燃煤机组烟气超低排放改造投资和成本分析

针对现有燃煤机组脱硫、脱硝和除尘超低排放改造的常规技术路线,分析了燃煤机组实现烟气超低排放改造的投资和成本,并将实现超低排放与满足重点地区排放要求的投资和成本进行比较。结果表明,300、600、1 000 MW等级的燃煤机组实施烟气超低排放改造的总成本分别为37.60、30.00、25.70元/(MW·h)。对于符合《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB 13223—2011)特别排放限值的重点地区,300、600、1 000 MW等级的燃煤机组实施超低排放改造的成本分别增加3.37、2.68、2.37元/(MW·h)。虽然重点地区实施超低排放改造增加的成本较少,但当前环保电价补贴(27元/(MW·h))仍无法覆盖300、600 MW等级的燃煤机组实施超低排放改造的成本,因此相关优惠政策的出台将有利于烟气超低排放改造的实施。     

燃煤发电机组超低排放改造及其运行稳定性研究

燃煤电厂面临的环境保护压力越来越大。以沿海地区某1 000MW燃煤发电机组为例,对其超低排放改造的主要技术路线进行了介绍,并对改造后的运行稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,正式在网运行的30d内,烟尘、SO_2、NOX3个指标的观测值分别低于《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB 13223—2011)的标准限值5、35、50mg/m~3,保证率均为100.0%,高于95%,机组能够稳定运行,满足超低排放改造要求。     

燃煤机组超低排放系统成本分析及经济性运行策略

为了探究典型燃煤机组超低排放系统的经济性运行区间以及经济性优化策略,建立了长三角区域115台燃煤机组(共计79370 MW)超低排放技术路线数据库;通过建立污染物控制技术成本评估模型,探究了机组容量、煤质、运行时间和"上大压小"策略对运行成本的影响.针对典型超低排放技术路线,机组容量由100 MW增加至1000 MW时,超低排放系统运行成本由0.051元·(kWh)-1下降至0.027元·(kWh)-1.根据环保电价补贴,将超低排放系统运行成本划分成了4个区间.当超低排放电价补贴为0时,600 MW及1000 MW机组超低排放系统原有的环保电价补贴仍可满足超低排放系统运行的成本要求."上大压小"策略可以显著降低污染物控制成本,在实现相同发电量的情况下,如果用3台1000 MW燃煤机组替代10台300 MW燃煤机组,SO2、NOx及PM控制年运行成本下降幅度分别为20.7％、27.6％和34.4％.本研究结果可为燃煤电厂超低排放系统的经济性运行提供参考.     

燃煤电厂超低排放改造的技术路线研究

化石燃料燃烧带来的环境污染问题日益严重,加强对烟气中污染物的排放治理尤为重要。目前中国要求燃煤机组全面实施超低排放改造。从技术角度和现场试验经验出发,研究了烟尘、SO_2和NO_x的超低排放控制技术,并对各种技术方法进行了分析和对比。根据各污染物控制技术的特性,提出并研究了目前较为成熟的超低排放改造主流技术路线,并对各种技术路线的实际运行效果进行了试验和监测。各技术路线均可以较好地满足超低排放的技术要求。考察并分析了河南省进行超低排放改造后的燃煤电厂所存在的一些问题,提出了解决性和建设性的意见,为将要进行超低排放改造的燃煤电厂提供了技术指导。     

燃煤电厂烟气污染物超低排放技术路线分析

建设环境友好型的清洁燃煤电厂是大气污染防治的一条重要出路,对推进电力行业减排,实现可持续发展具有重要意义。针对燃煤烟气中烟尘、SO2和NOX超低排放技术要求,在收集大量资料和文献的基础上,介绍了超低排放典型技术路线原理、特点和工程应用情况,并对超低排放技术改造过程中存在的问题进行了总结,提出了超低排放的实施及技术路线应根据燃煤电厂的资源环境情况和自身实际情况做出合理选择。     

百万燃煤机组烟气污染物超低排放改造费效评估

随着我国火电厂大气污染物排放标准的日趋严格,燃煤发电企业陆续开展环保装备升级改造工作,其中部分燃煤电厂已完成大气污染物超低排放改造工作。目前,针对超低排放改造后的成本效益,仍缺乏系统性的分析及评估。基于大量电厂运行DCS及CEMS数据,以某百万燃煤机组烟气污染物超低排放技术改造的情况为实际案例,采用费用-效益分析的方法,对其展开超低排放技术运行经济性评估及研究。同时,结合情景分析,研究负荷、含硫量及年发电时间等关键影响因素变化对污染物脱除成本的影响。结果表明:改造后,污染物(SO_2、NO_x及PM)脱除成本比改造前增加约13~20元·(MWh)-1,约占上网电价的2.8%~4.4%。改造后,该电厂SO_2、NO_x及PM排放绩效分别达到0.048、0.109及0.007 g·(k Wh)-1,每年可产生环境效益约1 344万元。此外,提升机组运行负荷能显著降低污染物脱除装备运行成本从实际运行平均负荷(66%负荷)提高到满负荷运行,FGD、SCR脱硝及ESP+WESP除尘单位发电量运行成本分别可下降约30.5%、32.1%和38.1%。     

