燃煤电厂SO3排放特征及其脱除技术

通过现场实测和文献调研相结合的方式,对目前燃煤电厂SO_3排放特征进行较全面的表征,排放浓度为0.3～22.7 mg·m~(-3),按10 mg·m~(-3)和5 mg·m~(-3)排放限值考核,达标率分别为89.8%、66.7%。对现有除尘、脱硫设备及新技术的SO_3脱除能力进行定量分析,常规电除尘器对SO_3脱除率仅为10%～20%;低低温电除尘技术可达95%以上;电袋复合除尘器可达80%以上;常规石灰石石膏湿法脱硫技术多在30%～60%,采用旋汇耦合、双托盘等技术后,SO_3脱除率可达90%以上;金属板式湿式电除尘器多在50%～80%,导电玻钢管式湿式电除尘器多在60%～90%;碱基干粉或溶液喷射技术均可达到80%以上的SO_3脱除效果;烟气冷凝相变凝聚技术在消除有色烟羽的同时,也具有一定的SO_3脱除效果。根据不同SO_3脱除技术对比结果,碱基喷射技术不仅可以实现较高SO_3脱除效果,还可有效解决空预器的腐蚀、堵塞等问题,将是未来解决高浓度SO_3问题的主流技术方向。     

温湿电场对PM2.5及SO3的脱除性能

为深入研究温湿电场对PM_(2.5)及SO_3的脱除性能,采用实验室研究、工程调研或实测相结合的手段,系统分析了湿式电除尘器(WESP)对PM_(2.5)及SO_3的脱除规律,尤其是高SO_3浓度对湿式电除尘器性能的影响及其应对措施。实验研究发现:电源电压分别为35、45、55 kV时,湿式电除尘器对总尘、PM_(2.5)和SO_3的脱除效率分别为60.8%、75.2%、82.4%,53.7%、67.1%、76.8%和43.4%、58.6%、72.7%;随着电压的增加,各粒径段颗粒的分级脱除效率均有明显提升,但0.1～1μm提升最为明显;鉴于烟尘的吸附及SO_3的调质作用,烟尘和SO_3两者有一定的相互促进脱除作用,但SO_3浓度过高,容易在放电极线周围形成高密度的空间电荷,导致电晕电流降低,除尘效率下降;针对高浓度的SO_3,采用降温方式,可有效提高湿电场的烟尘及SO_3脱除性能。工程实测发现:单独使用湿式电除尘器或是与其他相关技术耦合应用,均对烟尘及SO_3有较高的脱除效率;湿式电除尘器对烟尘及SO_3脱除效率分别为63.5%～88.3%、65.1%～71.9%,与湿法脱硫耦合使用,效率分别达82.1%、86.1%,与相变凝聚器(PCA)耦合使用,效率分别达92.3%、90.1%。上述研究可为湿式电除尘器的宽范围、多场合应用提供参考。     

低低温电除尘技术对PM2.5及SO3的脱除性能

为了较全面地表征低低温电除尘技术的污染物减排特性,采用实验室研究及工程实测相结合的手段,对低低温电除尘器的PM_(2.5)及SO_3减排情况进行测试。实验研究发现,当烟气温度从100℃降低至90℃时,不同工况下电除尘器对TSP脱除的提效幅度分别为54.78%、 54.42%, PM_(2.5)脱除的提效幅度分别为43.44%、42.37%,SO_3脱除的提效幅度分别为88.92%、84.17%,且细颗粒物存在明显的团聚现象;工程实测发现,低低温电除尘器对TSP、PM_(2.5)、SO_3脱除的提效幅度分别为36.54%～42.86%、14.29%～37.93%、73.30%～86.46%,提效规律与实验室实验一致。通过分析可知,低低温电除尘技术对PM_(2.5)及SO_3均具有较好的脱除效果,为该技术的大规模推广应用提供了借鉴。     

燃煤机组烟气污染物排放特性研究

在分析超净排放技术和脱硫、脱硝及除尘中各污染物的作用机制基础上,研究了不同工况条件下SO_2、NO_x、烟尘的排放特性。结果表明:(1)脱硝工艺烟气温度控制在377~407℃,总风量控制在1 100~1 500t/h,出口NO_x质量浓度能够达到《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB 13223—2011)超净排放(50mg/m~3)的脱硝标准,比改造前NO_x平均脱除效率提升6百分点。(2)改造后,出口烟气SO_2质量浓度为28.7 mg/m~3,低于35 mg/m~3;出口烟尘质量浓度为3.4 mg/m~3,低于5 mg/m~3,均达到了GB13223—2011超净排放的标准。(3)电厂完成改造后每年可减少SO_2及NO_x排放量分别为2.7万、1.3万t,年缴纳的SO_2和NO_x排污费用可减少2 526.3万元,具有显著的节能及经济效益。     

