化验室废液的处理与某些试剂的回收

分析化学试验过程中 ,会产生一些废液 ,其成分复杂 ,且有些为有毒物质 ,其中还有剧毒和致癌物质 ,如果直接排放 ,就会污染环境 ,损害人体健康。所以 ,这些废液必须经过处理 ,才能排放。对于含较纯有机溶剂的废液 (含少量试剂和被测物 ) ,应进行回收再利用。1　几种有害物质的处理方法　　含酚、氰化物、汞、铬、砷等的废液 ,必须经过处理 ,达到排放标准才能排放。下面介绍的方法适用于化验室小量废液的处理。1 1　酚　　对高浓度 (废液中酚质量浓度为 4 0 0mg/L以上 )的含酚废液 ,可用乙酸丁脂萃取后再重蒸馏回收。对低浓度 (废液中酚质量…     

国外动态

一种焚烧废液回收热能的处理方式Information Chimie,[271],241—243(1986)法国罗的—布朗克公司在夏朗佩的化工厂中产生两种废液:一种是有机废液,主要是蒸馏残液、焦油以及沉淀池中的有机层等,有机废液含水量小于20％;另一种是水溶性废液,主要是洗涤液、沉淀池中的水溶部份,此类废液含水量大于70％。该公司采用焚烧炉处理废液,以产生25巴压力的蒸汽回收热能。焚烧炉处理水溶性废液量为20吨/小时,废液     

信息与动态

酸洗废液浸取毒重石制备氯化钡我国冶金和金属加工行业每年有大量酸洗废液排放,该酸洗废液是冶金和金属加工行业进行钢铁表面除锈时氧化铁溶于盐酸产生的废液,其主要含有氯化亚铁和少量游离酸。用该酸洗废液代替盐酸直接浸取毒重石可制备氯化钡,不仅可以降低其生产成本,同时也为酸洗废液的综合利用提供了一条较好的出路。取毒重石粉226.1g,按n(FeCl2)/n(BaCO3)为1.2加入酸洗废液,在90℃至微沸状态下搅拌3h,趁热真空过滤,滤液经蒸发、结晶和干燥后得到氯化钡产品。用酸洗废液代替盐酸直接浸取毒重石制备氯化钡,工艺稳定,毒重石中BaCO3的…     

化学镀铜废液的处理方法

该发明涉及降解化学镀铜废液中的有机污染物并回收正磷酸盐的一种化学镀铜废液处理方法。通过氧化方法将化学镀铜废液中的有机污染物氧化分解,同时把废液中的次磷酸根和亚磷酸根氧化成正磷酸根,正磷酸根与废液中的铜离子产生化学反     

草浆黑液与聚乙二醇溶液超滤浓缩的对比

０前言膜分离技术应用于造纸工业废水处理、制浆废液浓缩和从制浆废液中分离木素等方面,已取得一定进展。用膜技术进行制浆废液预浓缩,无相变、能耗低、投资少,是取代多效蒸发预浓缩的良好选择。据报道,超滤膜技术具有除去制浆废液中ＳｉＯ２的作用,对解决蒸发结垢难...     

印制电路板酸性蚀刻废液的回收利用

综述了酸性蚀刻废液的污染危害及处理现状,全面介绍了酸性蚀刻废液回收利用的方法.金属置换法、中和酸溶法方法简便、投资少;酸性蚀刻废液、碱性蚀刻废液自中和法制备碱式氯化铜经济、高效,是大型印制电路板制造企业间收利用蚀刻废液的优选方法;电解再生法不仪使蚀刻废液恢复原有的蚀刻效能,而且产出具有商业价值的铜,成为印制电路板制造企业的首选方法.     

一种电镀废液中酸分离与重金属回收的方法

正该专利涉及一种电镀废液中酸分离与重金属回收的方法。先利用电渗析集成技术快速分离电镀废液中的酸,通过对电渗析过程中阴、阳离子膜的选择可以很好地将电镀废液中的酸分离,同时重金属离子仍留在电镀废液中。分离出来的酸进入浓缩池,回收后可用于电镀或镀件清洗工序。处理后的电镀废液中pH达3以上。利用硫化氢气体和射流工艺集成技术能够快速回收电镀废液中的有价重金     

国内外氨碱厂废渣的处理及利用

氨碱法纯碱生产过程中要排出大量的废液废渣,每生产一吨纯碱约排出10立方米的废液废渣,其中,固渣含量因原料石灰石和盐的质量不同而异,大约在200—300公斤。按此计算,一个年产30万吨的氨碱厂每天就要排出1万立方米废液,200—300吨废渣,全年将排出300多万立方米废液和6—9万吨废渣,数量甚为可观,这些废液废渣主要是碳化过滤母液蒸氨过程中排出的蒸馏废液(含固渣的悬浮液),其次还包括盐水精制过程的一、二次泥(钙镁泥)及洗涤废水等。蒸馏废液的液相组成主要是氯化钙和氯化钠(每升清液约含85—100克氯化钙、50—55克氯化钠)固相组成主要是碳酸钙、氢氧化镁、氧化钙、二氧化硅、硫酸钙、铁铝氧化物等。这些组份均系原料中未被利用的元素。     

