电化学水处理技术研究进展

电化学方法可以通过电子的定向转移与精确调控,强化环境界面过程的速率和效率,其在水处理中体现出非凡的特点和优势,成为破解水危机和水污染的重要技术手段。近10年来,电化学水处理技术发展取得了长足的进步,正在向电极高效、工艺耦合、低碳绿色转变,未来将进一步聚焦功能电极材料设计、高效反应器与组合工艺开发、资源能源的定向转移与回收等重要方向。为深入研究电化学水处理技术机理,进一步探讨电化学方法在实际工程中的广泛应用,在重点关注电化学应用基础研究和前沿技术的基础上,分别对电絮凝、电氧化、电还原、电渗析/反向电渗析和电吸附技术的研究进展进行了回顾,并对电化学水处理技术发展进行了总结和展望。     

PEM式臭氧消毒在地上游泳池水处理中的应用

采用臭氧法水处理系统对地上游泳池的循环水进行灭菌消毒,研究了臭氧用量、循环水流量和运行时间等因素对臭氧法灭菌效果的影响。结果表明,3组PEM臭氧发生器应用于21.2 m3的地上游泳池,在4 m3/h的循环水流量下运行12 h后,水中的细菌总数与大肠杆菌群数达到国家标准,去除率均在99%以上。与盐电解法水处理系统相比较,臭氧法水处理系统的优势在于:杀菌快速高效、出水水质的理化指标较好和运行费用低廉。     

电凝聚技术在水处理中的研究进展

电凝聚作为一项电化学水处理技术，应用领域日益广泛，技术日益成熟。因此，系统地描述了电凝聚技术的电极反应、影响参数与能耗情况，侧重阐述了电凝聚在水处理中的最新应用和研究，最后概括了电凝聚技术的优势和不足。     

紫外与次氯酸钠消毒效果及影响因素研究

选取大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)为示踪菌种,研究了紫外消毒和次氯酸钠消毒的灭活效果(用对数灭活率来衡量),进行了实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测,同时考察了浊度、Fe3+浓度、有机物对紫外消毒的灭活效果影响,以及pH、氨氮浓度对次氯酸钠消毒的灭活效果影响。结果表明:(1)紫外消毒和次氯酸钠消毒对大肠埃希氏菌均有较好的灭活效果。紫外辐射剂量为15mJ/cm2时即可达到4.55的对数灭活率;次氯酸钠投加量为2.5mg/L,消毒时间30min即可100%灭活。(2)当紫外辐射剂量为15mJ/cm2时,浊度、Fe3+浓度增加或投加腐殖酸均可使紫外消毒的灭活效果变差。(3)pH升高或者氨氮浓度增大均会导致次氯酸钠消毒的灭活效果变差。     

回用生活污水的电化学消毒试验研究

对北京某中水站回用于杂用水的生活污水进行电化学消毒试验。试验结果表明 ,生活污水经生物接触氧化、活性炭吸附后 ,流经电化学消毒器停留 2 0s、耗电 0 .30kWh/m3 、消毒器出水放置 1h后 ,总大肠菌群数 <3个 /L ,满足生活杂用水的卫生学指标。当余氯浓度及接触时间相等的条件下 ,电化学消毒法的杀菌效果好于加氯消毒。E .coli细胞经电化学消毒和加氯消毒处理后 ,扫描电镜观察的结果表明 :2种方法作用后的细胞在形态上的变化是不相同的 ,说明电化学消毒的消毒机制不仅仅取决于电解产氯的作用 ,还有其他的杀菌作用     

超声波协同氯消毒处理二级出水的试验研究

针对传统氯消毒在实际应用和运行中产生有害消毒副产物的缺点,着重将新兴消毒技术———超声波消毒技术与传统次氯酸钠消毒结合起来。二级出水的大肠杆菌数为107个/L左右,试验确定超声波与氯协同的最佳参数如下:超声波功率为0.30A×220V,超声波作用时间为30s,有效氯为2.30mg/L,氯作用时间为30min。实验采用的是同时处理方案,处理单位体积(1m3)水样的耗电量为0.55(kW.h)/m3。     

