论规划环境影响评价的现状问题及建议对策

相比建设项目环境影响评价(以下简称环评),规划环评从决策、计划的源头来控制经济活动对周围环境的影响,更具整体性和前瞻性。从规划环评的内涵分析入手,比较了其与建设项目环评的优势性,概述了目前规划环评的工作流程和技术方法,以及国内外在这一领域的发展现状。重点对规划环评在中国推行过程中存在的问题进行了剖析,并针对性地提出了一些建议。     

试论规划环评的基本属性——学习《规划环境影响评价条例》的体会

《规划环境影响评价条例》的颁布与实施，标志着环境保护参与综合决策进入了一个新阶段。规划环评是人类对环境问题、尤其是对末端治理反思的结果，是政治民主化和科技社会化发展的必然。《条例》注重实践检验，突出跟踪评价；坚持专家审查、决策管理、公众参与三结合，优势互补，相得益彰；追究法律责任，柔中有刚。重在追究个人责任，专家亦不例外。规划环评源于项目环评，高于项目环评。当前，项目环评和区域限批仍是规划环评的重要抓手。科学性是规划环评的生命线。实践决定一切，实践是实现规划环评科学性的惟一途径。规划环评任重道远。规划环评要坚持为经济服务，为规划服务，为公众服务，实现多方共赢，方能凝心聚力，一往无前。     

基于利益相关方分析法的规划环评公众参与研究

采用利益相关方分析法,并依据<中华人民共和国环境影响评价法>、<环境影响评价公众参与暂行办法>等相关法律法规要求,遵循随机性原则和利益相关性原则,确定参与规划环境影响评价(简称规划环评)的公众范围,着重分析规划环评中相关方利益诉求.以某电石化工产业基地规划环评为例,通过规划环评的公众参与,分析利益相关方的共同点、关心点和矛盾点,并围绕各利益中心结合法律、法规设置了不同类型的问卷调查表,根据调查数据分析结果提出规划调整建议,解决了规划环评中利益相关方面临的问题.研究表明,利益相关方分析能够反映规划的环境不合理性,有助于规划的调整与优化.     

规划环评和区域环评审查要点之比较研究

从《环评法》对规划环评对象的界定来看，区域环评隶属于规划环评范畴，但在实际工作过程中，区域环评较之其他类型的规划环评有着较为明显的差异。如在编制环境影响评价报告书时，区域开发环评遵守《开发区区域开发环境影响评价技术导则》，其他类型的规划环评则依照《规划环境影响评价技术（试行）》，同时两类环境影响评价报告书在审查目的及要点上也各有侧重。笔者从环评审查角度，分析规划环评和区域环评的差异，并在此基础上，提出两类环境影响评价报告书在编制过程中需关注的要点。     

城市轨道交通规划环境影响评价的技术要点探讨与分析

在宁波市城市轨道交通规划环境影响评价(简称环评)实践经验分析总结并借鉴国内外先进成果的基础上,对城市轨道交通规划环评的主要技术要点进行探讨、分析和归纳.城市轨道交通规划环评着眼于环境问题的全局性和根本性,强调主动性和前瞻性,解决了线网规模、线位优化、敷设方式、敏感目标避让及保护等规划层次上应处理和能处理的环境问题.开展城市轨道交通规划环评,必须正确把握城市轨道交通规划环评与城市轨道交通单条线路建设项目环评的区别与联系,抓准评价指导思想与评价目的,结合各城市的自然、社会和人文特点合理选取评价指标和重点评价内容,着重从规划层面提出规划调整建议、环境影响减缓措施及用地控制建议等,以弥补后续建设项目环评所不能解决的问题,尤其是在线网规模、线位优化、敷设方式、敏感目标避让及保护等方面体现规划环评的价值,实现规划编制的及早参与和科学决策的目的.     

