新型阳离子絮凝剂KD-1在活性印染废水处理中的应用研究

以双氰胺、甲醛为主要原料,以硫酸铝为催化剂并引入添加剂合成了新型阳离子絮凝剂双氰胺甲醛树脂(KD1)。报道了用KD1对以活性染料为主要成分的印染废水进行混凝脱色试验。结果表明,用KD1处理以活性染料为主要成分的印染废水,其CODCr去除率≥80%,脱色率≥98%。该絮凝剂对降低废水中的化学需氧量和色度方面具有显著的效果。     

新型阳离子絮凝剂KD-1在活性印染废水处理中的应用研究

以双氰胺、甲醛为主要原料，以硫酸铝为催化剂并引入添加剂合成了新型阳离子絮凝剂-双氰胺-甲醛树脂(KD-1)。报道了用KD-1对以活性染料为主要成分的印染废水进行混凝脱色试验。结果表明，用KD-1处理以活性染料为主要成分的印染废水，其CODcr，去除率≥80％，脱色率≥98％。该絮凝剂对降低废水中的化学需氧量和色度方面具有显著的效果。     

活性黑KN-B染料模拟废水电化学脱色

为进一步明确活性染料在可溶性阳极电化学体系中的脱色机理，以铝为牺牲阳极，不锈钢为阴极，在恒电流操作模式下，针对活性黑KN-B模拟废水，考察了电流密度、初始pH值、电解质种类及浓度、温度、染料浓度因素对染料脱色过程的影响。结果表明：(1)电流密度、电解液初始pH值、氯化钠电解质浓度、温度、染料浓度对染料溶液脱色效率影响显著，在一定实验条件下，染料溶液脱色率可达到88%；(2) 在不同pH的范围内，活性黑KN-B表现的脱色机理不同，pH 4～9为混凝与阴极还原脱色共同作用；pH＜4和＞9则表现为阴极还原脱色为主； (3) 氯化钠的加入在增强染料脱色的同时，也有助于芳环类物质的后续混凝去除。     

染料废水脱色混凝剂(PSDC-Ⅰ) 的制备和效果实验

研究了由固体废物 (炼铁废渣 )制取的含有多种金属离子的染料废水脱色混凝剂 (PSDC Ⅰ ) ,试验了它对染料废水的脱色效果及对印染废水的混凝效果 ,并与PAC进行了比较。考察了影响PSDC Ⅰ混凝及脱色效果的因素。结果表明 ,pH值在 6— 10范围内 ,PSDC Ⅰ具有良好的混凝效果。PSDC Ⅰ的两个最佳脱色区为 pH值 6— 8和 pH值 13左右。与PAC相比 ,PSDC Ⅰ不仅具有良好的混凝效果而且具有良好的脱色效果     

染料废水脱色混凝剂（PSDC—1）的制备和效果实验

研究了由固体废物（炼铁废渣）制取的含有多种金属离子的染料废水脱色混凝剂（PSDC-1），试验了它对染料废水的脱色效果及对印染废水的混凝效果。并与PAC进行了比较。考察了影响PSDC-1混凝及脱色效果的因素。结果表明，pH值在6-10范围内，PSDC-1具有良好的混凝效果。PSDC-1的两个最佳脱色区为pH值6-8和pH值13左右，与PAC相比，PSDC-1不仅具有良好的混凝效果而且具有良好的脱色效果。     

混凝气浮法处理印染废水的研究

本文首次将我国自制新型高分子混凝剂 FC-D 与国内外几种混凝剂作了对比,并对苏州针织总厂排放的印染废水作了混凝沉淀与混凝气浮处理的比较。确定了最佳 pH 值、无机混凝剂的种类及用量,找出了最佳的高分子混凝剂为 C-D,以及 FC-D 增强脱色的用量和气浮处理的条件,获得了脱色率70%～90%、COD 去除率为70%～85%的效果。     

铁阳极电凝聚处理活性黑KN-B染料废水

对铁阳极电凝聚处理活性黑KN-B染料废水过程进行了实验研究.考察了电流密度、染料溶液初始pH值、电介质浓度及种类、温度、染料浓度等因素对脱色效率的影响.结果表明,在一定实验条件下,活性黑KN-B模拟废水的脱色效率达93%;电流强度、染料浓度、电解液初始pH值及电解质的种类对染料溶液脱色效率影响显著,电解液温度、电解质的浓度对脱色效率的影响不明显;以铁为阳极的原位电凝聚处理活性黑KN-B模拟废水混凝过程中主要作用机理以吸附电性中和为主;电凝聚过程中活性黑KN-B在阴极上发生了还原反应.     

