县域跨界水污染补偿机制在嘉兴市的探索

嘉兴市构建的县域跨界水污染补偿机制,不仅是一项流域水污染防治制度刨新,而且是浙江省跨行政区水污染补偿政策的重要支撑和有力保障.通过对大量数据的统计分析,提出了3种补偿标准,并运用跨界水污染补偿模型,模拟测算了2个市级断面和2个县级断面的补偿额.模拟测算结果不但能描绘出县域跨界水污染的现状,而且能够明确补偿对象和补偿额,对流域水质根本改善具有重要意义.     

基于共容利益理论的流域水污染府际合作治理探讨

由于流域水环境具有准公共物品性质,共容利益使得流域上、下游利益主体的合作变得必然和可能,但这并不构成地方政府合作的充分条件.当前有些流域制定了合作行动协议,但是这些合作行动仅属于非制度性的合作协调机制,没有充分考虑地方政府的利益主体地位,从而导致合作效果不明显.从共容利益理论的角度,探讨了流域水污染合作治理中的利益博弈结构.经分析发现,要真正实现流域水污染的府际合作治理,需要建立科学的地方政府绩效评估制度、建立区域生态补偿机制、建立跨界水污染经济赔偿机制和完善公众参与水环境保护的制度.     

常驻农民水污染控制意识的地域比较、影响因素及政策涵义

农民是流域面源污染的主要产生者,也是水环境恶化的直接受害者.理解农民对水污染控制的态度与需求,是实施有效流域污染控制的前提.本研究通过对江浙沪三地常驻农民的入户调查,从水质评价、水污染关注程度、水污染源治理等方面调查分析三地农民的水污染控制意识现状、地域差异和影响因素.研究结果表明:(1)三地水污染形势依然严峻;(2)农民普遍关注水污染问题,但缺乏基本的水污染知识；(3)农民普遍存在“政府依赖性”,对农村污水处理的支付意愿不高.此外,农民水污染控制意识缺乏的现象普遍存在,不受地域、文化水平和年龄等因素的显著影响.由此造成的农民参与的缺失将是“十二五”期间在当地实现有效流域污染控制目标的巨大障碍.     

关于跨界水污染防治的思考

近年来,跨界水污染事件在国内一些地区频频发生,造成严重的社会问题,因此分析了国内跨界水污染的成因,并提出要完善相关的法律法规、实现水资源整体性综合规划和配置、建立区域环境合作机制、积极推广清洁生产和节能减排、转变治污方式、加强宣传教育、提高公众环保意识等相应的防治对策。     

完善水污染防治法的法律责任

随着中国经济的迅速发展,水资源污染问题加剧.结合现阶段中国水资源污染状况的突出表现,分析了现在中国的水污染防治法中的法律责任存在的缺陷,从侵权救济、诉讼主体范围、政府方面责任、处罚责任等方面对中国水污染防治法的完善提出了相应的措施.     

中国流域水污染防治规划问题与对策研究

科学制定和实施有效的水污染防治规划,是改善中国流域水环境质量的主要措施之一.对中国"九五"和"十五"期间的流域水污染防治规划实施状况进行了评估,分析了规划制订与实施过程中存在的相关问题,提出了改进中国流域水污染防治规划制定和实施的相关对策.分析结果表明,中国重点流域水污染防治规划实施状况较差,突出表现为控制目标没有达到、投资额不能到位和项目实施率较低等现象.通过对制约规划实施效果的主要因素的深入分析,发现规划目标可达性较差、数据可靠性较低、规划技术方法以及监管体制、环境标准和法律法规等不完善问题是制约规划成功实施的关键性要素.针对上述问题,分别提出了规划体系、管理体制、投资方式、监督管理、标准体系建设以及法律法规完善等方面的改善建议与对策.     

