滤料粒径对给水曝气生物滤池运行稳定性的影响

利用给水曝气生物滤池(UBAF)处理刘屋洲水源水,考察了不同陶粒粒径对氨氮、高锰酸盐指数的去除效果以及水头损失变化的影响。结果表明,陶粒3～5 mm的UBAF对氨氮、高锰酸盐指数的去除效果较高,但是其水头损失较大,且反冲洗前后水头损失变化偏大,不利于UBAF稳定运行。陶粒6～10 mm的UBAF运行状况良好,氨氮的去除率为73.8%,高锰酸盐指数的去除率为18.6%,滤池24 h过滤水头损失<0.4 m,反冲洗前后过滤水头损失变化量<5 cm。其出水氨氮和高锰酸盐指数均达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006),滤池的水头损失小,反冲洗前后也变化甚微。进一步的实验表明陶粒破碎会导致滤料粒径级配变化,使得水头损失增加。     

O3/UV预处理磺酰脲类除草剂生产废水的研究

采用O₃/UV工艺预处理磺酰脲类除草剂生产废水，考察了初始pH值、臭氧投量、叔丁醇投加等因素对废水处理效果的影响，并初步探讨了该工艺处理废水的反应机理。实验结果表明，在废水初始pH为13.59和臭氧投量为65.08 mg/min的条件下，预处理80 min后废水COD去除率达63.47%，BOD₅/COD由0.03提高至0.56，EC50从11%提高至55%。随着叔丁醇浓度的增加，废水COD去除率明显降低，证明该反应体系有?OH存在；体系中加入MnO₂后废水COD去除率下降了16%，氧化效率明显下降，证明该反应体系内中间产物H₂O₂在O₃/UV降解有机废水过程中起到了重要的作用。     

CEPT-曝气生物滤池低温下处理模拟灰水的应用研究

实验研究了在冬季低温条件（2～10℃）下，化学温凝预处理曝气生物滤池(CEPT/BAF)工艺处理模拟灰水的效果。考查了混凝预处理效果、BAF的出水水质与滤料高度的关系、水力负荷对出水COD的影响、直链烷烃苯磺酸钠(LAS)对出水NH₃-N等的影响。研究表明：经过预处理(PAC为40 mg/L)后的模拟灰水，BAF的有机负荷去除率达到40%～55%；COD、LAS的去除主要发生在滤料前端1.2 m处，去除率达到70%，去除率与滤料高度近似呈指数关系下降；在COD负荷、水力负荷不变的情况下，当进水LAS从23 mg/L降到9 mg/L时，BAF的NH₃-N的去除率则从41%上升到72%，说明较高浓度的LAS对亚硝化及硝化细菌有一定影响。模拟灰水经过化学混凝/曝气生物滤池处理之后，出水水质NH₃-N、COD和LAS分别在10、40和4 mg/L以下。     

O3、H2O2/O3及UV/O3在焦化废水深度处理中的应用

采用O₃、H₂O₂/O₃和UV/O₃等高级氧化技术(AOPs)对某焦化公司的生化出水进行深度处理，考察了O₃与废水的接触时间、溶液pH、反应温度等因素对废水COD去除率的影响，确定出O₃氧化反应的最佳工艺参数为：接触时间40 min，溶液pH 8.5，反应温度25℃，此条件下废水COD及UV₂₅₄的去除率最高可达47.14%和73.47%；H₂O₂/O₃及UV/O₃两种组合工艺对焦化废水COD及UV₂₅₄的去除率均有一定程度的提高，但H₂O₂/O₃系统的运行效果取决于H₂O₂的投加量。研究结论表明，单纯采用COD作为评价指标，并不能准确反映出O₃系列AOPs对焦化废水中有机污染物的降解作用。     