区域规划环境影响跟踪评价的理论研究

随着环境影响评价制度的深入实施，其实施领域已由项目环评向区域环评和规划环评转变，评价内容也由广泛实施的预测评价向后评价和跟踪评价转变。然而，对于区域规划环评的评价层次、评价程序和评价内容，目前还没有明晰的认识；同时，对于促进规划环评有效实施的跟踪评价，其相关的理论和实践研究几乎没有。文中就此问题作了深入探讨。     

从委托代理理论谈中国的环境影响评价制度

根据委托代理理论,分析了中国环境影响评价制度中存在的问题,立足于绿色招商的理念,理顺建设项目环评委托代理关系,明确了建设单位、环评单位、招商部门、环保部门等相互之间的关系和职责,以使中国的环境影响评价制度更适应新型工业化道路发展的要求。     

将“低碳”引入环境影响评价制度的思考

遏制全球气候变化,控制温室气体的排放,已成为世界各国的共识,发展低碳经济也成为必然选择。环境影响评价(简称环评)制度作为与经济社会发展联系最为紧密的环境管理制度,如何利用现有的环评制度促进低碳经济的发展成为一项重要的研究内容。结合环评制度的特点,指出将"低碳"引入环评的必要性,并提出可采取宏观与微观相结合将"低碳"引入环评制度;在环评制度中通过完善能源分析引导能源结构调整和提高能源利用效率;通过增加碳排放指标促进低碳产业发展;通过研究污染物与温室气体的关联性,努力实现协同控制等建议。     

规划环境影响评价与城乡规划的整合

规划环境影响评价(以下简称规划环评)改进与完善的方向必然是与决策体系的融合。以城乡规划为例,研究规划环评与城乡规划过程如何在制度层面和操作层面实现融合。提出了城乡规划与规划环评整合的实施框架,并识别出城乡规划的10个重要的决策阶段。进一步,针对其中的5个重要的决策阶段,阐明了规划环评如何参与规划过程,从而实现规划环评与决策过程全过程的融合。此外,要使规划环评真正发挥作用,需要使决策者将规划环评作为一种内部程序,而非外部强加的对其行政权力的干预。只有决策者认同规划环评可以成为部门协商与公众参与的平台,可以帮助其实现本部门的可持续发展目标,才可能在决策过程中考虑和采纳规划环评的成果。     

工业废气排放总量与经济增长的环境库兹涅茨曲线区域差异影响因素分析

根据1996—2013年中国大陆31个省份工业废气排放总量和经济增长的面板数据,在考虑工业废气排放和经济发展相互作用的基础上,运用联立方程探究贸易开放程度、产业结构、工业废气污染治理力度、技术进步程度等污染控制变量对工业废气排放总量的影响,以及物质资本存量、劳动力投入量等对经济发展的作用,分析各区域工业废气排放总量和经济增长所处环境库兹涅茨曲线不同阶段的原因。结果表明:(1)全国以及东、中、西部不同区域的工业废气排放总量和经济增长的环境库兹涅茨曲线都呈"倒N"型;且东部已进入经济增长抑制工业废气排放时期,而中部、西部和全国尚处于工业废气排放总量随经济增长而增加的阶段。(2)联立方程表明,产业结构、贸易开放程度、技术进步程度等方面的差异是促使各区域所处阶段差异的主要原因。(3)联立方程中部分要素对各区域的影响机制类似,且污染方程中环境污染治理投资对工业废气减排的效果甚微。产出方程估计结果表明,各区域污染排放与人均GDP均呈弱正相关关系,说明大部分区域经济发展以环境为代价;且物质资本存量和人力资本存量对各区域经济增长的推动作用相对稳定。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%（质量百分比）.反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响

研究了遵义红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响 ,从砷酸根浓度和体系pH对红土动电电位影响的角度作了探讨 ,结果表明 ,砷酸根离子浓度越大 ,Zata电位下降幅度越大 ,Zata电位也越低 ;随着体系pH的升高 ,氧化铁胶体动电电位逐渐下降 ,甚至改变了表面电位的符号。由此得出了红土吸附砷属于专性吸附的结论。