膜吸收法净化低浓度甲醛和氨气

基于膜吸收技术自制双层平板式膜吸收器，搭建净化低浓度甲醛和氨气污染模拟系统，考察不同膜结构参数、进气流量、吸收剂流量等因素对其净化效果的影响。结果表明，聚偏氟乙烯PVDF对低浓度甲醛和氨气的净化效率高于聚四氟乙烯PTFE。对同一材质膜，随着膜孔隙率的增大，甲醛和氨气的净化率呈上升趋势。随着进气流量的增加。甲醛和氨气的净化效率降低；而吸收剂流量对其净化效率影响不大。对于所有实验条件，平均膜孔径为0．22μm的PVDF4#在进气流量ug=120L／h时，甲醛和氨气的净化效率最高，分别达94．7％和96．3％。     

膜吸收法处理高浓度甲醛废气资源化技术研究

采用疏水性中空纤维膜接触器，以NaHSO₃为吸收液处理高浓度甲醛废气。研究了吸收液流量、吸收液温度、吸收液浓度、气体进口流量和气体进口浓度等因素对甲醛去除率和总传质系数的影响。结果表明，当吸收液流量为4.17×10^-6m³/s，吸收液温度为60℃，甲醛进气流量为3.7×10^-6m³/s，甲醛进气浓度为566 mg/m³时，甲醛出气浓度可低至2.8 mg/m³，甲醛的去除率可达99.5%，总传质系数为4.46×10^-5m/s。反应产物（ɑ-羟基磺酸钠）易分离，并可作为重要的有机合成原料或用于制备高纯甲醛而得到充分利用，NaHSO₃溶液经适当稀释后仍可作为吸收液循环使用。表明膜吸收法可基本实现高浓度甲醛废气处理的资源化。     

膜气体吸收技术分离VOCs/N2混合气性能的研究

以C₆H₆/N₂混合气为代表，疏水性聚丙烯中空纤维膜为气液接触膜，n-甲酰吗啉(NFM，n-formyl morpholine)水溶液为吸收剂，研究了膜气体吸收法分离VOCs/N₂混合气性能。考察了吸收剂流量、吸收剂体积分数、进口气流量、进口气浓度和膜组件结构等诸因素对分离性能的影响。结果表明，在吸收剂流量为20～100 mL/min，进口气流量为40～300 mL/min，进口气浓度为10.2 mg/L的条件下，苯的去除率为65.0 % ～ 99.6 %，总体积传质系数为0.0157～0.08412 s^-1。实验证明，采用疏水性多孔膜气体吸收法，NFM水溶液吸收分离VOCs/N₂混合气具有较高的分离效率和较快的传质速率。     

悬浮填料生物塔净化低浓度氮氧化物废气研究

采用多孔球型悬浮填料挂膜的生物塔净化低浓度氮氧化物废气的研究结果表明,氮氧化物的净化效率可达60%，适宜的入口NOx浓度为130 mg/m³，O₂体积含量为18%，空床停留时间为29 s，循环液流量为116.8 L/h, 循环液pH为7.49~8.05，压降为244.9 Pa，温度为22~28 ℃。NO^-₃和NO^-₂浓度相近的现象说明反硝化细菌存在，并发挥着反硝化作用，将部分NO^-₃转化为NO^-₂。     

超重力脱除模拟烟气中一氧化氮简

以NO和N₂的混合气作模拟烟气，以酸性尿素溶液为吸收剂，在超重力机中进行了脱除模拟烟气中NO实验研究。实验考察了混合气中NO初始含量、进气流量、吸收液流量、超重力机转速对NO脱除率的影响，确定了在超重力中尿素吸收NO的适宜条件。实验结果表明，在常温常压下，N₂体积流量为1.0 m³/h，控制NO初始浓度为3 300 mg/m³，吸收液流量为250 L/h，超重力机转速为650 r/min时，NO脱除率可达89.5%。     

纳米TiO2-Ag改性VACF处理氨气研究

利用浸渍法将纳米TiO₂-Ag负载于粘胶基活性炭纤维上进行改性来处理低浓度氨气，扫描电镜观测和能量色散谱分析表明纳米TiO₂和Ag均较成功地负载于VACF表面上，改性VACF对氨气脱除性能良好，最大脱除率为93.3%；当Ag⁺掺杂量为TiO₂含量的0.5wt％时氨气脱除率达到最大值；存在最佳相对湿度为55%；在氨气浓度为13～65 mg/m3范围内，浓度越低，脱除效果越好；处理较高浓度氨气可通过增加改性VACF用量；随着反应连续进行，改性VACF稳定性受到影响，但仍具有脱除氨气能力。     

