家具类大件垃圾处理破碎-磁选工艺经济分析

近年来,破碎-磁选工艺在家具类大件垃圾处理中越来越受到关注,但设备投资和运行成本较高,需要建立科学、高效的运行管理机制和投入产出机制,以提高其经济效益。系统研究了厦门市某家具类大件垃圾处理厂破碎-磁选工艺的设备投资和运行费用等情况。目前该处理厂处理规模约为4.30 t/d,运行负荷率仅为14.33%,导致家具类大件垃圾处理成本高达507.20元/t,其中设备折旧费约为254.86元/t,运行成本约为252.34元/t。因此,提高运行负荷率,是降低家具类大件垃圾处理成本的关键。     

基于分类趋势下我国家具类大件垃圾处理展望

家具类大件垃圾不当处置,会对环境卫生造成不利影响,因此,研究家具类大件垃圾的处理十分必要。梳理我国出台的家具类大件垃圾管理相关政策,调研家具类大件垃圾处理现状,总结目前存在的问题,提出简约式处理利用模式是适宜我国国情的家具类生活垃圾处理技术模式。结合家具类大件垃圾的特点,分析今后处理技术发展的趋势:依托国家静脉产业园区建设,协同处置家具类大件垃圾—园林垃圾—建筑装修垃圾;完善家具类大件垃圾收运处理信息平台建设;布局建设二手交易市场。     

垃圾处理产业体系的构建原则

垃圾处理产业体系的构建应从实际出发，坚持“政府引导，社区组织、企业参与、自产自消、因地制宜、源头控制、资源回收利用”的原则和“物质利用先于能量利用，物质再利用先于物质再生利用”的资源回收利用原则，并按部就班实施。     

新修订的《再生资源分拣中心建设管理规范》将于2021年5月1日实施

新修订的《再生资源分拣中心建设管理规范》经商务部公告,将于2021年5月1日实施。修订后的标准适用范围更为明确,增加了引言、废弃大件家具的术语、分拣中心的分类、基本要求、部分环保要求、部分安全要求、产品质量要求、管理要求和绩效指标等内容。     

让"放错地方的资源"大循环--城市生活垃圾回收利用与处理新思路

随着经济的发展和城市化进程的加快,城市生活垃圾与日俱增,环境污染问题突出,垃圾处理的发展方向和技术路线已成为人们关注的热点.坚持"垃圾是放错地方的资源"理念的基础上,分析了当前各种垃圾处理方式存在的主要问题,提出了垃圾回收利用与处理的新思路.     

垃圾围城:突围的原则、途径及其政策措施

垃圾围城已成为我国城市生态环境的突出问题.为了突围,使城市生活垃圾处理向着减量化、资源化、无害化的方向发展,必须遵循综合利用城市垃圾的原则,掌握综合利用的途径,制定和执行综合利用的政策措施.     

北京市生活垃圾处理现状与对策

近年来,北京市生活垃圾产生量持续增长,而垃圾处理能力相对滞后,生活垃圾处理处于"紧平衡"状态。分析了北京市生活垃圾处理的现状及存在问题,并提出了相应的建议和对策,为北京市生活垃圾处理可持续性发展提供理论依据。     

关于进一步加强城市生活垃圾处理工作的意见

为切实加大城市生活垃圾处理工作力度,提高城市生活垃圾处理减量化、资源化和无害化水平,改善城市人居环境,现提出以下意见: 一、深刻认识城市生活垃圾处理工作的重要意义     

中国(天津)垃圾处理处置技术高峰论坛通知暨征文启事

<正>目前,垃圾处理处置被列为国家"十三五"规划的重点方向,受到广泛关注。为进一步提高我国垃圾处理处置技术水平,实现我国垃圾处理向垃圾治理的转变,最终形成垃圾多元、综合、全程和依法治理的可持续发展局面,实现垃圾无害化、资源化、减量化要求,为我国未来垃圾处理行业推荐一批低能耗、高效率、资源化的实用技术、设备以及典型     

商务部等9部门关于健全废旧家电家具等再生资源回收体系的通知

<正>各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市人民政府,新疆生产建设兵团：为贯彻落实党中央、国务院决策部署,健全废旧家电家具回收体系,进一步释放家电家具消费潜力,畅通再生资源循环利用,推动形成绿色生产生活方式,经国务院同意,现将有关事项通知如下:一、总体要求以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,深入贯彻落实党的二十大精神,完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念,构建新发展格局,推动高质量发展,坚持政府引导、市场主导,因地制宜、分类施策,典型探索、以点带面,加快健全废旧家电家具等再生资源回收体系。到2025年,在全国范围内建设一批废旧家电家具等再生资源回收体系典型城市,培育一批回收龙头企业,推广一批典型经验模式,形成一批政策法规标准,全国废旧家电家具回收量比2023年增长15%以上,废旧家电家具规范化回收水平明显提高。     

