低低温电除尘技术对PM2.5及SO3的脱除性能

为了较全面地表征低低温电除尘技术的污染物减排特性,采用实验室研究及工程实测相结合的手段,对低低温电除尘器的PM_(2.5)及SO_3减排情况进行测试。实验研究发现,当烟气温度从100℃降低至90℃时,不同工况下电除尘器对TSP脱除的提效幅度分别为54.78%、 54.42%, PM_(2.5)脱除的提效幅度分别为43.44%、42.37%,SO_3脱除的提效幅度分别为88.92%、84.17%,且细颗粒物存在明显的团聚现象;工程实测发现,低低温电除尘器对TSP、PM_(2.5)、SO_3脱除的提效幅度分别为36.54%～42.86%、14.29%～37.93%、73.30%～86.46%,提效规律与实验室实验一致。通过分析可知,低低温电除尘技术对PM_(2.5)及SO_3均具有较好的脱除效果,为该技术的大规模推广应用提供了借鉴。     

湿式电除尘器的高压恒流源供电及其能效分析

湿式电除尘器电场的放电状态变化大、干扰因素多,尤其是导电玻璃钢阳极管内壁材料的特殊性,必须尽量减少火花放电,防止电极灼伤甚至起火,保证设备安全、稳定运行。为了深入研究湿式电除尘器的电源供电特性及污染物脱除性能,搭建了湿式电除尘器实验系统,并开展不同类型电源的对比实验。实验结果表明:湿式电除尘器喷淋系统开启,工频恒流源运行相对平稳,出口烟尘浓度变化不大,但恒压源则存在一个电源参数振荡区,出口烟尘浓度增加了约147%,因此,湿式电除尘器应优先考虑抗干扰能力强的恒流源;高频恒流源的运行参数更高,污染物脱除性能更强,与工频相比,高频恒流源不同供电电耗时烟尘、SO_3的减排幅度分别为46.30%～78.69%、42.86%～66.67%。通过对实际工程项目的深度测试及节能优化实验,定量分析了湿式电除尘器的比电耗与污染物脱除性能关系。工程实践表明:随机组负荷的降低,湿式电除尘器的污染物脱除性能有所提升,但高压供电比电耗也大幅增加,从满负荷到50%负荷,比电耗从2.41×10~(-4) kWh·m~(-3)升至4.57×10~(-4) kWh·m~(-3),有较大的节能空间;经节能优化,控制湿式电除尘器出口烟尘浓度在4～5 mg·m~(-3),50%负荷的比电耗下降达84.68%。根据该节能优化思路,对其他3个工程项目实施运行优化,控制烟尘排放浓度在4.5 mg·m~(-3)以内,比电耗下降幅度分别为32.65%、27.15%、41.64%。以上研究结果可为后续湿式电除尘器的性能提升及节能优化提供参考。     

电袋复合除尘+湿法脱硫工艺脱除多污染物的效果研究

为考察电袋复合除尘+湿法脱硫的超低排放工艺路线对多污染物的脱除能力,以某燃煤电厂已实施超低排放的660 MW机组配套的电袋复合除尘器和湿法脱硫塔为研究对象,对其进出口烟气中的烟尘、微细烟尘(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM_1)、Hg、SO_2、SO_3浓度进行测试,进而通过计算得出电袋复合除尘器及湿法脱硫塔对相应污染物的脱除效率。结果表明:在正常工况条件下,电袋复合除尘器对烟尘及微细烟尘的脱除效率高达99%以上,湿法脱硫对烟尘及微细烟尘的脱除效率均为40%左右;电袋复合除尘器对颗粒Hg的脱除效率达99.72%,对气态Hg的脱除效率为75.58%,湿法脱硫塔对气态Hg的脱除效率为57.24%;电袋复合除尘器对SO3的脱除效率达82.35%,湿法脱硫塔对SO_3的脱除效率为40.00%。电袋复合除尘+湿法脱硫的超低排放工艺路线可脱除99%以上的烟尘及微细烟尘,对总Hg的脱除效率为90.11%,对SO_3的脱除效率为89.41%,是一种可行的多污染物减排工艺路线。     