镁盐复合混凝剂应用于活性染料印染废水脱色的实验研究

采用镁盐与亚铁盐混合复配对活性染料印染废水进行脱色处理.考察该复合混凝剂的组分配比、pH值和投加量对脱色率的影响,并与单一组分混凝剂的脱色效果作对比,同时初步分析了复合混凝剂的脱色机理.结果表明:复合混凝剂MgSO4-FeSO4·7H2O的脱色效果明显优于单一组分,表现出显著的协同效应;对于80 mg/L的活性黑KN-B印染废水(色度为1000倍),在复合混凝剂投加量为556 mg/L、pH值在10.9左右时,脱色率可以达到99.07%;主要脱色机理表现为镁盐和亚铁盐在高pH值的环境下共沉淀生成氢氧化物絮状物吸附溶液中的染料分子一起沉降.该吸附主要为电中和吸附.吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,复合吸附剂的饱和吸附量达1.1614 g/g.     

电气石在环境领域的最新应用研究：处理雅格素蓝BF-BR染料废水

在氧化剂(H2O2)的协同作用下,电气石对雅格素蓝BF-BR染料废水具有良好的脱色能力,脱色率与电气石用量、氧化剂用量、水浴温度、作用时间呈正相关性,溶液pH值为2和12时,脱色率最大.正交实验优化了工艺条件:氧化剂用量1.5 mL、作用时间9 min、电气石用量1g、水浴温度363 K、pH=2,此时脱色率可达到100%.动力学研究表明:雅格素蓝BF-BR染料废水的脱色反应为一级反应,其反应表观动力学方程为:-lnCR=0.36733t-lnC0(R=0.9827),反应速率常数为k=0.36733 min-1,反应半衰期为t1/2=1.887 min.机理的初步分析表明:脱色过程是矿物催化-类芬顿反应.     

纤维素季铵盐处理活性染料废水

研究了纤维素通过季铵化反应制备的纤维素季铵盐(quaternized celluloses,QCs)高分子混凝剂对染料废水的脱色效果及机理,实验了它和无机助凝剂的联合使用分别对不同pH值条件下的活性染料废水脱色效果的影响。结果表明,在pH值为8至12范围内,QCs的投加对活性染料废水的脱色作用非常显著,无机助凝剂的投加对其脱色率的影响相对较小,但可以提高其脱色反应速度和脱色率。活性染料废水的脱色率可达98.53%,色度可达4倍以下。     

Application of chemical oxidation to remediate HCH-contaminated soil under batch and flow through conditions

This is the first study describing the chemical oxidation of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in contaminated soil under water saturated and unsaturated flow through conditions. Soil contaminated with β-HCH (45 mg kg^?1) and γ-HCH (lindane, 25 mg kg^?1) was sampled from former lindane waste storage site. Efficiency of following treatments was tested at circumneutral pH: H₂O₂ alone, H₂O₂/Fe^II, Na₂S₂O₈ alone, Na₂S₂O₈/Fe^II, and KMnO₄. Experimental conditions (oxidant dose, liquid/solid ratio, and soil granulometry) were first optimized in batch experiments. Obtained results revealed that increasing dose of H₂O₂ improved the oxidation efficiency while in Na₂S₂O₈ system, maximum HCHs were removed at 300 mM. However, oxidation efficiency was slightly improved by Fe^II-activation. Increasing the solid/liquid ratio decreased HCH removal in soil samples crushed to 500 μm while an opposite trend was observed for 2-mm samples. Dynamic column experiments showed that oxidation efficiency followed the order KMnO₄ > Na₂S₂O₈/Fe^II > Na₂S₂O₈ whatever the flow condition, whereas the removal extent declined at higher flow rate (e.g., ~50% by KMnO₄ at 0.5 mL/min as compared to ~30% at 2 mL/min). Both HCH removal and oxidant decomposition extents were found higher in saturated columns than the unsaturated ones. While no significant change in relative abundance of soil mineral constituents was observed before and after chemical oxidation, more than 60% of extractable organic matter was lost after chemical oxidation, thereby underscoring the non-selective behavior of chemical oxidation in soil. Due to the complexity of soil system, chemical oxidation has rarely been reported under flow through conditions, and therefore our findings will have promising implications in developing remediation techniques under dynamic conditions closer to field applications.     