微曝气Fenton氧化法处理模拟双酚A废水的效果及其生物验证

研究了微曝气Fenton氧化法关键工艺参数对模拟双酚A（BPA）废水处理效果的影响，并从活性污泥性质和污染物去除率两方面，采用膜生物反应器(membrane bioreactor, MBR)对微曝气Fenton氧化法的处理效果进行了实验验证，为实现BPA废水的生物处理奠定基础。结果表明，初始pH值、反应时间、H₂O₂/COD(质量浓度比)、H₂O₂/Fe²⁺ (摩尔浓度比)、反应温度及曝气量均对预处理效果有较大影响，在最佳条件下，COD去除率可达70%，BOD/COD值则由原废水的0.02提高到0.50以上。MBR处理上述出水的结果表明，经微曝气Fenton氧化处理BPA的废水，可较好地适应后续的生化处理。     

A/O和A2/O工艺对膜生物反应器处理焦化废水影响的研究

为提高膜生物反应器对焦化废水的处理效果，采用A/O和A²/O两种工艺的膜生物反应器处理焦化废水，通过对比处理效果、分析膜污染情况，寻求膜生物反应处理焦化废水的最优工艺。实验结果表明：A²/O工艺系统对酚、NH₃-N、COD的去除率分别为99%、90%和95%；A/O工艺系统对酚、NH₃-N和COD的去除率分别为97%、75%和93%。A²/O膜生物反应器系统对焦化废水中NH₃-N的去除效果明显优于A/O膜生物反应器系统，其反硝化率为50%～70%。对膜污染分析表明不同工艺对膜污染的影响不显著，A²/O工艺膜通量衰减59%，A/O工艺膜通量衰减56%。研究表明在膜生物反应器中，A²/O工艺对焦化废水的去除效果要优于A/O工艺。     

O3/GAC-常规处理珠江水系不同原水简

以东江、西江和北江3种原水为研究对象，采用臭氧预处理-常规处理-臭氧活性炭系列处理，研究原水中有机物的去除及臭氧化副产物的产生和转化。结果表明，东江、西江和北江水中COD_Mn、UV₂₅₄、甲醛和溴酸盐沿各处理单元过程变化规律基本一致；COD_Mn总去除率分别为60%、51%和39%，UV₂₅₄总去除率分别为74%、96%和97%，最终出水甲醛浓度分别为0.004 mg/L、0 mg/L和0 mg/L，BrO₃^-分别为3.1 μg/L、8.7 μg/L和35.5 μg/L；COD_Mn的去除主要在预臭氧和活性炭过滤2个处理单元，预臭氧对UV₂₅₄总去除率贡献最大，甲醛和溴酸盐浓度在主臭氧处理单元达到其峰值（西江甲醛除外）；氨氮和有机物浓度较低、pH值较高的北江原水，出水溴酸盐浓度最高。     

纤维与石英砂过滤技术的比较研究

提出了无需额外反冲洗装置与动力消耗的水力自清洗纤维过滤技术,与石英砂过滤进行了比较研究,探索该技术应用的可行性。结果表明,10 m/h滤速下纤维过滤与石英砂过滤相比,出水浊度、SS分别降低59%和86%,COD、TOC、TP和TN降低5%～20%,水头损失大幅降低,两者初始水头损失分别为0.12 kPa和3.97 kPa,5 h后分别达到1.58kPa和5.98 kPa。纤维滤柱反冲洗历时40 s,而石英砂滤柱为15 min,反洗耗水率分别为2.9%和6.9%。反洗后纤维滤柱出水浊度和SS分别为4.08 NTU、6 mg/L,低于石英砂滤柱的5.81 NTU、28 mg/L。水力自清洗纤维过滤技术可节省动力装置和动力消耗,反冲洗历时短、耗水率低,具有较好的应用前景。     

