含硫气田恶臭气体阈限值与恶臭强度的关系

介绍了恶臭强度的6级分类法,针对含硫气田典型的5种含硫恶臭化合物,利用韦伯-费希纳公式研究了气体浓度和恶臭强度的关系,计算并分析了我国环境标准和职业卫生标准规定的阈限值对应的恶臭强度。GB/T14554—1993《恶臭污染物排放标准》规定一级厂界浓度标准限值对应的恶臭强度为2.5左右,二级新改扩建厂界标准限值对应恶臭强度为2.8左右。我国国家职业卫生标准GBZ 2.1—2007中规定的含硫恶臭气体职业接触限值对应的恶臭强度均在4以上。     

碳化-氧化法处理炼油厂碱渣

采用碳化-氧化法处理炼油厂碱渣，先用碳化法将炼油厂碱渣分离成有机相和无机相，再采用氧化法去除无机相中的恶臭物质（主要为残余硫化氢和硫醇等）；在该方法中增加了轻质碳酸钙生产工艺，可用苛化渣生产轻质碳酸钙产品。实验结果表明，采用碳化-氧化法处理炼油厂碱渣，既能得到NaOH质量分数为10％～12％的碱液回用，又能得到粗酚、硫磺和轻质碳酸钙产品（干基质量分数为97％，出售）。碳化-氧化法处理碱渣制备轻质碳酸钙可实现资源综合利用，节约苛化渣外运填埋的相关费用和用地，年净增经济效益约100万元。     

加强环保工作促进生产发展

川东天然气净化总厂是以引进装置为主体的天然气净化加工厂。全厂包括分布在长寿、垫江、渠县、綦江四县境内的引进厂、净化分厂、炼油厂、水处理和化工车间,主要任务是净化分离含硫天然气中的硫化氢、有机硫化物和二氧化碳等成份,生产符合工业用和民用净化天然气,副产高纯度硫磺和焦亚硫酸钠等。按设计能力,每日可处理含硫天然气1200米~3,副产硫磺300余吨,担负     

小氮肥厂排水中主要污染物的确定及其流失量控制探讨

清江化肥厂采用等标污染负荷的评价方法,找出厂外排水中主要污染物。氨氮是对外环境影响的主要污染物,占总污染负荷的72.9％,年排放量为115.79吨,占厂外排废水中污染物总量的31.36％。合理的减少氨的流失,是控制氨氮污染的主要途径。通过对氨氮废水源的控制与治理,每年少排含氨废水65万吨,年回收合成氨170吨,消除了产品的流失,并减少软水的消耗,仅后两项就可为企业增加16.7万元/年的经济效益。     

生物法在石油化工污水厂恶臭治理的应用

简要介绍生物净化工艺,并利用此工艺处理某石油化工污水厂的恶臭气体,研究生物净化装置的效果。该污水厂的主要恶臭成分为氨和硫化氢,经生物除臭后检测数据表明,排放量远低于国家相关标准,净化效果较好,在污水厂恶臭治理具有极大应用价值。     

炼油厂二硫醚恶臭污染物的监测

建立了气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)及硫化学发光检测气相色谱法(GC - SCD)定性和定量测定炼油厂二硫醚类恶臭污染物二甲二硫、乙基甲基二硫醚和二乙基二硫醚的方法.当进样体积为0.1mL时,GC - SCD法的二硫醚最低检出限为0.1～0.2 mg/m3,二甲二硫和乙基甲基二硫醚的RSD不超过2.4％(n=5),二甲...     

用废气中的硫化氢制硫化锌

在以重晶石（ＢａＳＯ４）为原料、用碳化法生产碳酸钡的过程中,排放含硫化氢的尾气。硫化氢是一种具有恶臭的有毒气体,在我国工业企业设计卫生标准中规定居住区大气中硫化氢最高容许浓度为００１ｍｇ／ｍ３。我们进行了以氧化锌为原料制成吸收液吸收尾气中的硫化氢,制造ＺｎＳ的试验研究。ＺｎＳ可用于生产锌钡白。１　试验１１　主要仪器、试剂与材料ＰＨＳ４型酸度计,ＷＺＧ２００型光电光谱仪。氧化锌矿粉（ＺｎＯ质量分数８６８％）,硫酸（化学纯）,氢氧化钠（化学纯）。１２　试验方法１２１　氧化锌的溶解将氧…     

超滤膜处理油田采出水及污染膜的微观分析

采用纳米Al2O3改性聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜处理油田采出水,分析了污染膜的结构和污染膜上的主要污染物.实验结果表明,超滤膜具有很好的通透性,稳定运行时膜通量达150 L/(m2·h).超滤出水中COD去除率大于90%,其他各项指标去除率均大于98%,超滤出水达到了低渗透油田回注水水质标准(SY/T 5329-94<碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法>).污染膜因污染物的存在而使其孔径和孔深度都比新膜减小.污染膜上的主要污染物为含有一定长碳链的烃类衍生物,主要是油田采出水中的油类物质.污染膜上的主要无机元素为Ca、Mg和Al,还有少量的Si、S及Fe.     