电袋复合除尘+湿法脱硫工艺脱除多污染物的效果研究

为考察电袋复合除尘+湿法脱硫的超低排放工艺路线对多污染物的脱除能力,以某燃煤电厂已实施超低排放的660 MW机组配套的电袋复合除尘器和湿法脱硫塔为研究对象,对其进出口烟气中的烟尘、微细烟尘(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM_1)、Hg、SO_2、SO_3浓度进行测试,进而通过计算得出电袋复合除尘器及湿法脱硫塔对相应污染物的脱除效率。结果表明:在正常工况条件下,电袋复合除尘器对烟尘及微细烟尘的脱除效率高达99%以上,湿法脱硫对烟尘及微细烟尘的脱除效率均为40%左右;电袋复合除尘器对颗粒Hg的脱除效率达99.72%,对气态Hg的脱除效率为75.58%,湿法脱硫塔对气态Hg的脱除效率为57.24%;电袋复合除尘器对SO3的脱除效率达82.35%,湿法脱硫塔对SO_3的脱除效率为40.00%。电袋复合除尘+湿法脱硫的超低排放工艺路线可脱除99%以上的烟尘及微细烟尘,对总Hg的脱除效率为90.11%,对SO_3的脱除效率为89.41%,是一种可行的多污染物减排工艺路线。     

燃煤机组烟气污染物排放特性研究

在分析超净排放技术和脱硫、脱硝及除尘中各污染物的作用机制基础上,研究了不同工况条件下SO_2、NO_x、烟尘的排放特性。结果表明:(1)脱硝工艺烟气温度控制在377~407℃,总风量控制在1 100~1 500t/h,出口NO_x质量浓度能够达到《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB 13223—2011)超净排放(50mg/m~3)的脱硝标准,比改造前NO_x平均脱除效率提升6百分点。(2)改造后,出口烟气SO_2质量浓度为28.7 mg/m~3,低于35 mg/m~3;出口烟尘质量浓度为3.4 mg/m~3,低于5 mg/m~3,均达到了GB13223—2011超净排放的标准。(3)电厂完成改造后每年可减少SO_2及NO_x排放量分别为2.7万、1.3万t,年缴纳的SO_2和NO_x排污费用可减少2 526.3万元,具有显著的节能及经济效益。     

山东补助超低排放燃煤锅炉 首批1.4亿元奖补资金已拨付到位

<正>山东省在全国率先出台燃煤机组(锅炉)超低排放财政补助政策,将改造后燃煤机组(锅炉)的二氧化硫、氮氧化物、烟粉尘等污染物减排量作为资金测算因素,对已完成燃煤机组(锅炉)超低排放改造,且通过环保部门减排效益审核的电力企业予以奖补。目前,首批奖补资金1.4亿元已     

燃煤电厂SO3排放特征及其脱除技术

通过现场实测和文献调研相结合的方式,对目前燃煤电厂SO_3排放特征进行较全面的表征,排放浓度为0.3～22.7 mg·m~(-3),按10 mg·m~(-3)和5 mg·m~(-3)排放限值考核,达标率分别为89.8%、66.7%。对现有除尘、脱硫设备及新技术的SO_3脱除能力进行定量分析,常规电除尘器对SO_3脱除率仅为10%～20%;低低温电除尘技术可达95%以上;电袋复合除尘器可达80%以上;常规石灰石石膏湿法脱硫技术多在30%～60%,采用旋汇耦合、双托盘等技术后,SO_3脱除率可达90%以上;金属板式湿式电除尘器多在50%～80%,导电玻钢管式湿式电除尘器多在60%～90%;碱基干粉或溶液喷射技术均可达到80%以上的SO_3脱除效果;烟气冷凝相变凝聚技术在消除有色烟羽的同时,也具有一定的SO_3脱除效果。根据不同SO_3脱除技术对比结果,碱基喷射技术不仅可以实现较高SO_3脱除效果,还可有效解决空预器的腐蚀、堵塞等问题,将是未来解决高浓度SO_3问题的主流技术方向。     

Anthropogenic mercury emission inventory with emission factors and total emission in Korea

Mercury emissions concentrations, emission factors, and the total national emission from major anthropogenic sources in Korea for the year 2007 were estimated. Uncontrolled and controlled mercury emission factors and the total emission from each source types are presented. The annual national mercury emission from major anthropogenic sources for the year 2007, on average was 12.8 ton which ranged from 6.5 to 20.2 ton. Averaged emissions of elemental, oxidized, and particulate mercury were estimated at 8.25 ton, 3.69 ton, and 0.87 ton, respectively. Due to the removal of a major portion of particulate and oxidized mercury species, elemental mercury was dominant in stack emission. About 54.8% of mercury emission was contributed by industrial sources, 45.0% by stationary combustion sources and 0.02% by mobile sources. Thermal power plants, oil refineries, cement kilns and incinerators (municipal, industrial, medical, sewage sludge) were the major mercury emitters, contributing about 26%, 25%, 21% and 20%, respectively to the total mercury emission. Other sources (crematory, pulp and paper manufacturing, nonferrous metals manufacturing, glass manufacturing) contributed about 8% of the total emission. Priority should be given in controlling mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants, oil refineries, cement kilns and waste incinerators. More measurements including natural and re-emission sources are to be carried out in the future in order to have a clear scenario of mercury emission from the country and to apply effective control measures.     

