)/high-density polypropylene (HDPE) with varying ratios of LDPE (20–45 ... wt%) and LLDPE (25–50 wt%) having a fixed amount of HDPE at 30 wt% were prepared by blown film extrusion technique. The samples were aged at four different temperatures, 55°, 70°, 85°, and 100°C, for four different time periods in the interval of between 150 hours and up to 600 hours. The change in the structure of various constituents and the formation of various oxygenated (peroxy and hydroperoxy) and unsaturated groups during thermo-oxidative degradation was discussed by infrared spectroscopy. The visiosity-average molecular weight was found to have decreased slowly in the initial aging hours and temperatures, whereas it decreased by 10% with its previous value tensile strength that is, 100°C when aged for 600 hours. The tensile strength of the sample first increased by 67% at 55°C and 89% at 70°C up to 450 hours, whereas the values increased by 52.5% at 85°C and 33.9% at 100°C when aged for 150 hours and then decreased. The percentage elongation at break increased by 2.7% at 55°C and 10.7% at 70°C for 150 and 300 hours of aging, respectively, whereas the percentage decreased when aged at 85°C and 100°C for up to 600 hours of aging. The values of gel content (percent) increased and initial degradation temperature decreased with aging time and temperature.     

Effect of Degree of Substitution of Octenyl Succinate Starch on Enzymatic Degradation

Octenyl succinate starch of degree of substitution (ds) 0.03, 0.07, and 0.11 was synthesized in an aqueous medium. These compounds were then tested for the susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. The multiple-enzyme regime of -amylase, amyloglucosidase, and pullulanase was chosen for the evaluation. This combination of enzymes had been proven to degrade 99.5% of unmodified starch to glucose and hence was chosen for this study. It was found that even small amounts of subsituent caused a considerable decrease in the extent of degradation. The net extent of degradation decreased with increasing ds. Surprisingly, the amount of glucose from all three substituted substrates was quite similar, suggesting the effect small amounts of subtituent had on the enzymatic activity.     

Selection of adsorbents for treatment of leachate: batch studies of simultaneous adsorption of heavy metals

The simultaneous adsorption of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) ions from spiked deionized water and spiked leachate onto natural materials (peat A and B), by-product or waste materials (carbon-containing ash, paper pellets, pine bark, and semi-coke), and synthetic materials (based on urea-formaldehyde resins, called blue and red adsorbents) or mixtures thereof was investigated. The adsorbents that gave the highest metal removal efficiencies were peat A, a mixture of peat B and carbon-containing ash, and a mixture of peat A and blue. At an initial concentration of 5 mg/l for each metal, the removal of each species of metal ion from spiked water and spiked leachate solutions was very good (>90%) and good (>75%), respectively. When the initial concentration of each metal in the solutions was twenty times higher (100 mg/l), there was a noticeable decrease in the removal efficiency of Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, but not of Pb²⁺. Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacities, q_m, on peat A were found to be 0.57, 0.37, and 0.36 mmol/g for Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, respectively. The order of metal adsorption capacity on peat A was the same in the case of competitive multimetal adsorption conditions as it was for single-element adsorption, namely Pb²⁺ > Cd²⁺ ≥ Ni²⁺. The results show that peat alone (an inexpensive adsorbent) is a good adsorbent for heavy metal ions.     

袋式除尘器气流分布数值计算研究

采用结构化/非结构化混合网格技术、多孔介质模型及k-ε两方程湍流模型,对某袋式除尘器及进出口管道内的气体流场进行了数值计算.计算结果表明,合理布置导流板后,袋式除尘器两箱体流量偏差为1.8％;除尘器下游滤袋单元处理气量偏大,中游滤袋单元处理气量较小,最大流量与最小流量偏差为22.3％；靠近除尘器进口处灰斗内存在气流回流特性,易造成粉尘的二次附着现象.     

Kinetics of Hydrolytic Degradation of PLA

The chemical recycling of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to its monomer is crucial to reduce both the consumption of renewable resources for the monomer synthesis and the environmental impact related to its production and disposal. In particular, the production of lactic acid from PLA wastes, rather than from virgin raw materials, it is also possible to achieve considerable primary energy savings. The focus of this work is to analyse deeply the PLA hydrolytic decomposition by means of a kinetic model based on two reactions mechanism. To this end, new experimental data have been gathered in order to investigate a wider temperature range (from 140 to 180 °C) and to extend the water/PLA ratio up to 50 % of PLA by weight. The reported results clearly highlight that more than 95 % of PLA is hydrolyzed to water-soluble lactic acid within 120 min, when it is hydrolyzed within 160–180 °C. Furthermore, the kinetic constant is highly influenced by reaction temperature. The proposed “two reactions” kinetic mechanism complies satisfactorily with the experimental data under analysis.     

Effects of temperature on the release of nutrient elements of solid organic materials under conditions of oversaturation

The effects of temperature on the release of chemical components of six solid organic materials under conditions of oversaturation were investigated in this paper. The six materials were peat moss (PM), weathered coals (WC), charred rice husks (CRH), sawdust (Sd), turfgrass clippings (TC), and chicken manure (CM). Significant differences were observed in the available nitrogen and phosphorus content of the aqueous extracts of organic materials at different temperatures. The available nitrogen content in aqueous extracts of PM and WC at 25 °C was higher than that registered at 15 °C and 35 °C. Available nitrogen content in the aqueous extracts of CRH, Sd, TC, and WC at 35 °C was higher than at 15 °C and 25 °C. The available phosphorus content in the aqueous extracts of organic materials at 35 °C was higher than that available at 15 °C and 25 °C, with the exception of Sd. In addition, the release of available phosphorus in the aqueous solution of organic materials at different temperatures varied constantly for 108 h. The release of potassium (K⁺) and sodium (Na⁺) ions in the aqueous extracts of organic materials was basically steady over time, with the exception of CM. High temperature (35 °C) may significantly hasten the release of K⁺ from organic substrates (except for WC) with low temperatures significantly inhibiting release of K⁺ in Sd and CRH. High temperatures (35 °C) might significantly facilitate the release of Na⁺ in CM and TC. However, no significant differences were manifested in the release of Na⁺ from organic substrates at different temperatures, with the exception of CM and TC. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in the release of calcium, magnesium and iron ions with time, nor were there any significant differences in the contents of iron ions in the aqueous extracts of organic materials at different temperatures. The results indicate that multiple mediums should be pretreated in water for a week before being used for planting. They should be used when all mineral elements of organic materials are steady and ignoring the effect of organic mediums.