流化床中煤与稻秆混烧污染物排放特性

在自主设计的流化床上开展煤与稻秆混烧的实验。通过对燃烧过程中烟气成分及飞灰含碳量的分析,研究了质量掺混比、燃烧温度、流化风速及二次风率对混烧的影响。实验结果表明,掺混稻秆有效改善了煤的燃烧特性,随着质量掺混比的增加,NO_x、SO_2及CO的排放浓度降低,飞灰含碳量降低。当掺混比由0%增加至30%、温度为850℃时,NO_x排放浓度由506.25 mg·m-3降低至404.33 mg·m~(-3),SO_2排放浓度由762.86 mg·m~(-3)降低至522.86 mg·m~(-3)。随着燃烧温度的增加,NO_x与SO_2排放浓度增加,而CO排放浓度和飞灰含碳量降低。随着流化速度的增加,NO_x与SO_2排放浓度增加,CO排放浓度和飞灰含碳量先降低后增加,并分别在流化速度0.234 m·s~(-1)和0.26 m·s~(-1)时达到最低。随着二次风率的增加,SO_2排放浓度与飞灰含碳量降低,NO_x排放浓度与CO排放浓度先减小后增加,均在20%二次风率时达到最低。     

基于碱式硫酸铝再生法脱硫的SO32-氧化抑制剂的筛选

在碱式硫酸铝(碱铝)再生法脱硫过程中,抑制SO_3~(2-)氧化对于碱铝再生利用至关重要。实验选择碱度为30%、铝量为30 g·L~(-1)的脱硫溶液作为研究对象,通过添加茶多酚、抗坏血酸、乙二醇3种氧化抑制剂,与无添加的碱铝溶液(空白)进行SO_3~(2-)的氧化抑制和碱铝再生性能对比实验。结果表明:添加氧化抑制剂对SO_3~(2-)氧化具有抑制作用,抗坏血酸抑制氧化效果最佳;相比空白实验,添加茶多酚和抗坏血酸的最佳浓度均为5 mmol·L~(-1),SO_3~(2-)氧化率相对减少38%和42%,而添加10 mmol·L~(-1)的乙二醇氧化率仅减少35%;碱铝脱硫溶液添加氧化抑制剂也有助于提高SO_2的解吸性能,添加最佳浓度氧化抑制剂的解吸率相比空白实验提高8%以上。研究结果可为碱铝再生法脱硫技术的工业应用提供参考。     

电袋复合除尘+湿法脱硫工艺脱除多污染物的效果研究

为考察电袋复合除尘+湿法脱硫的超低排放工艺路线对多污染物的脱除能力,以某燃煤电厂已实施超低排放的660 MW机组配套的电袋复合除尘器和湿法脱硫塔为研究对象,对其进出口烟气中的烟尘、微细烟尘(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM_1)、Hg、SO_2、SO_3浓度进行测试,进而通过计算得出电袋复合除尘器及湿法脱硫塔对相应污染物的脱除效率。结果表明:在正常工况条件下,电袋复合除尘器对烟尘及微细烟尘的脱除效率高达99%以上,湿法脱硫对烟尘及微细烟尘的脱除效率均为40%左右;电袋复合除尘器对颗粒Hg的脱除效率达99.72%,对气态Hg的脱除效率为75.58%,湿法脱硫塔对气态Hg的脱除效率为57.24%;电袋复合除尘器对SO3的脱除效率达82.35%,湿法脱硫塔对SO_3的脱除效率为40.00%。电袋复合除尘+湿法脱硫的超低排放工艺路线可脱除99%以上的烟尘及微细烟尘,对总Hg的脱除效率为90.11%,对SO_3的脱除效率为89.41%,是一种可行的多污染物减排工艺路线。     

表面活性剂底喷填料塔的氯化铵微粒脱除增效作用

为高效去除微细颗粒物和减少水雾排放,设计了一种底喷式填料塔,利用表面活性剂能降低水的表面张力的原理,对比分析饮用水、SDBS、AEO-9、A-7对粒径小于1μm的氯化铵微粒的净化效果。结果表明,当底喷填料塔入口氯化铵微粒质量浓度为124.9～194.3 mg·m~(-3)时,饮用水洗涤液的微粒脱除效率仅在40%左右,出口氯化铵微粒质量浓度70 mg·m~(-3);当采用SDBS和AEO-9表面活性剂洗涤液后,微粒脱除效率大幅提高。AEO-9的提效作用较明显,当AEO-9浓度增至0.004%时,脱除效率达到74.8%,氯化铵微粒出口浓度为26.5 mg·m~(-3);当采用浓度为0.3%的A-7洗涤液时,脱除效率为89%,此时氯化铵微粒出口浓度仅为15 mg·m~(-3)。通过分析可知,表面活性剂洗涤液对微细颗粒物的脱除有提效作用。     