电解液生产清洗中DMC废液的回收与利用

锂离子电池电解液生产过程中会产生大量的清洗废液,利用间歇精馏的工艺对电解液清洗废液中的DMC进行回收,结果表明,该方法效果十分良好,对废液处理后可完全回收废液中的DMC,每周回收量可达1.8 t,同时实现了经济效益增长和环保的目的。     

用造纸厂废液制强力木材胶粘剂

造纸废液中含有大量的木质素 ,是造纸厂的主要污染源。对造纸废液进行处理并提取其中的木质素 ,不仅可减轻废液排放对环境造成的污染 ,而且可制取碱木质素 ,变废为宝。碱木质素可用来制造需求潜力很大的木材胶粘剂。目前 ,每年全世界造纸废液中所含碱木质素有几千万吨 ,80 %以上未被回收利用 ,造成浪费 ,且污染极大。以江西省宜春市 1家造纸厂制得的碱木质素为原料 ,通过添加苯酚和少量环氧树脂进行改性 ,可制成一种强力木材胶粘剂 ,主要作纤维板、三合板等粘合用胶。( 1 )从造纸废液中提取碱木质素先用三效蒸发器将造纸厂排放出来的废液蒸…     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification

Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m^-2 yr^-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO₄ ^-2, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L^-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L^-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (17±7 mol L^-1) and H⁺ (4±6 mol L^-1), and an increase in HCO₃ ^-(10±10 mol L^-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L^-1), Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (9±6 mol L^-1), and H⁺ (6±5 mol L^-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Heavy Metals Removal by Biosorption and Flotation

The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water.     

Selection of Autochthonous Plant Species from SE Spain for Soil Lead Phytoremediation Purposes

Mining activity in SE of Spain, in the west Mediterranean coast, originated more than two millenniums ago. It has generated huge areas affected by heavy metals contamination, especially of lead, which is possibly one of the most important. Investigations related to the selection of autochthonous plant taxa from a typical Spanish Mediterranean area, useful for phytoextraction and phytostabilization purposes in these polluted areas are shown. Under these edaphoclimatic conditions 12 interesting species were considered, from them six taxa were chosen for further studies. Some plant species have been proposed either for phytoextraction or phytostabilization purposes. Recommendations for further research have been discussed.     

Concentrations and Pools of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils in Stockholm,Sweden

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb andZn) and arsenic (As) were surveyed and the metal pools estimatedin soils in Stockholm Municipality. The sampling sites were distributed all over the entire municipality with a higher sampling density in the city centre. Soils were sampled to a maximum depth of 25 to 60 cm. Soil texture, total-C content, electrical conductivity and pH were analysed. Heavy metal concentrations were determined after wet digestion with boiling7 M HNO₃.The results showed a wide range in heavy metal concentrations, as well as in other soil properties. The city centre soils constituted a rather homogeneous group whereas outside this areano geographical zones could be distinguished. These soils were grouped based on present land use, i.e. undisturbed soils, public parks, wasteland (mainly former industrial areas), and roadside soils. The city centre and wasteland soils generally hadenhanced heavy metal concentrations to at least 30 cm depth compared to park soils outside the city centre and rural (arable)soils in the region, which were used to estimate background levels. For example, the mean Hg concentration was 0.9 (max 3.3)mg kg^-1 soil at 0–5 cm and 1.0 (max 2.9) at 30 cm depth in the city centre soils, while the background level was 0,04 mg kg^-1. Corresponding values for Pb were 104 (max 444) and135 (max 339) mg kg^-1, at 0–5 and 30 cm, respectively, while the background level was 17 mg kg^-1.The average soil pools (0–30 cm depth) of Cu, Pb and Zn were 21,38 and 58 g m^-2 respectively, which for Pb was 3–4 timeshigher and for Cu and Zn 1.5–2 times higher than the backgroundlevel. The total amount of accumulated metals (down to 30 cm)in the city centre soils (4.5^*10 ⁶ m² public gardens and green areas) was estimated at 80, 1.1, 120 and 40 t for Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn, respectively. The study showed (1) thatfrom a metal contamination point of view, more homogeneous soilgroups were obtained based on present land use than on geographicdistance to the city centre, (2) the importance of establishing a background level in order to quantify the degree of contamination, and (3) soil samples has to be taken below the surface layer (and deeper than 30 cm) in order to quantify theaccumulated metal pools in urban soils.     