以铂为阳极表面的电化学法灭菌的应用

电化学法用于控制臭味、脱色、凝聚、分解氨气、电浮选以及回收重金属已收到一定的效果.电化学法同时也用于消毒灭菌.我国在水处理灭菌中,大多数采用液氯及氯     

氨氮浓度对次氯酸钠消毒中水的影响

研究了氨氮浓度对次氯酸钠消毒中水的影响，讨论了中水氨氮浓度、氯胺浓度、总余氯浓度、消毒接触时间和总大肠菌群指标的变化关系。结果表明，氨氮随消毒接触时间呈先降低再升高的趋势，中水氨氮浓度越高，其变化幅度越小，反之，则变化幅度较大；氯胺浓度随消毒接触时间的延长先升高再降低，而总余氯量则逐渐降低，并有一定的持续消毒作用；此外，总余氯随次氯酸钠投加量的增加呈先升高后降低再逐渐升高的趋势，整个反应过程符合折点加氯消毒理论；当次氯酸钠投加量与氨氮的比值（以后简称C1／N）为25／1时，氨氮消耗掉的次氯酸钠量最多，生成的总余氯量最少；当C1／N比大于25／1时，消毒后中水氨氮浓度为零，反之，则随C1／N比升高逐渐降低；而当氨氮浓度相同时，中水消毒达标的主要影响因素是水中总大肠菌群的数量。     

二氧化氯协同消毒在线自动控制系统的研究与应用

根据电解法制备二氧化氯混合消毒剂的工作原理和运行特性,采用单片机技术和余氯检测器,实现了对二氧化氯消毒设备的加盐、排碱及运行调节等全过程的在线自动控制,大大提高了二氧化氯发生量与投加量的控制精度,能耗盐耗明显降低,工作安全性和消毒效率显著提高,保证了饮用水质量的稳定性     

紫外线-茶多酚/次氯酸钠联合消毒管网微生物特性分析

紫外线对微生物的杀灭效果较好,但持续性差,引入茶多酚作为辅助消毒剂,采用管网动态模拟系统,对比了紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒和紫外线-次氯酸钠联合消毒后管网微生物的总量、群落分布和有机物荧光特性变化。结果表明,紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒对微生物的灭活效果比紫外线-次氯酸钠联合消毒更好,并且对致病菌和耐氯性细菌也有很强的杀灭能力。紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒后,酪氨酸类物质荧光和类腐殖酸物质荧光特性产生变化,说明这2类物质含量大量减少,可能会影响微生物的生长;此外,管壁生物膜中出现了儿茶素、表儿茶素类物质,这说明茶多酚与管壁微生物发生了相互作用;紫外线-次氯酸钠联合消毒后酪氨酸类的荧光特征峰发生蓝移,这说明次氯酸进入微生物内发挥氧化作用。     

UVC disinfection robot

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The aim of the present work is to contribute in the fight against the spread of Covid-19, a novel human coronavirus, in hospitals, public transport,...     

紫外线消毒反应器研究

对适宜于紫外线消毒的反应器的型态和水力条件进行了研究。通过模拟活塞流反应器和示踪实验 ,得到该反应器的分散数 (D/uL)、AR(长宽比 )、Pe和Re等水力参数和模型参数。实验结果表明 ,该反应器可视为有纵向扩散的活塞流反应器 ,在控制流态下具有良好的消毒效果。     

预氯化及常规工艺对消毒副产物的影响

以天津市某给水厂的水源水为实验对象,通过在实验室规模上模拟的给水处理厂工艺流程,比较了3种不同工艺流程中各单元出水的三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤乙酸(HAAs)和总有机物(TOC)浓度变化,分析了水处理单元工艺和TOC浓度对消毒副产物的影响。结果表明,预氯化生成的三卤甲烷和卤乙酸分别占最终出水中三卤甲烷和卤乙酸浓度的55.7%和66.7%,说明预氯化对出厂水中消毒副产物的产生有显著影响;混凝沉淀和过滤对三卤甲烷的去除率分别为17.2%和19.6%,而卤乙酸在水处理过程中变化不大,仅在过滤之后降低了3.32μg/L,说明过滤对三卤甲烷和卤乙酸均有一定的去除作用,而混凝沉淀仅对三卤甲烷有一定的去除作用;TOC浓度经过水处理工艺后整体呈下降趋势,但分析表明,其浓度对三卤甲烷和卤乙酸的生成影响很小,而氯则是三卤甲烷和卤乙酸生成的重要限制因素。     