改性矿物吸附法和 O3氧化法对维生素 B12废水脱色处理简

采用改性矿物吸附法和O₃氧化法对某制药厂维生素B₁₂废水进行脱色处理。以废水色度去除率大于50%为目的，通过实验确定改性矿物吸附法和O₃氧化法处理维生素B₁₂废水的最佳工艺条件：废水的pH为3.00，有机化膨润土的投加量为5 g/L，PAC的投加量为6 g/L，投加有机化膨润土后搅拌时间为30 min时，废水的色度去除率可达到51.3%，处理成本为12.85元/t。O₃氧化法的最佳条件：废水的pH保持不变，O₃流量为5 g/h，反应时间为2 min，废水的色度去除率可达到68.8%，处理成本为0.96元/t。对比这2种方法，O₃氧化法处理该废水成本更低、效率更高，并且能提高废水的可生化性以便后续处理。     

微气泡曝气 O3/ H2O2处理 RO 浓水的效能及影响因素简

采用O₃/H₂O₂高级氧化工艺处理炼油厂反渗透（RO）浓水，用溶气泵加压溶气并产生微气泡强化传质，确定装置运行条件，考察气体中臭氧浓度、H₂O₂/O₃初始摩尔比、pH和温度对O₃/H₂O₂处理RO浓水效果的影响，并对RO浓水处理效能进行研究。结果表明，随着气体中臭氧浓度的增加，COD的去除率基本呈线性增加；加入适当量H₂O₂能提高臭氧氧化RO浓水的效果，H₂O₂/O₃初始摩尔比在0~0.8范围内，COD的去除率先增加后下降，H₂O₂/O₃初始摩尔比为0.5时COD去除率最大；pH从6.84增加到9.01，COD去除率逐渐增大，pH为10.03时COD去除率反而降低；在14~28℃范围内，温度低时，升高温度COD去除率增加较大，温度较高时，升高温度对COD去除率的影响较小。为考察该工艺的稳定性，在H₂O₂/O₃初始摩尔比为0.5、溶液pH为8~9、臭氧浓度为80~100 mg/L、温度为10~28℃条件下，对COD为90~140 mg/L的RO浓水氧化处理4~10 h，出水COD维持在39.9~49.9 mg/L，达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准（GB 18918-2002）》中的一级A标准；去除1 g COD消耗O₃ 1.4~3.3 g，消耗O₃与H₂O₂的总氧量为2.2~4.4 g。     

常规水处理厂中小隐孢子虫卵囊的去除效果

介绍了小隐孢子虫卵囊的特点及其对人体的危害，分析了pH、混凝剂种类与投加量、电导率和天然有机物含量等对小隐孢子虫卵囊的Zeta电位的影响，总结了混凝－沉淀－过滤和直接过滤对小隐孢子虫卵囊的去除效果，探讨了水温、水质、混凝剂种类与投加量、滤料层组成和滤速等对去除效果的影响。     

常规水处理厂中小隐孢子虫卵囊的去除效果

介绍了小隐孢子虫卵囊的特点及其对人体的危害,分析了pH、混凝剂种类与投加量、电导率和天然有机物含量等对小隐孢子虫卵囊的Zeta电位的影响,总结了混凝-沉淀-过滤和直接过滤对小隐孢子虫卵囊的去除效果,探讨了水温、水质、混凝剂种类与投加量、滤料层组成和滤速等对去除效果的影响.     

Fate of sex hormones in two pilot-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants: conventional treatment

The fate of seven sex hormones (estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), ethinylestradiol (EE2), testosterone, androstenedione, and progesterone) was determined in two pilot-scale wastewater treatment plants operated under conventional loading conditions. The levels of hormones in both the liquid and the solid matrixes of the plants were determined. Each of the two 20-l/h pilot-scale plants consisted of a primary clarifier followed by a three-stage aeration tank and a final clarifier. The primary sludge and the waste activated sludge (WAS) were digested anaerobically in one pilot plant and aerobically in the other. The pilot plants were fed a complex synthetic wastewater spiked with the hormones. Levels of testosterone, androstenedione and progesterone were close to method detection limit (MDL) concentrations in the final and digester effluents (both liquid and solid phases) and were considered as completely removed. Average mass flux removals from the liquid streams (plant influent minus secondary clarifier effluent) for the natural estrogens were 82% for E1, 99% for E2, and 89% for (E1+E2). An average overall removal of only 42% was achieved for EE2. These values reflect removals averaged for the two pilot plants.     