Enhanced-electrokinetic remediation of copper–pyrene co-contaminated soil with different oxidants and pH control

Electrokinetic (EK) remediation has potential to simultaneously remove heavy metals and organic compounds from soil, but the removal percent of these pollutants is very low in general if no enhancing treatment is applied. This study developed a new enhanced-EK remediation technology to decontaminate a heavy metal–organic compound co-contaminated soil by applying different oxidants and pH control. A red soil was used as a model clayed soil, and was spiked with pyrene and Cu at about 500 mg kg^?1 for both to simulate real situation. Bench-scale EK experiments were performed using four oxidants (H₂O₂, NaClO, KMnO₄, and Na₂S₂O₈) and controlling electrolyte pH at 3.5 or 10. After the treatments with 1.0 V cm^?1 of voltage gradient for 335 h, soil pH, electrical conductivity, and the concentrations and chemical fractionations of soil pyrene and Cu were analyzed. The results showed that there was significant migration of pyrene and Cu from the soil, and the removal percent of soil pyrene and Cu varied in the range of 30–52% and 8–94%, respectively. Low pH favoured the migration of soil Cu, while KMnO₄ was the best one for the degradation of pyrene among the tested oxidants, although it unfortunately prevented the migration of soil Cu by forming Cu oxide. Application of Na₂S₂O₈ and to control the catholyte pH at 3.5 were found to be the best operation conditions for decontaminating the Cu-pyrene co-contaminated soil.     

Abatement of spinosad and indoxacarb residues in pure water by photocatalytic treatment using binary and ternary oxides of Zn and Ti

The photodegradation of indoxacarb, a broad spectrum foliar insecticide and spinosad, a natural insecticide containing two active ingredients, spinosyn A (major component) and spinosyn D (minor component), was studied in aqueous suspensions of binary (ZnO and TiO₂) and ternary (Zn₂TiO₄ and ZnTiO₃) oxides under artificial light (300–460 nm) irradiation. As expected, the influence of the semiconductor materials on the degradation of both was very significant in all cases. Photocatalytic experiments showed that the addition of semiconductors in tandem with Na₂S₂O₈ as electron acceptor strongly improved the removal of indoxacarb and spinosad in water compared with the photolytic tests. The reaction rates significantly increased, especially for the ZnO/Na₂S₂O₈ and TiO₂/Na₂S₂O₈ systems. The first-order equation (monophasic model) satisfactorily explained the disappearance process, although it offered no explanation for the small concentrations remaining in the process.     

Thiosulfate as an Oxidation Inhibitor in Flue Gas Desulfurization Processes: A Review of R&D Results

Sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃) has been tested in a pilot plant as an oxidation inhibitor in flue gas desulfurization by lime and limestone slurry scrubbing with and without MgO and adiplc acid additives. The effectiveness of thiosulfate is proportional to the inhibitor product, defined as the product of thiosulfate concentration (M), calcium concentration (M), and the moles of SO₂ absorbed per hour per liter of hold tank volume. Gypsum saturation was less than 100 percent and scaling was eliminated when the inhibitor product exceeded 0.3 × 10^?6(gmol/L)³/h. Thiosulfate was relatively more effective in systems with chlorides and less effective in systems promoted by MgO. An inhibitor product greater than 10^?6(gmol/L)³/h significantly enhanced dewatering of solids from limestone scrubbing. SO₂ removal and/or limestone utilization were increased in systems that started with less than 10 mM dissolved calcium.     

臭氧预氧化处理葡萄酒废水

葡萄酒废水的季节性波动常造成生化处理系统不稳定,使传统的生化处理工艺难以满足新的污水排放标准的要求。研究了臭氧预处理工艺对葡萄酒废水的处理效果及主要控制参数,结果表明,单独的臭氧预氧化对COD几乎无去除效果,但对色度的去除可达到90%;采用O3/H2O2组合工艺可使COD的去除率提高4倍。经臭氧预处理的出水再采用SBR进行好氧处理时,出水COD能降至80 mg/L以下,COD的降解速度及程度都高于未经臭氧处理的稀释原水。高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析显示,经臭氧处理后,除麦芽糖成分被完全去除外,其他各种成分的数量变化不大;GC/MS对废水中多酚类有机物的分析显示,臭氧预处理可将大量难降解的多酚类有机物分解,从而有助于后续生化处理的出水达到更高的污水排放标准。     

Multiple copper adsorption and regeneration by zeolite 4A synthesized from bauxite tailings

Copper ions were first adsorbed by zeolite 4A synthesized from bauxite tailings, the desorption of Cu(II) using Na₂EDTA solutions was performed, and the recycling of zeolite 4A in adsorption and desorption was systematically investigated. It was observed that the Cu(II) removal efficiency was directly dependent on the initial pH value. The maximum removal efficiency of Cu(II) was 96.2% with zeolite 4A when the initial pH value was 5.0. Cu(II) was completely absorbed in the first 30 min. It was also observed that the desorption efficiency and zeolite recovery were highly dependent on the initial pH and concentration of Na₂EDTA in the solution. The desorption efficiency and percent of zeolite recovered were 73.6 and 85.9%, respectively, when the Na₂EDTA solution concentration was 0.05 mol L^?1 and the pH value was 8. The recovered zeolites were pure single phase and highly crystalline. After 3 cycles, the removal efficiency of Cu(II) was as high as 78.9%, and the zeolite recovery was 46.9%, indicating that the recovered zeolites have good adsorption capacity and can repeatedly absorb Cu(II).