恶臭治理

恶臭污染是石油练制行业的特征污染之一,作为环境公害已为当今世界所公认。石油炼制过程中产生的大量含硫恶臭废气不仅使人难以忍受,而且严重危害人民身心健康。随着公众环境意识的加强,大气环境恶臭污染问题受到越来越多的关注。我公司从上世纪90年代开始恶臭污染的治理研究,先后与上海交通大学、大连理工大学、中科院等高院校和国家科研机构合作,并吸收美国Conoco公司恶臭污染治理的成功经验,成功开发了恶臭污染治理新工艺以及相应的专用吸收剂。该新工艺已在中国石化广州分公司、中国石化茂名     

帘子布浸胶烘干尾气的治理

采用催化燃烧法治理帘子布浸胶烘干尾气。小试和生产装置运行结果表明，尾气中总烃和几种主要有机污染物的转化率均较高，放空尾气中这些有机污染物的浓度均较低；尾气由原来的有色、有恶臭转为无色、无臭，治理效果令人满意。北京合成纤维厂的尾气治理装置自１９８３年４月投入运行以来，至今已运行了１０年多，运行稳定，开车率达到１００％。     

#x0201c;两酸#x0201d;装置大气污染源分析及治理

石化企业的酸性水汽提装置、酸性干气脱硫装置和硫磺回收装置统称为#x0201c;两酸#x0201d;装置。对#x0201c;两酸#x0201d;装置所采用的工艺流程进行详细分析，得出#x0201c;两酸#x0201d;装置的有组织排放大气污染物主要为SO₂和NO_x，无组织排放大气污染物主要为H₂S、NH₃、有机硫化物和烃类。无组织排放源集中在各单元反应器、储罐和酸性气管线。针对无组织排放源，从防止逸散和恶臭治理两个方面提出了相应的污染防治措施，并比较了溶剂吸收法、燃烧法、湿法化学吸收法等目前常用的恶臭治理技术的优缺点。     

炼油恶臭污染治理技术在中国石化天津分公司的应用实例

简述了炼油装置区恶臭污染源的主要分布、恶臭气体组成和排放规律，介绍了恶臭治理的基本方法。通过治理实例，重点分析了目前常用的吸收法、燃烧法、生物法和吸附法等恶臭治理技术的优势和相对不足，并对恶臭治理应用技术方案的选择提出建议。     

Atmospheric Levels of Nitrogen Oxides at a Greek Oil Refinery Compared with the Urban Measurements in Athens

Oil refining is among the industrial activities that emit considerable amounts of air pollutants into the atmosphere. Nitrogen oxides are important air pollutants that are emitted by oil refineries as products of combustion processes. The ambient air concentrations of nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) were monitored continuously at a site close to an oil refinery, near the city of Corinth in Greece, during autumn 1997 together with the main meteorological parameters. The contribution of the oil refinery to the measured atmospheric levels of nitrogen oxides was estimated. The ambient air concentration of nitrogen oxides in the area surrounding the oil refinery were generally lower than the ambient air concentrations in the urban area of Athens in Greece, and the NO₂ levels were always below the existing air quality standards. The influence of the refinery emitted NO_x in the photochemical production of ozone seems to be more important in terms of human and vegetation exposure given the high ozone backgrounds measured in the area.     

Odor compounds in waste gas emissions from agricultural operations and food industries

In the last decades, large-scale agricultural operations and food industries have increased. These operations generate numerous types of odors. The reduction of land areas available for isolation of agricultural and food processing industrial operations from the public area and the increase in sensitivity and demand of the general public for a clean and pleasant environment have forced all of these industries to control odor emissions and toxic air pollutants. To develop environmentally sound, sustainable agricultural and food industrial operations, it is necessary to integrate research that focuses on modern analytical techniques and latest sensory technology of measurement and evaluation of odor and pollution, together with a fundamental knowledge of factors that are the basic units contributing to the production of odor and pollutants. Without a clear understanding of what odor is, how to measure it, and where it originates, it will be difficult to control the odor. The present paper reviews the available information regarding odor emissions from agricultural operations and food industries by giving an overview about odor problems, odor detection and quantification, and identifying the sources and the mechanisms that contribute to the odor emissions. Finally, ways of reducing or controlling the odor problem are discussed.     