控制释放技术与水的消毒保质

介绍了控制释放技术及其在水消毒保质方面的应用 ,指出了控制释放技术在水消毒保质方面的优越性、重要意义及应用前景     

Minimization of the formation of disinfection by-products

The drinking water industry is required to minimize DBPs levels while ensuring adequate disinfection. In this study, efficient and appropriate treatment scheme for the reduction of disinfection by-product (DBPs) formation in drinking water containing natural organic matter has been established. This was carried out by the investigation of different treatment schemes consisting of enhanced coagulation, sedimentation, disinfection by using chlorine dioxide/ozone, filtration by sand filter, or granular activated carbon (GAC). Bench scale treatment schemes were applied on actual samples from different selected sites to identify the best conditions for the treatment of water. Samples were collected from effluent of each step in the treatment train in order to analyze pH, UV absorbance at 254 nm (UVA₂₅₄), specific UV absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA₂₅₄), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs). The obtained results indicated that using pre-ozonation/enhanced coagulation/activated carbon filtration treatment train appears to be the most effective method for reducing DBPs precursors in drinking water treatment.     

Formation of chlorinated disinfection by-products in viticulture

Background, aim and scope  The use of sodium hypochlorite (HYP) in viticulture results in effluents which are contaminated with halogenated substances. These disinfection by-products (DBPs) can be quantified as group parameter ‘adsorbable organic halogens’ (AOX) and have not been determined in effluents of viticulture yet. The substances that are detected as AOX are unknown. The AOX can be composed of harmless substances, but even toxic contaminants. Thus, it is impossible to assess ecological impacts. The aim of this study is to determine the quantification of AOX and DBPs after the use of HYP. This will be helpful to reduce environmental pollution by AOX. Materials and methods  The potential of HYP to generate AOX was determined in laboratory-scale experiments. Different model solutions were treated with HYP according to disinfection processes in viticulture and conditions of AOX formation in effluents were simulated. AOX were quantified using the flask-shaking method and identified DBPs were investigated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results  Treatment with HYP resulted in the formation of AOX. The percentage conversion of HYP to AOX was up to 11%. Most important identified DBPs in viticulture are chloroform, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetaldehyde. In addition, the formation of carbon tetrachloride (CT), 1,1,1-trichloropropanone, 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid and 2-chloro-/2,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid was investigated. It was demonstrated that reaction temperature, concentration of HYP and type of organic matter have important influence on the formation of chlorinated DBPs. Discussion  The percentage conversion of HYP to AOX was similar to other published studies. Although a correlation of single compounds and AOX is difficult, chloroform was the predominant AOX. Generation of the volatile chloroform should be avoided due to possible adverse effects. The generation of dichloroacetic acid is of minor importance on account of biodegradation. Trichloroacetaldehyde and 1,1,1-trichloropropanone are weak mutagens and their formation should be avoided. Conclusions  The generation of AOX and chlorinated DBPs can be minimised by reducing the concentrations of the organic materials in the effluents. The removal of organic matter before disinfection results in a decreased formation of AOX. HYP is an effective disinfectant; therefore, it should be used at low temperatures and concentrations to reduce the amount of AOX. If possible, disinfection should be accomplished by the use of no chlorine-containing agents. By this means, negative influences of HYP on the quality of wine can also be avoided. Recommendations and perspectives  Our results indicate that HYP has a high potential to form AOX in effluents of viticulture. The predominant by-products are chloroform, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetaldehyde. In further research, wastewaters from a winery and the in- and outflows of two sewage treatment plants were sampled during vintage and analysed. These results will be discussed in a following paper.     

The photocatalytic disinfection of urban waste waters

In this paper we present the results of the photocatalytic disinfection of urban waste water. Two microbial groups, total coliforms and Streptococcus faecalis, have been used as indexes to test disinfection efficiencies. Different experimental parameters have been checked, such as the effect of TiO2, solar or UV-lamp light and pH. Disinfection of water samples has been achieved employing both UV-lamp and solar light in agreement with data shown by other authors. The higher disinfection rates obtained employing an UV-lamp may be explained by the stronger incident light intensity. Nevertheless no consistent differences have been found between TiO2-photocatalysis and direct solar or UV-lamp light irradiation at natural sample pH (7.8). At pH 5 the presence of TiO2 increases the relative inactivation rate compared with the absence of the catalyst. After the photocatalytic bacterial inactivation, the later bacterial reappearance was checked for total coliforms at natural pH and pH 5, with and without TiO2. Two h after the photocatalytic treatment, CFU increment was almost nill. But 24 and 48 h later an important bacterial CFU increment was observed. This CFU increment is slower after irradiation with TiO2 at pH 5 in non-air-purged samples.