     

混凝+芬顿法对中晚期垃圾渗滤液色度去除

垃圾渗滤液经一般生化处理后色度很大。对混凝和芬顿法结合深度处理垃圾渗滤液对色度去除进行了研究。混凝段通过中心复合设计(简称CCD)和响应面方法(简称RSM)分析了混凝的色度去除率的响应特征,建立了实际因素的最终方程模型:Y(色度去除率,%)=-553.40+73.74A+229.06B+0.38AB-34.16A2-22.67B2,(Y、A、B分别代表色度去除率、投加量和pH)并对絮凝条件进行优化,得到混凝反应的最佳优化条件:投加量1.11 g/L,pH 5.06,及在此条件下的去除率67.2%。在芬顿段,将芬顿反应对水中亲水性有机物相对含量(UV254)与对色度的去除特征相结合进行了研究,证明色度的去除跟该类有机物的去除有关,色度去除率最优值条件选择为H2O2/COD=1.0,Fe2+/H2O2=0.35∶1,而初始pH=2.5时对色度的去除达到99%以上。整个工艺出水可达到达标排放标(GB16889-2008)。     

均相催化强化US/FCME协同体系降解硝基苯

考察了NaCl、AlCl3、Na2SiO3、CuSO44种均相催化剂对超声波(US)/铁炭微电解(FCME)协同体系降解硝基苯的催化效果,结果表明,CuSO4的催化效果最好,在体系反应液初始pH为3.0,混合填料投加量为5.0 g/L(铁炭质量比为1∶1),CuSO4投加量为800 mg/L时,体系对硝基苯的降解率达到99.2%,但溶液COD值仅下降了24.6%,矿化效果一般,红外光谱分析表明降解体系的主要中间产物为苯胺。     

Degradation of bisphenol A in aqueous solution by persulfate activated with ferrous ion

Degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous solution was studied with high-efficiency sulfate radical (SO₄ ^?·), which was generated by the activation of persulfate (S₂O₈ ^2?) with ferrous ion (Fe²⁺). S₂O₈ ^2? was activated by Fe²⁺ to produce SO₄ ^?·, and iron powder (Fe⁰) was used as a slow-releasing source of dissolved Fe²⁺. The major oxidation products of BPA were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer. The mineralization efficiency of BPA was monitored by total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer. BPA removal efficiency was improved by the increase of initial S₂O₈ ^2? or Fe²⁺ concentrations and then decreased with excess Fe²⁺ concentration. The adding mode of Fe²⁺ had significant impact on BPA degradation and mineralization. BPA removal rates increased from 49 to 97 % with sequential addition of Fe²⁺, while complete degradation was observed with continuous diffusion of Fe²⁺, and the latter achieved higher TOC removal rate. When Fe⁰ was employed as a slow-releasing source of dissolved Fe²⁺, 100 % of BPA degradation efficiency was achieved, and the highest removal rate of TOC (85 %) was obtained within 2 h. In the Fe⁰–S₂O₈ ^2? system, Fe⁰ as the activator of S₂O₈ ^2? could offer sustainable oxidation for BPA, and higher TOC removal rate was achieved. It was proved that Fe⁰–S₂O₈ ^2? system has perspective for future works.     

电解质种类对电催化氧化降解苯酚的影响

研究了不同电解质对有机物电催化氧化性能的影响。以高温热解法制备了Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3阳极,用SEM和XRD对电极结构进行了表征。以苯酚为目标有机物,考察了Na2SO4、NaCl和NaNO33种不同电解质对苯酚降解效果的影响。用循环伏安法研究了苯酚在不同支持电解质条件下的电化学行为。采用碘量法测定了在不同电解质溶液中氧化性物质的生成量。研究结果表明,电极的活性涂层主要由SnO2和微量的Sb2O3组成,均匀完整地覆盖住了Ti基体表面。以NaCl为支持电解质时苯酚降解效果明显优于用Na2SO4、NaNO3为支持电解质,并且苯酚的降解主要以电极表面电化学生成的HClO和ClO-的间接化学氧化为主。以Na2SO4为支持电解质时有利于降低和稳定槽电压。在3种电解质条件下,苯酚的降解均遵循一级反应动力学规律。在降解过程中NaCl溶液中生成的氧化性物质浓度最大,且随降解时间延长逐渐增大。