燃煤电厂SO3排放特征及其脱除技术

通过现场实测和文献调研相结合的方式,对目前燃煤电厂SO_3排放特征进行较全面的表征,排放浓度为0.3～22.7 mg·m~(-3),按10 mg·m~(-3)和5 mg·m~(-3)排放限值考核,达标率分别为89.8%、66.7%。对现有除尘、脱硫设备及新技术的SO_3脱除能力进行定量分析,常规电除尘器对SO_3脱除率仅为10%～20%;低低温电除尘技术可达95%以上;电袋复合除尘器可达80%以上;常规石灰石石膏湿法脱硫技术多在30%～60%,采用旋汇耦合、双托盘等技术后,SO_3脱除率可达90%以上;金属板式湿式电除尘器多在50%～80%,导电玻钢管式湿式电除尘器多在60%～90%;碱基干粉或溶液喷射技术均可达到80%以上的SO_3脱除效果;烟气冷凝相变凝聚技术在消除有色烟羽的同时,也具有一定的SO_3脱除效果。根据不同SO_3脱除技术对比结果,碱基喷射技术不仅可以实现较高SO_3脱除效果,还可有效解决空预器的腐蚀、堵塞等问题,将是未来解决高浓度SO_3问题的主流技术方向。     

烧结机头电除尘器的数值模拟及现场实测验证

为提高某600 m~2烧结机头电除尘器的实际工程应用效果,使用商业CFD软件进行数值模拟,分别采用k-ε模型、电磁流体模型(MHD)和离散相模型(DPM)模拟流场、电场和颗粒运动轨迹。结果表明:经气流分布优化后,计算得到电除尘器进口烟气量分配偏差为±1.5%、颗粒相质量流量偏差为±0.7%,电除尘器本体两侧阻力分别为127.1 Pa和123.7 Pa,电场截面气流分布均匀性相对均方根差分别为0.129和0.133,均优于标准JB/T7671-2017要求;得到电场内电势分布及颗粒运动规律,电除尘效率与供电电压、颗粒粒径具有相关性。经现场实测验证,各参数的实测值与模拟值一致性较好,实测电除尘器出口烟尘浓度为25.8 mg·m~(-3),除尘效率达99.20%,优于设计值;烟尘颗粒在0.03～10μm的分级除尘效率为80.35%～98.69%。0.1～1μm的颗粒段存在穿透窗口,其分级除尘效率仅为80.35%～91.81%。本研究结果可为烧结烟气的烟尘超低排放提供参考。     

基于实测的燃煤电厂烟气协同控制技术对SO_3去除效果的研究

选取国内10台典型燃煤电厂发电机组,对其主要烟气控制设备进出口SO_3浓度进行实测。结果发现,选择性催化还原(SCR)反应器的主要功能是脱硝,而低低温电除尘器、湿法脱硫装置和湿式静电除尘器具有很好的脱硫效果。实测得到某典型发电机组负荷率分别为75%、100%的工况下,SO_3综合脱除率可达89.67%、93.98%。因此,SCR反应器/低低温电除尘器/湿法脱硫装置/湿式静电除尘器联用是良好的脱硫脱硝烟气协同控制技术。     

湿式电除尘器在燃煤电站治理PM_(2.5)中的应用前景

颗粒物特别是细颗粒物(PM2.5)的排放严重影响环境和人类健康,燃煤电站作为PM2.5的重要排放源之一,应加强排放控制。湿式电除尘器作为烟气终端处理设备,可有效脱除燃煤电站烟气中PM2.5。介绍了使用湿式电除尘器脱除PM2.5及其他大气污染物的基本原理,总结了其在国内外燃煤电站的发展历程及应用情况,最后阐述了湿式电除尘器在国内燃煤电站的发展前景。     

烧结(球团)烟气典型环保工艺的SO3排放及NaHSO3喷射脱SO3技术的工程应用

SO_3对人体及环境的危害均远大于SO_2,为了较全面地表征烧结(球团)烟气SO_3排放特征并研究其SO_3控制技术,以实验研究为基础,对不同SO_3测试方法进行了对比分析;采用PENTOL SO_3分析仪,首次对5个典型的烧结(球团)工程实施SO_3测试,研究其SO_3排放特征及现有设备的SO_3脱除规律。测试结果表明:烧结(球团)烟气SO_3排放浓度为9.1～145.2 mg·m~(-3),高于燃煤电厂的SO_3排放量,这主要与烧结(球团)工程原料、燃料含硫量有关;烟气治理工艺全流程的总SO_3脱除效率为79.93%～93.75%,且循环流化床干法脱硫+袋式除尘器的工艺组合对SO_3的脱除性能明显优于石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫。针对高SO_3的烧结(球团)项目(723.6 mg·m~(-3))首次实施碱喷射脱SO_3改造,工程实验表明,不同摩尔比(Na_2:SO_3)亚硫酸氢钠干粉喷射后,SO_3排放浓度降幅显著,烟气治理工艺全流程的SO_3总脱除效率从79.70%提高至96.31%～99.25%,电除尘器前后喷射(摩尔比(0.5+0.5)∶1)时SO_3排放浓度最低,为5.3 mg·m~(-3);NO_x、SO_2和颗粒物排放均满足超低排放限值要求。研究结果可为后续烧结(球团)烟气的SO_3排放控制提供参考。     