Measuring bulky waste arisings in Hong Kong

All too often, waste authorities either assume that they know enough about their bulky waste stream or that it is too insignificant to deserve attention. In this paper, we use Hong Kong as an example to illustrate that official bulky waste figures can actually be very different from the reality and therefore important waste management decisions made based on such statistics may be wrong too. This study is also the first attempt in Hong Kong to outline the composition of bulky waste.It was found that about 342 tonnes/day of wood waste were omitted by official statistics owing to incomplete records on actual bulky waste flow. This is more than enough to provide all the feedstock needed for one regular-sized wood waste recycling facility in Hong Kong. In addition, the proportion of bulky waste in the municipal solid waste (MSW) streams in Hong Kong should be about 6.1% instead of the officially stated 1.43%. Admittedly, there are limitations with this study. Yet, present findings are suggestive of significant MSW data distortion in Hong Kong.     

Metal distribution in incineration residues of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Japan

This study aimed to identify distribution of metals and the influential factors on metal concentrations in incineration residues. Bottom ash and fly ash were sampled from 19 stoker and seven fluidized bed incinerators, which were selected to have a variety of furnace capacity, furnace temperature, and input waste. In the results, shredded bulky waste in input waste increased the concentration of some metals, such as Cd and Pb, and the effect was confirmed by analysis of shredded bulky waste. During MSW incineration, lithophilic metals such as Fe, Cu, Cr, and Al remained mainly in the bottom ash while Cd volatilized from the furnace and condensed to the fly ash. About two thirds of Pb and Zn was found in the bottom ash despite their high volatility. Finally, based on the results obtained in this study, the amount of metal in incineration residues of MSW was calculated and the loss of metal was estimated in terms of mass and money. A considerable amount of metal was found to be lost as waste material by landfilling of incineration residues.     

Investigations of biological processes in Austrian MBT plants

Mechanical biological treatment (MBT) of municipal solid waste (MSW) has become an important technology in waste management during the last decade. The paper compiles investigations of mechanical biological processes in Austrian MBT plants. Samples from all plants representing different stages of degradation were included in this study. The range of the relevant parameters characterizing the materials and their behavior, e.g. total organic carbon, total nitrogen, respiration activity and gas generation sum, was determined. The evolution of total carbon and nitrogen containing compounds was compared and related to process operation. The respiration activity decreases in most of the plants by about 90% of the initial values whereas the ammonium release is still ongoing at the end of the biological treatment. If the biogenic waste fraction is not separated, it favors humification in MBT materials that is not observed to such extent in MSW. The amount of organic carbon is about 15% dry matter at the end of the biological treatment.     

Flow analysis of metals in a municipal solid waste management system

This study aimed to identify the metal flow in a municipal solid waste (MSW) management system. Outputs of a resource recovery facility, refuse derived fuel (RDF) production facility, carbonization facility, plastics liquefaction facility, composting facility, and bio-gasification facility were analyzed for metal content and leaching concentration. In terms of metal content, bulky and incombustible waste had the highest values. Char from a carbonization facility, which treats household waste, had a higher metal content than MSW incinerator bottom ash. A leaching test revealed that Cd and Pb in char and Pb in RDF production residue exceeded the Japanese regulatory criteria for landfilling, so special attention should be paid to final disposal of these substances. By multiplying metal content and the generation rate of outputs, the metal content of input waste to each facility was estimated. For most metals except Cr, the total contribution ratio of paper/textile/plastics, bulky waste, and incombustible waste was over 80%. Approximately 30% of Cr originated from plastic packaging. Finally, several MSW management scenarios showed that most metals are transferred to landfills and the leaching potential of metals to the environment is quite small.     

Fate of metals contained in waste electrical and electronic equipment in a municipal waste treatment process

In Japan, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) that is not covered by the recycling laws are treated as municipal solid waste. A part of common metals are recovered during the treatment; however, other metals are rarely recovered and their destinations are not clear. This study investigated the distribution ratios and substance flows of 55 metals contained in WEEE during municipal waste treatment using shredding and separation techniques at a Japanese municipal waste treatment plant. The results revealed that more than half of Cu and most of Al contained in WEEE end up in landfills or dissipate under the current municipal waste treatment system. Among the other metals contained in WEEE, at least 70% of the mass was distributed to the small-grain fraction through the shredding and separation and is to be landfilled. Most kinds of metals were concentrated several fold in the small-grain fraction through the process and therefore the small-grain fraction may be a next target for recovery of metals in terms of both metal content and amount. Separate collection and pre-sorting of small digital products can work as effective way for reducing precious metals and less common metals to be landfilled to some extent; however, much of the total masses of those metals would still end up in landfills and it is also important to consider how to recover and utilize metals contained in other WEEE such as audio/video equipment.     