公民问责于矿业环境管制的路径选择

经济发展导致矿业环境受到污染和破坏的趋势得不到遏制,其中很大原因是没有发挥民众的力量.因矿业环境的公众产品属性而彰显市场失灵,必须通过政府管制以弥补市场的不足.但是政府因信息滞后和官员寻租等现象而导致政府失灵,必须通过民众参与以监督政府.民众问责是监督政府矿业环境管制的主要形式,责任政府是应当接受问责的政府.拓宽问责渠道、创新社会管理、健全法律制度等是矿业社区民众问责政府的改革方向.     

汾河流域水资源承载力评估及生态敏感性分析

汾河流域是山西省重要的水资源供给区,是促进山西省区域协调发展的重要区域,汾河流域高质量发展的关键在于汾河生态环境保护与社会经济协调发展。利用DPSIR-TOPSIS模型对汾河流域水资源承载力进行分析,结果表明,2012—2021年汾河流域的水资源承载力水平实现了阶段性增长,高质量经济发展水平和高水平水资源保护的协同推进促成了水资源承载力的整体平稳上升。基于层次分析法和空间分析法的生态敏感性分析结果表明,轻、中、高敏感区占汾河流域的79.51%,极敏感区占区域的14.45%,植被覆盖度是影响区域生态敏感性的重要考量。本研究对汾河流域水资源承载力和生态敏感性的时空变化进行了综合评估,为汾河流域高质量发展路径设计提供科学依据。     

我国水环境管理的现状与展望

水环境管理在国家的环境保护中具有极为重要的地位,国外在水环境管理方面有成熟的经验和新的发展趋势。通过分析国外在水环境管理方面的先进经验和发展趋势及我国水环境管理现状,提出以流域管理为中心、加强立法保证等建议。并强调,借鉴国外水环境管理的先进经验,以流域管理为基础,以水资源管理和水污染控制—体化为目标的管理模式是解决我国水环境管理存在问题的必然途径。     

钱塘江流域污染负荷及水环境容量研究

采用排污系数法计算了钱塘江流域不同污染源COD和氨氮的污染负荷,研究了整个流域90%、75%和so%水文保证率下的水环境容量.以流域水质目标为出发点,考虑污染负荷和流域社会经济发展需求相协调的原则,确定了钱塘江流域水污染总量控制阶段性目标.     

Modeling the spill in the Songhua River after the explosion in the petrochemical plant in Jilin

An explosion in a petrochemical plant in Jilin in the northeast of China on 13 November 2005 was responsible for the discharge of large quantities of benzene and nitrobenzene into Songhua River. This endangered the water supply of Harbin city and influenced the daily life for millions of people. The dispersion-advection equation was solved analytically and numerically and used to simulate the concentration of benzene and nitrobenzene in the Songhua River after the accident. Both solutions gave practically identical results. The main elimination process for both compounds was volatilization. The model results are quite close to the results obtained by measurements at monitoring stations. Arrival time of the pollutant wave, peak concentrations and end of the pollutant wave at Harbin and along the river were predicted successfully. The peak concentrations of nitrobenzene at Harbin were more than 30 times above the permissible limits for drinking water.     

焦化废水中细菌质粒的研究

细菌质粒中常带有一些可编码降解特殊有毒物质酶的基因,为了研究质粒对有毒物质CN^-的降解的意义,主要调查了焦化废水中好氧异养菌的质粒分布特点。从山西省焦化企业公司生化站、太原煤气公司焦化厂生化站中筛选出53株细菌,利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳法,采用GDS-8000型凝胶电泳分析仪进行拍照,同时测定各菌株降氰、降酚能力,CN^-采用异烟酸-毗唑啉酮法,酚采用4-氨基安替比林法测定。结果表明,质粒的存在与降氰力有一定的关系,但对降酚力的影响差异不显著。同时,通过对其中11^*号菌株进行了质粒转化和消除实验,证明质粒稳定,不可用十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)消除掉,用E．cbli DHI作受体菌,用11^#菌株作供体菌。作转化实验,但由于种种原因,没有筛洗到转化子。     

Managing the relationship with the environment

This article describes the results of a survey carried out by the author's company on behalf of Rank Xerox. The objective was to assess attitudes towards environmental issues in both the public and private sector. Although there were some differences over priorities, both sectors agreed that development of environmental policies was essential to their future.     