夏季降雨对大气污染物的清除影响

从南昌市环境监测站获取大气中主要污染物浓度,降雨量由APS-3A型降雨降尘自动采样器实际监测得到,分析了南昌市新城区2014年夏季降雨对大气污染物浓度的影响。结果表明:(1)中强降雨(日降雨量≥10 mm)对大气中的SO_2、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)都有明显的清除效果,对SO_2、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的清除效率分别为14.3%~50.0%、20.2%~68.8%、20.0%~74.0%;1~10mm的降雨对SO_2、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)也有一定的清除效果;≤1mm的降雨,对PM_(10)具有清除作用,但清除效率较低(2.3%~23.2%),而对SO_2和PM_(2.5)清除效果不明显。降雨量对NO_2的浓度变化影响不大。(2)降雨对大气污染物的清除效率受降雨前污染物本底浓度的影响,污染物本底浓度很低时甚至会出现反弹现象。(3)降雨对污染物的清除效率除了受降雨量的影响外,其降雨场数和降雨累积时间对其也有一定的影响。     

汾渭平原采暖期与非采暖期大气环境质量时空变化特征研究

采暖期重污染天气频发,成为大气环境质量改善的难点。汾渭平原刚被划为中国环境治理的重点区域,大气污染形势十分严峻。基于2014—2018年PM2.5、SO_2、NO_2、O_3和CO等污染物监测数据及空气质量指数,分析了汾渭平原采暖期和非采暖期大气环境质量的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)采暖期PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2和CO浓度均高于非采暖期,非采暖期PM_(2.5)相比采暖期低42%～54%,采暖期SO_2、NO_2和CO的平均浓度分别是非采暖期的2.7、1.5、1.6倍,而非采暖期O_3平均浓度是采暖期的2.2倍;(2)PM_(2.5)和SO_2为采暖期首要污染物,O_3为非采暖期首要污染物;(3)采暖期和非采暖期三省交界处和临汾的PM2.5浓度均较高,采暖期气态污染物的空间分布与非采暖期基本相似,其中SO_2浓度的空间分布为山西境内河南境内陕西境内;(4)采暖期PM_(2.5)与SO_2、NO_2、CO浓度均呈正相关,与O_3呈负相关,非采暖期SO_2、NO_2和CO随PM_(2.5)浓度呈一致变化趋势,均先上升后下降,与采暖期的变化趋势并不相同;(5)采暖对PM_(2.5)和SO_2的年平均贡献率分别为34.9%和42.1%。     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption and desorption behavior of chloroanilines and chlorophenols on montmorillonite and kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases

The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, together with sigmoidal activity versus substrate concentration plots, all of which characterize the reactions of these esterases, could be interpreted by a single scheme and equation. Structural and kinetic comparisons showed a progressive transition of properties from the oCE's through the mCE's to the oBuChE's. One of the purified mCE's was from horse serum, and it exhibited physical and kinetic properties unlike those of the liver mCE's or oCE's.     

Sources and fate of PCDD and PCDF

PCDD and PCDF were found in urban air particulates from St. Louis and Washington, D.C., and in sediments from the Great Lakes and Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. The similarity between the PCDD and PCDF found in air particulates and sediment samples and the presence of PCDD and PCDF in sediment from Siskiwit Lake (a location which can receive only atmospheric inputs) suggest that these compounds are emitted to the atmosphere from combustion sources. The historical input of PCDD and PCDF to dated sediment cores shows a strong increase since 1940, and this suggests that the incineration of chlorinated organic compounds is an important source of PCDD and PCDF to the environment.     

畜禽养殖业污染与循环经济

解决畜禽养殖业的污染问题要以充分利用资源为根本出发点，通过对污染全过程控制及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、无害化、资源化，走循环经济的发展道路。     

Synthesis and characterization of m- and p-methylbenzyl-mercapturic acids derived from m- and p-xylenes

Chemical synthesis and physical properties of two mercapturic acids suggested as urinary metabolites of m- and p-xylenes ace described. These compounds may be used for the identification and quantivative determination by high-performance liquid chromatography of the corresponding mercapturic acids in urine.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...