Developing a monitoring method facilitating continual improvements in the sorting of waste at recycling centres

Beneficial use of waste relies on efficient systems for collection and separation. In Sweden, a bring system involving recycling centres for collection of bulky, electr(on)ic and hazardous waste has been introduced. A significant share of this waste is incorrectly sorted, causing downstream environmental implications. At present, however, there is a lack of affordable and accurate monitoring methods for providing the recycling centres with the necessary facts for improving the sorting of waste. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the usability of a simplified and potentially more suitable waste monitoring method for recycling centres. This method is based on standardised observations where the occurrence of incorrect sorting is monitored by taking digital pictures of the waste which then are analysed according to certain guidelines. The results show that the developed monitoring method could offer a resource-efficient and useful tool for proactive quality work at recycling centres, involving continuous efforts in developing and evaluating measures for improved sorting of waste. More research is however needed in order to determine to what extent the obtained results from the monitoring method are reliable.     

Recent trends in recycling activities and waste management in Japan

Japan's basic approach to municipal solid waste (MSW) is (1) waste reduction, (2) promotion of recycling, (3) volume reduction by intermediate treatment, and (4) environmentally sound final disposal. A brief history of legislative trends in waste management is given as background for current waste management and recycling activities. The material recovery rate for MSW collected by local municipalities was only 5.6% in 1996. More than half of MSW, on a volume basis, consists of containers and packages, while great amounts of landfill space are also taken up by bulky wastes such as electric appliances. Therefore, in order to promote recycling and decrease landfill waste, Japan is targeting containers, packages, and electric appliances. A law promoting separate collection and recycling of containers and packages (Packaging Waste Recycling Law) and a law requiring the recycling of specific home electric appliances into new products (Home Electric Appliance Recycling Law) were introduced in June 1995 and June 1998, respectively. These laws are in line with the OECD policy Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). Received: September 16, 1998 / Accepted: March 10, 1999     

Evaluation of carbonization as a thermal pretreatment method for landfilling by column leaching tests

To evaluate carbonization as a thermal pretreatment method for landfilling, the releasing characteristics of organic and inorganic constituents from carbonization residue derived from shredded residue of bulky waste was investigated by means of batch and column leaching tests. Shredded residue of bulky waste itself and its incineration ash were tested together to compare pretreatment methods. In batch leaching tests at a liquid/solid ratio of 10, the release of organic carbon from carbonization residue was at a remarkably low level. Besides, carbonization contributed to immobilize heavy metals such as chromium, cadmium, and lead within its residue. In column tests, the discharges of organic constituents were lowest from carbonization residue under aerobic conditions due to microbial activity. The leaching of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu from carbonization residue was suppressed under anaerobic conditions; however, this suppression effect tended to be weaker under aerobic conditions. From the results showing that the total releasing amounts of organic and inorganic constituents from carbonization residue are so low as to be comparable to that of incineration ash, carbonization can be considered as one of the thermal pretreatment methods of organic wastes.     

Healthcare waste management: a case study from the National Health Service in Cornwall, United Kingdom

This paper looks at steps taken towards the development of a 10-year strategy for the management of healthcare waste from the National Health Service (NHS) in Cornwall, United Kingdom. The major issues and challenges that affect the management of waste by the NHS, including its organisational structure and collection infrastructure, are outlined. The waste flows of the main acute medical site are detailed, using waste audits of domestic and clinical bags, redundant equipment, bulky waste, and special waste. Some of the common barriers to change, such as staff habits and public perceptions, are also identified. Recommendations are made with respect to improvements in the overall organisational infrastructure and increased localised control. The recommendations also centre around the formation of strategic partnerships, within the site, between sites and at the broader level between the NHS and its surrounding community. An important challenge to be overcome is the need to progress from the concept of "waste management", to one of sustainable decision making regarding resource use, including methods of waste minimisation at the source and recycling. Staff training and awareness underpin several of the short and medium/long term solutions suggested to reduce the waste at the source and recover value from that produced. These measures could potentially reduce disposal quantities by as much as 20-30% (wt.) and costs by around 25-35%.     

Effect of natural ageing on volume stability of MSW and wood waste incineration residues

This paper presents the results of a study on the effect of natural weathering on volume stability of bottom ash (BA) from municipal solid waste (MSW) and wood waste incineration. BA samples were taken at different steps of treatment (fresh, 4 weeks and 12 weeks aged) and then characterised for their chemical and mineralogical composition and for volume stability by means of the mineralogical test method (M HMVA-StB), which is part of the German quality control system for using aggregates in road construction (TL Gestein-StB 04). Changes of mineralogical composition with the proceeding of the weathering treatment were also monitored by leaching tests. At the end of the 12 weeks of treatment, almost all the considered samples resulted to be usable without restrictions in road construction with reference to the test parameter volume stability.