Mass balance assessment of triclosan removal during conventional sewage treatment

The antimicrobial agent triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol; TCS) is a member of a larger group of polychlorinated binuclear aromatic compounds frequently associated with adverse environmental and human health effects. Whereas the structure and function of TCS would suggest significant resistance to biotransformation, biological wastewater treatment currently is considered the principal destructive mechanism limiting dispersal of and environmental contamination with this compound. We explored the persistence of TCS in a typical full-scale activated sludge US sewage treatment plant using a mass balance approach in conjunction with isotope dilution liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ID-LC-ESI-MS) for accurate quantification. Average influent and effluent concentrations (mean +/- SD) of 4.7+/-1.6 and 0.07+/-0.06 microg 1(-1), respectively, revealed an apparent (liquid-phase) removal efficiency of 98+/-1%. However, further analyses demonstrated that the particle-active TCS (80+/-22% particle-associated in influent) was sequestered into wastewater residuals and accumulated in dewatered, digested sludge to concentrations of 30000+/-11000 microg kg-1. Overall, 50+/-19% (1640+/-610 g d-1) of the disinfectant mass entering the plant (3240+/-1860 g d-1) remained detectable in sludge, and less than half of the total mass (48+/-19%) was biotransformed or lost to other mechanisms. Thus, conventional sewage treatment was demonstrated to be much less effective in destroying the antimicrobial than the aqueous-phase removal efficiency of the plant would make believe. Furthermore, study findings indicate that the common practice of sludge recycling in agriculture results in the transfer of substantial quantities of TCS to US soils used, in part, for animal husbandry and crop production.     

Combination of ozonation with conventional aerobic oxidation for distillery wastewater treatment

Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted in order to investigate the effect of ozone as pre-aerobic treatment and post-aerobic treatment for the treatment of the distillery wastewater. The degradation of the pollutants present in distillery spent wash was carried out by ozonation, aerobic biological degradation processes alone and by using the combinations of these two processes to investigate the synergism between the two modes of wastewater treatment and with the aim of reducing the overall treatment costs. Pollutant removal efficiency was followed by means of global parameters directly related to the concentration of organic compounds in those effluents: chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the color removal efficiency in terms of absorbance of the sample at 254 nm. Ozone was found to be effective in bringing down the COD (up to 27%) during the pretreatment step itself. In the combined process, pretreatment of the effluent led to enhanced rates of subsequent biological oxidation step, almost 2.5 times increase in the initial oxidation rate has been observed. Post-aerobic treatment with ozone led to further removal of COD along with the complete discoloration of the effluent. The integrated process (ozone-aerobic oxidation-ozone) achieved approximately 79% COD reduction along with discoloration of the effluent sample as compared to 34.9% COD reduction for non-ozonated sample, over a similar treatment period.     

The fate of lindane in the conventional activated sludge treatment process

A pilot-scale treatability study was performed to evaluate the fate of lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane) in wastewater treatment plants operating in the conventional activated sludge mode. Different types of wastewater (industrial and municipal) spiked with variable lindane concentrations were used at different dosing rates in order to determine distribution and removal under various operational conditions. The major amount (67-91%) of lindane inputs to the treatment process was found to concentrate in primary sludge. A significant linear correlation between the compound's partition coefficient (logKp) and the organic fraction of primary sludge (foc) was found. Sorption on primary sludge solids was concluded to be the major removal mechanism. Only 0.1-2.8% of lindane inputs was concentrated in activated sludge. Lindane losses in primary treatment were low (4-26%). Higher losses (up to 61%) were observed during the biological treatment probably due to biodegradation. These losses were negatively correlated with the inflow rate of lindane into the aeration tank. Activated sludge aged about 23 d presented the maximum loss of lindane. Increased sludge age was associated with increased percentages of lindane in the final effluent.     