密相半干法低温同时脱硫脱硝影响因素

针对90~160℃的低温条件下，SO₂对钙基吸收剂吸收NO_x的影响进行了实验研究，分析了烟气温度T、含氧率、含湿量等对SO₂促进钙基吸收剂吸收NO_x的影响。实验结果表明，当烟气中SO₂浓度的升高可促进钙基吸收剂对NO_x的吸收；同时，维持反应系统在9.2%的含湿量；保证烟气温度在结露点以上，使系统在90~100℃的温度区间；控制系统漏风率，防止含氧率的升高；保证前端电除尘效率的同时，将一部分电除尘捕集到的灰尘作为钙基脱硫剂的添加剂，并使之参与脱硫反应器内的钙基吸收剂循环过程中；可较多地脱除烟气中的污染物质。     

超重力-磷酸钠法脱除低浓度SO2

为开发脱硫率高、成本低、可回收SO₂的脱硫技术,以旋转填料床为吸收设备,磷酸钠溶液为吸收剂,系统开展了液气比L/G、转速N、气体中SO₂浓度CSO₂,in、吸收剂磷酸浓度CL和初始pH等工艺参数和溶液再生循环次数对脱硫率η影响的实验研究。结果表明,η随L/G、N、CL和初始pH的增加而增大,且它们的值越低时,η增加越明显;受G和CSO₂,in影响较小。在适宜操作条件下,脱硫率达99%以上,出口SO₂浓度低于100 mg/m³。磷酸钠溶液可再生循环使用,脱硫率稳定在99%以上。表明超重力-磷酸钠法脱硫技术在小的液气比下即可达到高的脱硫率,吸收剂循环使用,可实现低成本并达标治理SO₂废气,且适用范围宽,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

不同挂膜方式生物滴滤塔处理含H2S恶臭气体简

采用菌剂挂膜，活性污泥挂膜和自然挂膜3种不同方式形成生物滴滤塔，考察挂膜方式对生物滴滤塔去除H₂S恶臭气体的影响。结果表明，当进气H₂S浓度为5 mg/m³时，菌剂挂膜、活性污泥挂膜、自然挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔出气H₂S浓度分别为15.7~17.4、11.6~14.8和15.0~15.9 μg/m³；塔内压降分别为3~4 mm水柱、6 mm水柱和4~5 mm水柱；喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根的浓度分别为14、22和17 mg/L，硫的转化率分别为45%、60%和50%。当进气H₂S浓度增大至7 mg/m³时，3个塔经过7 d的调整后，均能达到稳定状态，稳定后3个塔中出气H₂S浓度和压降基本没变，喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根浓度依次增大至25、31和30 mg/L左右。采用活性污泥挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔处理H₂S的能力比菌剂挂膜和自然挂膜的高。     

碳酸根对磷酸钙沉淀反应回收磷的影响简

以模拟的厌氧消化液为处理对象，通过小试实验，考察不同初始磷浓度C_P、Ca/P物质的量比、pH和温度下，碳酸根（CO₃^2-）对磷酸钙沉淀反应回收磷的影响；利用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对沉淀产物进行表征。结果表明，高浓度的CO₃^2-对以磷酸钙沉淀反应去除和回收磷的效率影响较大；C_P相同时，CO₃^2-浓度（C_CO3^2-）越大，P的去除率越低，低C_P（20 mg/L）时尤为显著；当C_CO3^2-相同时，随着C_P的增大，反应速率加快，P的去除率逐渐升高，但升高幅度越来越小；增大Ca/P比和pH能提高P的去除率，降低CO₃^2-对磷酸钙沉淀反应的抑制作用，综合考虑实际效果，应选择Ca/P比为3.33，pH为9.0作为适宜的反应条件；升高温度对降低CO₃^2-对磷酸钙沉淀反应的抑制作用贡献不大。在C_P为60 mg/L，Ca/P比为1.67，pH为9.0，温度为20℃的条件下，当C _CO3^2-为0时，得到的沉淀产物主要为羟基磷灰石HAP；当C _CO3^2-为30 mmol/L时，得到的沉淀产物为磷酸钙和碳酸合磷灰石的混合物。     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

A History of Dry Cleaners and Sources of Solvent Releases from Dry Cleaning Equipment