隔膜电解海水氧化耦合吸收脱硫脱硝净化船舶尾气技术

采用隔膜电解技术对海水进行改性,生成的氧化液和碱性液分别喷淋进入氧化洗涤塔和碱式吸收塔,通过耦合的二段式反应研究脱除模拟船舶尾气中NO与SO_2的性能,实验详细考察了NO与SO_2的气体流量与初始浓度、海水电解时间和氧化液有效氯浓度对SO_2和NO脱除效率的影响。结果表明:隔膜电解海水能够高效地脱除船舶尾气中的SO_2和NO;SO_2脱除效率高,在实验条件范围内几乎不受各因素的影响;NO脱除效率随NO初始浓度、海水电解时间、氧化液有效氯浓度的提升而增大,随SO_2初始浓度、气体流量的提升而减小。当气体流量为1 m~3·h~(-1),初始SO_2、NO浓度分别为600mL·m~(-3)和900 mL·m~(-3),海水电解时间为60 min,氧化液有效氯浓度为540 mg·L~(-1)时,模拟船舶尾气中SO_2和NO的去除效率可以分别达到98.6%和84.4%。     

钙基干粉喷射联合袋式除尘器脱Hg/SO3的性能分析

针对燃煤电厂烟气中Hg/SO_3等非常规污染物的高效控制技术尚不完善,活性炭、钠基等吸附剂喷射技术运行成本高等问题,采用实验及工程应用验证相结合的手段,研究了价格低廉的钙基干粉喷射及其与袋式除尘器联合作用对Hg/SO_3的脱除性能。结果表明:发现氢氧化钙的脱除能力优于氧化钙,经卤素改性后,氢氧化钙对Hg的吸附效率明显提升,且提升幅度排序为NaBrCaBr_2NH_4Br;经NaBr、CaBr_2、NH_4Br改性后,氢氧化钙干粉喷射联合袋式除尘器脱Hg效率最高可达95.9%、89.1%、94.7%,氢氧化钙干粉喷射联合袋式除尘器脱SO_3效率最高可达79.2%。经工程应用验证,在满负荷、75%负荷、50%负荷条件下,对烟气中Hg的脱除效率分别达79.58%、81.20%、77.91%,对总Hg的脱除效率分别达95.13%、95.80%、96.06%,对SO_3脱除效率均在80%以上,且对袋式除尘器的除尘性能无负面影响。研究结果可为燃煤电厂非常规污染物的低成本高效控制提供参考。     

NH4+, NO3−, and SO42− in roadside and rural size-resolved particles and transformation of NO2/SO2 to nanoparticle-bound NO3−/SO42−

This study investigates ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate (NH₄⁺, NO₃^?, and SO₄^2?) in size-resolved particles (particularly nano (PM_0.01–0.056)/ultrafine (PM_0.01–0.1)) and NO_x/SO₂ collected near a busy road and at a rural site. The average (mass) cumulative fraction of secondary inorganic aerosols (SO₄^2?+NO₃^?+NH₄⁺) in nano or ultrafine particles at the roadside was found to be three to four times that at the rural site. The above three secondary inorganic aerosol species were present in similar cumulative fractions in particles of size 1–18 μm at both sites; however, dissimilar fractions were observed for Cl^?, Na⁺, and K⁺. The nitrogen ratios (NRs: NR = NO₃^??N/(NO₃^??N + NO₂–N)), sulfur ratios (SRs: SR = SO₄^2??S/(SO₄^2??S + SO₂–S)), dNR/D_P (derivative of NR with respect to D_P (particle diameter)), and dSR/D_P (derivative of SR with respect to D_P) at the roadside were higher than those at the rural site for nano/ultrafine particles. At both sites (particularly the roadside), the nanoparticles had significantly higher dNR/D_P and dSR/D_P values than differently sized particles, implying that NO₃^?/SO₄^2? (from NO₂/SO₂ transformation or NO₃^?/SO₄^2? deposition) were present on these particles.     