密云水源水的预臭氧化及强化常规处理研究

针对北京密云水库水的水质特征,分别进行了实验室烧杯和现场中试研究.实验结果表明,预臭氧化能使原水中较大粒径颗粒数目减少,并能显著降低原水中不饱和有机物的含量;高效聚合氯化铝在颗粒物及有机物的去除上明显优于传统的聚合氯化铝和硫酸铝;预臭氧化与常规处理的联合工艺对浑浊度、有机物和大肠菌群有很高的去除率.     

Fate and transport of atorvastatin and simvastatin drugs during conventional wastewater treatment

This research investigates the environmental behavior of two widely prescribed cholesterol-lowering statin drugs that are expected to be present at significant concentrations in wastewater influents, namely: atorvastatin and simvastatin. Batch biodegradation experiments suggest that both statins are well degraded during secondary treatment, and removal rates exhibit a substrate-enhancement model reflecting elements of both first-order behavior and cometabolism. Resulting biodegradation parameters are used in conjunction with literature sorption parameters to construct a mass-balance model of statin concentrations during conventional treatment. Model results exhibit excellent accuracy compared to measurements from a medium-sized WWTP in the Southeastern USA. Influent concentrations of 1.56 μg L(-1) and 1.23 μg L(-1) were measured for atorvastatin and simvastatin. Results also suggest that 85-90% of each drug is removed during conventional treatment, with sorption accounting for less than 10% of overall removal. Expected effluent concentrations are orders of magnitude less than previously reported ecotoxicity thresholds for both drugs. Overall, results suggest statin active ingredients do not pose a significant environmental threat. It is recommended that future work characterize the fate of statin metabolites and that the same mass-balance modeling approach be used to assess other highly-prescribed pharmaceutical drugs.     

化学沉淀法强化常规工艺应急去除水中的镉

在常规工艺基础上,通过投加氢氧化钠,实验进行了应急去除重金属镉的研究。实验结果表明,该方法能有效去除饮用水水源的镉,效果稳定,可进行应急处理。对pH、镉初始浓度和混凝剂投加量3个影响因素的灰色关联分析表明,3个因素对镉去除效果影响的大小排序为:滤后水pH>混凝剂投加量>镉初始浓度。在水源镉突发污染时,在原有常规水处理工艺基础上,通过控制滤后水pH可实现对重金属镉的去除,pH的控制值与水源水质有关。     

Occurrence and behaviour of pharmaceutical compounds in a Portuguese wastewater treatment plant: Removal efficiency through conventional treatment processes

Wastewater treatments can eliminate or remove a substantial amount of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs), but there may still be significant concentrations of them in effluents discharged into surface water bodies. Beirolas wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is located in the Lisbon area and makes its effluent discharges into Tagus estuary (Portugal). The main objective of this study is to quantify a group of 32 PhACs in the different treatments used in this WWTP. Twelve sampling campaigns of wastewater belonging to the different treatments were made in 2013–2014 in order to study their removal efficiency. The wastewaters were analysed by solid phase extraction (SPE) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass detection (UPLC–MS/MS). The anti-diabetics were the most frequently found in wastewater influent (WWI) and wastewater effluent (WWE) (208 and 1.7 μg/L, respectively), followed by analgesics/antipyretics (135 μg/L and < LOQ, respectively), psychostimulants (113 and 0.49 μg/L, respectively), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (33 and 2.6 μg/L, respectively), antibiotics (5.2 and 1.8 μg/L, respectively), antilipidemics (1.6 and 0.24 μg/L, respectively), anticonvulsants (1.5 and 0.63 μg/L, respectively) and beta blockers (1.3 and 0.51 μg/L, respectively). A snapshot of the ability of each treatment step to remove these target PhACs is provided, and it was found that global efficiency is strongly dependent on the efficiency of secondary treatment. Seasonal occurrence and removal efficiency was also monitored, and they did not show a significant seasonal trend.