Approximately 25, 000-35, 000 dry cleaning facilities currently operate in the U.S. The release of perchloroethylene and other solvents from these establishments represents a major source of soil and groundwater contamination. The manner in which dry cleaning solvents escape from dry cleaning plants is, for all practical purposes, identical for chlorinated and petroleum hydrocarbon solvents and is related to one of the following events: the catastrophic failure of a component of the dry cleaning system, the improper installation, operation or maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment or a combination of all of these causes. Acceptable customs, codes and regulations can also dictate what is authorized for operation of a dry cleaning facility in a particular community, geographic area during a particular time frame. Environmental litigation dealing with the origin of a solvent release from dry cleaners tends to focus on the design and manufacture of dry cleaning industry machines such as washers, washer extractors, tumblers, solvent filters, water separators, stills and spotting boards. A thorough analysis of the daily operations of dry cleaners often reveals that poor maintenance, failure to follow the manufacturer's instructions and the actions of the operator are the most likely causes of soil and groundwater pollution. In order to forensically evaluate the most probable origins of a solvent release and to examine issues regarding liability, a thorough understanding of the history of dry cleaning and a detailed analysis of the operation and maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment are necessary. The discovery of solvent plumes in the vicinity of dry cleaning plants may suggest that the solvent source is the dry cleaning plant; however, the presence of these plumes does not necessarily indicate that the dry cleaning equipment was defectively designed or manufactured. A thorough review of the type of equipment used over the life of the dry cleaning plant and verifiable solvent mileage records frequently indicates that operators of the plant have disposed of solvent and contaminated solids into the municipal sewer or on ground surfaces.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.     

Impact of spiked concentrations of Cd,Pb, As and Zn in growth medium on elemental uptake of Nasturtium officinale (Watercress)

This study is aimed at investigating the impact of water quality on the uptake and distribution of three non-essential and toxic elements, namely, As, Cd and Pb in the watercress plant to assess for metal toxicity. The plant was hydroponically cultivated under greenhouse conditions, with the growth medium being spiked with varying concentrations of As, Cd and Pb. Plants that were harvested weekly for elemental analysis showed physiological and morphological symptoms of toxicity on exposure to high concentrations of Cd and Pb. Plants exposed to high concentrations of As did not survive and the threshold for As uptake in watercress was established at 5 ppm. Translocation factors were low in all cases as the toxic elements accumulated more in the roots of the plant than the edible leaves. The impact of Zn on the uptake of toxic elements was also evaluated and Zn was found to have an antagonistic effect on uptake of both Cd and Pb with no notable effect on uptake of As. The findings indicate that phytotoxicity or death of the watercress plant would prevent it from being a route of human exposure to high concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the environment.     

Butyltin compounds in sediment and fish from the Polish Coast of the Baltic Sea

Concentrations of mono- (MBT), di- (DBT), and tri-(TBT) butyltin compounds were measured in eggs, liver, and muscle of nine species of fish from four regions of the Baltic Sea - the Firth of Vistula, the Gulf of Gdańsk, Puck Bay, and the mouth of the Vistula River. The overall concentration ranges among all the fish sampled from the four sites were: < 7 to 79 ng/g for MBT, 6 to 1100 ng/g for DBT, 7 to 3600 ng/g for TBT, and 16 to 4800 ng/g for total BTs, on a wet wt basis. The highest concentration of total BTs was found in herring liver from the Firth of Vistula (4800 ng/g, wet wt) and in roach muscle from Puck Bay (3300 ng/g, wet wt), while the least concentration was found in burbot eggs and liver from the Vistula River (39 and 32 ng/g, wet wt, respectively). TBT was the major form of BTs present in most samples analyzed. Sediment samples collected from shipyards in the Gulf of Gdańsk contained butyltin concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 46 μg/g (dry wt) for MBT, 2.0 to 42 μg/g for DBT, and 2.6 to 40 μg/g for TBT. As with the fish, the majority of the BTs in sediment were present as TBT, which suggested recent exposure of the aquatic environment of the region to TBT.     

Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the hematology of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on hematological parameters of the cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable hematological alterations were observed. The study on hematological parameters revealed a highly significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the total erythrocytes count in malathion-exposed animals from 24 hours to 96 hrs of exposure as compared to control. Significant decreases (P < 0.01) of hemoglobin and packed cell volume were also observed from 48 hrs to 240 hrs. A significant increase (P < 0.01) in leucocytes count was noted throughout the exposure period. Elevated numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils as found in the present study revealed lymphocytosis as well as eosinophilia, suggesting that this was a result of direct stimulation of the immunological defense due to the presence of a toxic substance or may be associated with tissue damage. The cytomorphological and cytopathological study of erythrocytes and leucocytes in malathion-exposed frogs at 0.006 ppm concentration revealed various cytotoxic effects at different exposure times. It was noted that the size and the shape of the erythrocytes were subjected to variation in different blood disorders.