焦化行业SO2排放现状及减排潜力分析

随着钢铁工业的高速发展,高温炼焦已成为中国煤炭资源利用的重要途径之一,与此同时焦化行业SO2排放污染问题越来越引起人们的关注.2007年,全国焦炭产量总计335.53 Mt,其中机械化焦炉产量达305.37 Mt,约占全国焦炭产量的91.01%,焦化行业SO2排放量达181.19 kt.在参考国家制定的焦化行业未来产业...     

Methane emission from lakes

A physico-chemical model to describe methane and carbon dioxide emission from lakes was developed. The model describes the emission by diffusion, bubbles and plants. The intensity of the fluxes can be calculated either for total or particular emission in dependence on gas bubbles composition. It was found, that diffusional (Q) and bubble (J) fluxes depend on the methane molar ratio (X) in bubbles as follows: [formula: see text]. The model allows to estimate the role of the methane oxidation by atmospheric oxygen in the total methane flux. It was shown, that the methane oxidation does not influence much methane fluxes to the atmosphere for most of the experimentally observed situations.     

Line source emission modelling

Line source emission modelling is an important tool in control and management of vehicular exhaust emissions (VEEs) in urban environment. The US Environmental Protection Agency and many other research institutes have developed a number of line source models (LSMs) to describe temporal and spatial distribution of VEEs on roadways. Most of these models are either deterministic and/or statistical in nature.This paper presents a review of LSMs used in carrying out dispersion studies of VEEs, based on deterministic, numerical, statistical and artificial neural network techniques. The limitations associated with deterministic and statistical approach are also discussed.     

水泥厂氨排放标准存在的问题及氨排放控制

为控制水泥脱硝工程产生的氨排放问题,中国发布《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB 4915—2013)对水泥企业氨排放限值提出明确要求。但水泥脱硝设施同步配套的氨在线检测仪记录数据表明,多数水泥厂脱硝后的氨排放浓度远超过标准限值。为此,对照火电厂相关标准和技术规范,指出了水泥工业氨排放标准和技术规范文件中存在的问题。结合实际检测数据和国外相关文献,确认水泥工业存在"本底氨"排放,水泥原料、协同处理废弃物、生产工况变化是导致本底氨排放的主要原因。选择性非催化还原(SNCR)脱硝设施产生的氨逃逸将增加氨排放浓度,反应温度窗口、停留时间、氨/氮摩尔比(NSR)、喷射方案等均会影响氨逃逸浓度。优化水泥生产工艺、SNCR脱硝工艺或配套选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝系统等方式可有效控制水泥厂本底氨及氨逃逸。     

Product rollover strategy and emission reduction with intertemporal carbon emission regulation versus consumer supervision

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - As global warming has severely threatened the ecosystem and sustainable development of human beings, carbon trading scheme is introduced to mitigate...     

The impact of the establishment of carbon emission trade exchange on carbon emission efficiency

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The China government focuses on changes in carbon emission efficiency with establishing carbon emission trade exchange (CETE). It is meaningful to...     

Quantification of emission factor uncertainty

Emissions factors are important for estimating and characterizing emissions from sources of air pollution. There is no quantitative indication of uncertainty for these emission factors, most factors do not have an adequate data set to compute uncertainty, and it is very difficult to locate the data for those that do. The objectives are to compare the current emission factors of Electric Generating Unit NOx sources with currently available continuous emission monitoring data, develop quantitative uncertainty indicators for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) data quality rated emission factors, and determine the possible ranges of uncertainty associated with EPA's data quality rating of emission factors. EPA's data letter rating represents a general indication of the robustness of the emission factor and is assigned based on the estimated reliability of the tests used to develop the factor and on the quantity and representativeness of the data. Different sources and pollutants that have the same robustness in the measured emission factor and in the representativeness of the measured values are assumed to have a similar quantifiable uncertainty. For the purposes of comparison, we assume that the emission factor estimates from source categories with the same letter rating have enough robustness and consistency that we can quantify the uncertainty of these common emission factors based on the qualitative indication of data quality which is known for almost all factors. The results showed that EPA's current emission factor values for NOx emissions from combustion sources were found to be reasonably representative for some sources; however AP-42 values should be updated for over half of the sources to reflect current data. The quantified uncertainty ranges were found to be 25-62% for A rated emission factors, 45-75% for B rated emission factors, 60-82% for C rated emission factors, and 69-86% for D rated emission factors, and 82-92% for E rated emission factors.     

Creating an emission model based on portable emission measurement system for the purpose of a roundabout

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Road transport is the main source of pollution to the environment in urban areas; therefore, there is a need to accurately estimate the amount of...