An alternative to additional SO3 injection for fly ash conditioning

Small concentrations, approximately 2-10 parts per million (ppm), of injected sulfur trioxide (SO3) have improved particulate collection efficiencies of electrostatic precipitators burning lower-sulfur coal. However, the addition of extra SO3 not only incurs costs but also presents negative environmental effects. This work explored a method that could be applied to existing coal-fired power plants to convert the sulfur dioxide (SO2) already present in the flue gas to sufficient levels of SO3 for fly ash conditioning as an alternative to adding SO3 by burning elemental sulfur. During this research, a pre-mixed natural gas flame was used to promote the conversion of SO2 to SO3 in a drop-tube furnace with average non-flame, free stream gas temperatures of 450 and 1000 K. SO3 concentrations measured by wet chemistry and confirmed using elemental balances of other sulfur species measured by gas chromatography revealed that as much as 7% of SO2 was homogeneously transformed to SO3. The results also showed that at low temperatures, the rate at which SO3 is converted back to SO2 decreased, thus extending the time period during which SO3 concentrations would be sufficient for ash conditioning. An additional benefit of this technique is speculated to result from increased flue gas humidity.     

Suppressing SO3 formation in copper smelting flue gas by ejecting pyrite into flue

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - SO3 in the copper smelting flue gas not only causes serious corrosion in heat exchange and dust collection equipment but also increases the amount of...     

The change in O3, SO2 and NO2 concentrations in Lithuania

Due to the dynamic nature of the atmosphere, substantial amounts of gaseous and particulate pollutants are transported to the areas distant from their sources. In order to determine the regional concentration levels of atmospheric pollutants in Lithuania, concentrations of gaseous O₃, SO₂, NO₂ and other pollutants have been measured at the Preila background station (55°20′ N and 21°00′ E, 5 m a.s.l.) since 1981. The long-term concentration data set enabled us to get temporal trends, both on a seasonal and longer time scale, to identify source areas of pollutants and to relate them to the emission data. Based on the data obtained, the different tendencies in the pollutant concentration changes were revealed. Positive trends for ozone (of 2.9% per year during 1983–2000) and a distinct negative trend for both sulphur dioxide (of 3.8% per year during 1981–2000) and nitrogen dioxide (of 3.8% per year during 1983–2000) were found. The air mass back-trajectory analysis was used to assess the source region of air pollutants transported to Lithuania. The pollutant concentration levels were compared with their emission changes in Europe and Lithuania. The general trends in SO₂ as well as in NO₂ concentrations observed are consistent with changes in SO₂ and NO₂ emissions in Europe and Lithuania.     

自组装单层材料对水中除草剂西玛津的吸附研究

以SiO2微粉为基底制备了终端接有SO3H基的自组装单层材料(SO3H/SiO2),研究了其吸附水中弱碱性除草剂西玛津的性能及机制.结果表明,SO3H/SiO2能有效清除水中西玛津,如0.12 g SO3H/SiO2对20 mL 1.4 mg/L西玛津吸附3 h,其吸附率达91%.吸附等温实验数据用Langmuir吸附等温式拟合效果优于Freundlich吸附等温式.吸附机制为静电相互作用,西玛津分子大部分以分子形式到达自组单层的表面,SO3H基电离的H 使西玛津质子化而带正电,从而与-SO3-通过静电作用而保留在SO3H/SiO2的表面.     

Dry deposition of O3, SO2, and HNO3 to different vegetation in the same exposure environment

Agricultural meteorological modeling techniques are used to investigate the relative and absolute dry deposition fluxes of SO2 (as sulfur), HNO3 (as nitrogen) and O3 to large fields of maize, soybeans, and alfalfa exposed in conditions as measured in northern Illinois, central Pennsylvania, and eastern Tennessee. For HNO3, the differences in seasonal deposition rates among the three types of plant species are small. Within the same environment, the soybean canopy has the potential to receive substantially more gaseous dry deposition of SO2 and O3 than the maize and alfalfa (which are about the same), as a result of lower stomatal resistance and consequently higher deposition velocities. Deposition differences among the sites are small except for the case of SO2, for which deposition rates estimated for northern Illinois are nearly double those at the other locations. The high SO2 deposition at the northern Illinois location is a consequence of the higher air concentrations observed there.     

Sensitivity of Native Desert Vegetation To SO2 and to SO2 and NO2 Combined

Interest in air pollution injury to native vegetation has been generated with the construction and planned construction of large coal-fired power plants near the coal reserves in the southwest desert areas of the United States. Since information on the effects of SO₂ on these native species was not available in the literature, fumigation studies were conducted with portable chambers placed over native species in the field with SO₂ and SO₂ + NO₂. Pollutant concentrations were measured and controlled with instruments located in a mobile laboratory. Each fumigation was of two hours duration and the concentration ranged from 0.5 to 11 ppm SO₂ and from 0.1 to 5 ppm NO₂. Concentrations of SO₂ above 2 ppm were required to cause injury to all but a few of the 87 species studied. Many of the native desert species proved to be highly resistant to injury from these gases.     

Desorption of CO2, SO2, and NH3 in the vacuum evaporation of desulfurization wastewater

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Mechanical vapor compression and multi-effect evaporation have been widely used in achieving zero discharge of desulfurization wastewater as they are...