Sulfide emissions from different areas of a municipal solid waste landfill in China

Degradation of municipal solid waste in landfills generates sulfide compounds, which are considered one of the main sources of odor emissions. Field sampling was conducted at surfaces of operating, inoperative, and soil-covered areas of a landfill site in northern China to characterize the sulfide compounds. The results showed that dimethyl disulfide dominated the sulfide compounds, accounting for up to 73.6% of the total detected sulfide. With the biggest odor concentration of 365, diethyl sulfide was the most significant sulfide compound. The estimated sulfide emission rates at surfaces of operating and soil-covered areas were similar, and the emission rate of dimethyl disulfide at Surface of Operating Area was up to 345.9 μg/m³ h. Dimethyl disulfide could be released from the fresh waste, and its normalized concentration at 0.2 m beneath operating surface was 10.4 times that at 0.4 m.     

Characterization and control of odorous gases at a landfill site: a case study in Hangzhou, China

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are one of the major sources of offensive odors potentially creating annoyance in adjacent communities. At the end of May 2007, an odor pollution incident occurred at the Tianziling landfill site, Hangzhou, China, where the residents lodged complaints about the intense odor from the landfill, which drew a significant attention from the government. In this study, ambient air monitoring was conducted at the Tianziling landfill site. The main odor composition of the gas samples collected on June 1st 2007 and the reduction of various odorous gases from the samples collected on June 1st 2009 due to the applied odor control techniques were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, variations of primary odorous gaseous (NH₃ and H₂S) concentrations at different locations in the landfill site from July 2007 to June 2009 were also investigated by using classical spectrophotometric methods. Results showed that a total of 68 volatile compounds were identified among which H₂S (56.58-579.84 μg/m³) and NH₃ (520-4460 μg/m³) were the notable odor components contributing to 4.47-10.92% and 83.91-93.94% of total concentrations, respectively. Similar spatial and temporal shifts of H₂S and NH₃ concentrations were observed and were significantly affected by environmental factors including temperature, air pressure and wind direction. Odor pollution was worse when high temperature, high humidity, low air pressure, and southeast, northeast or east wind appeared. Moreover, the environmental sampling points of the dumping area and the leachate treatment plant were found to be the main odor sources at the Tianziling landfill site. The odor control technologies used in this project had a good mitigating effect on the primary odorous compounds. This study provides long-term valuable information concerning the characteristics and control of odors at landfill sites in a long run.     

炼油污水处理装置恶臭气体源强估算方法的比较

以某炼油污水处理装置为例，根据其运行现状及恶臭气体的监测结果，使用卫生防护距离反推法、源强经验估算法以及地面浓度反推法3种方法对恶臭气体源强进行估算，并利用AERMOD模式进行预测，对预测值与监测值进行方差分析。实验结果表明：在监测得到的NH₃和H₂S的平均质量浓度分别为0.113，0.006 mg/m³的条件下，卫生防护距离反推法得到的NH₃和H₂S的无组织排放源强分别为2.395，0.127 kg/h。源强经验估算法得到的NH₃和H₂S的源强分别为0.255，0.080 kg/h，地面浓度反推法得到的NH₃和H₂S的源强分别为3.120，0.250 kg/h;源强经验估算法为炼油污水处理装置气体源强估算的最优方法。     

炼油碱渣废水中硫化物去除技术的研究进展

简单介绍了炼油碱渣废水的来源及特点,综述了近年来炼油碱渣废水中硫化物的去除技术(包括沉淀技术、氧化技术、生物技术、超声波技术、电化学技术等)的研究进展。结合各技术的特点分析指出:以催化氧化为核心,以高效、经济、条件缓和为主要目标的组合工艺的优化与集成以及新型催化剂的研发,是炼油碱渣废水中硫化物去除技术的发展趋势。     

矿山含铜酸性废水硫化沉淀过程中硫化氢产生量的控制

对矿山含铜酸性废水硫化沉淀的过程进行了理论分析和实验研究,并提出了控制硫化氢气体产生量的措施。实验结果表明:在矿山含铜酸性废水硫化沉铜过程中,硫氢化钠被Fe³⁺还原成单质硫的反应最容易发生,其次为硫氢化钠与Cu²⁺生成CuS沉淀的反应,产生硫化氢气体的趋势很弱,而生成FeS的趋势最弱;当反应终点电位控制在200 mV时,铜基本上沉淀完全,铁沉淀率很小;硫氢化钠的过剩量较小,可在最大程度上减少硫化氢气体的产生量;随着溶液酸度增加,硫化氢气体的产生量逐渐增加。硫化沉淀反应体系的硫酸质量浓度宜控制在小于4 g/L。