我国电子废物回收处理产业政策及机遇与挑战分析

针对近年我国频繁出台的电子废物回收处理产业政策,系统论述了其发展脉络,并从循环经济角度出发,分析了我国电子废物产业发展的主体思路,同时还对我国电子废物回收处理产业发展机遇与存在的问题进行剖析,对如何稳定企业的电子废物来源、提升产业技术水平及降低企业运营成本进行建议性分析。     

Nitrous oxide emission from some English and Welsh rivers and estuaries

Nutrient and N₂O concentrations in the water columns were measured seasonally over a full salinity range in the nutrified rivers Colne, Stour, Orwell, Deben, Trent, Ouse and Humber and their estuaries on the east coast of England between August 2001 and May 2002, and in the oligotrophic rivers Conwy, Dovey and Mawddach in North and West Wales between August 2002 and May 2003. Nutrient and N₂O concentrations in the nutrified English rivers and estuaries were much higher than those in the Welsh rivers. N₂O concentrations and % saturation in the estuaries were significantly correlated with nitrate, nitrite and ammonium concentrations in the water. The strongest correlation was with nitrite (r² = 0.56, p < 0.01), suggesting that nitrite was the most significant factor among the different nutrients in regulating N₂O concentration in the estuaries. N₂O concentrations in the English rivers and estuaries were supersaturated throughout the year with annual averages from 186.9 to 992.9%, indicating that these rivers and estuaries were sources of atmospheric N₂O, whereas in the Welsh rivers N₂O concentrations were much lower with annual averages from 113.6 to 137.4% saturation. Although the estuarine area in the Colne was almost the same as that in the Conwy, the annual N₂O emission from the Colne was much higher (937498 mol N yr^–1) than in the Conwy (23020 mol N yr^–1). On the east coast, riverine emissions of N₂O were only 0.5–12.5% of the total emission from rivers and estuaries. Thus rivers were negligible, but estuaries were significant contributors to the UK N₂O inventory.     

Trends in Fish Community Structure,Biomass, and Production in Three Algoma,Ontario, Lakes

Long-term (i.e. >10 years) whole community fish dataincluding catch-per-unit-effort, abundance, biomass, andproduction from three lakes were used: 1) to examine variabilityin fish population and community measures among years using wholelake assessments of fish populations derived from mark recaptureexperiments, 2) to assess implications arising from monitoringindividual species vs. the whole fish community, and 3) toascertain whether, in fisheries assessments (science) a commonlyused surrogate measure, [catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE)] reflectedannual changes in the fish assemblage, and thus may be a goodestimator of abundance. High, long-term variability was evident in the abundance andbiomass of a fish species in our lakes, yet the communityremained relatively stable in terms of its biomass andproduction. Changes in total fish community biomass appear drivenby large species, which, relative to small fish species, remainstable among years. Among years, species richness remainedstable; however, fish species changed in the community. AnnualCPUE was found to be a suitable surrogate for abundance (N) ofsmall fishes; CPUE x mean weight of the catch (bCPUE) was asuitable surrogate for biomass (B) of large fishes. Prior toconcluding that a change in a fish population has occurred as aresult of a stressor, care must be taken to critically examinethe level of population assessment in order to avoid acceptingpotentially invalid conclusions.     

Picocyanobacteria – Sensitive Bioindicators of Contaminant Stress in an Alpine Lake (Traunsee Austria)

The abundance and photosynthetic activity ofpicocyanobacteria in the oligotrophic alpine lake Traunseewere measured at a station located close to the outlet ofindustrial soda waste and at a mid-lake reference stationduring spring, 1999 through to autumn, 2000.Picocyanobacterial numbers measured by flow cytometry inTraunsee (0.7–13.2 × 10⁴ ml^-1) were comparable tothose of other oligotrophic lakes, and there was nosignificant difference between the contaminated and thereference sampling location. Picoplankton (<2 m)photosynthetic rates measured in vitro by the ¹⁴C-technique were significantly reduced at the contaminated siterelative to the reference station at low photosyntheticallyavailable radiation (10 E m^-2 s^-1), while nodifference between these two stations was found at moderatelyhigh light intensity (100 E m^-2 s^-1). Theinvestigation was complemented by laboratory experiments withcultured picocyanobacteria. Three Synechococcus spp.strains were exposed to water taken from either of the twoTraunsee stations and from a control station located inneighbouring Attersee. Cell-specific photosynthetic activitymeasured by 4-h in vitro incubations revealed no significantdifference among the three stations investigated. Growthrates of the same three Synechococcus spp. strains weremeasured by flow cytometry over several days in thelaboratory. One strain, in particular, was sensitive to watertaken from the contaminated site; growth rate of this strainwas significantly reduced, relative to when exposed to watertaken from the reference station. Taken together, our resultsdemonstrate that picocyanobacteria are highly sensitivebioindicators of contaminant stress. The overall impact ofthe emissions from the industrial outlet on thepicocyanobacteria was, however, relatively minor.