水处理中含铁废料综合利用的研究进展

回顾了２０余年来我国在水处理中综合利用含铁废料的研究进展，分别评述了副产品硫酸亚铁制备絮凝剂ＰＦＳ的各种方法，废铁屑运用于内电解法水处理和其他含铁泥渣，废酸在水处理中的研究和应用现状，指出含铁废料综合利用中有待于进一步研究的若干问题。     

底泥修复中温度对微生物活性和污染物释放的影响

通过分析底泥中微生物的酶活性以及污染物的释放规律,探讨了温度对河道底泥生物修复的影响.结果表明,底泥中微生物的脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性随着温度的升高而显著增大,但温度对纤维素酶的活性影响较小.4 ℃和10 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量和微生物的酶活性均较低,水质较稳定;20～37 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量明显增加,微生物的新陈代谢能力有较大提高,水体的自净能力较强.在各种因素的综合作用下,20～30 ℃是进行底泥生物修复的适宜环境温度.此外,当pH为9.0以及添加葡萄糖时,底泥中微生物均表现出较高的脱氢酶活性.     

Effect of the pesticide lindane on the biomass of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata

This study assesses the growth of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata in the presence of lindane and the ability of N. oculata to remove lindane from media. Algal biomass increased with 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 of lindane, and lindane concentrations in the media decreased. N. oculata removed 73% and 68.2% of lindane in the 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 media concentrations, respectively. Algal biomass decreased to the level of the control at lindane concentrations greater than 2.5 mg L^?1, probably due to toxicity. N. oculata removed lindane from the media at concentrations lower than 1.0 mg L^?1. Thus, N. oculata may be useful for lindane bioremediation in contaminated aquatic systems.     

Attempts to probe the ozone layer and the ultraviolet-B levels of the past

To get a proper perspective on the current status of atmospheric ozone, which protects the biosphere from ultraviolet-B (UV-B; 280-315 nm) radiation, it would be of value to know how ozone and UV-B radiation have varied in the past. The record of worldwide ozone monitoring goes back only a few decades, and the record of reliable UV-B measurements is even shorter. Here we review indirect methods to assess their status further back in time. These include variations in the Sun's emission and how these affect the atmosphere, changes in the Earth's orbit, geologic imprints of atmospheric ozone, effects of catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions, biological proxies of UV-B radiation, the spectral signature of terrestrial ozone in old recordings of star spectra, and the modeling of UV-B irradiance from ozone data and meteorological recordings. Although reliable reconstructions do not yet extend far into the past, there is some hope for future progress.     

Isolation of the stable fraction (the core) of the humic acid

Humic acid consists of a recalcitrant (unhydrolysed fraction) (the core) and labile (hydrolysable fraction) fraction. Core-humic acid (core-HA) isolation was performed by treating source material with apolar and polar solvents (organic solvents+acid hydrolysis) before alkaline extraction. Leonardite, soil Ah horizont and dry blood were chosen for this study because of their different origin and degree of humification. Chemical analysis (elemental analysis, total acidity, E(4):E(6)), spectroscopic analysis (DRIFT and (1)H NMR), and complete mass balance were used to investigate the effect of purifying humic acids. The results obtained showed that purification produced a slight modification of Leonardite humic acids as was expected for these highly humified organic matrices. On the other hand, about 500 g kg(-1) of soil humic acids were lost by purification. The fractions lost mainly consisted of carbohydrates. Dry blood showed the presence of humic acids that contrasted with its origin, thus indicating the limitations of the common analytical methods used for HA extraction. Nevertheless, in practice, purification caused the complete disappearance (914 g kg(-1) of HA was lost) of these HAs. The results obtained in this work suggest that the HA fraction isolated (named core-HA) effectively represents the HA structure proposed by the existing literature, since the purification proposed was able to eliminate the adsorbed organic molecules (interference materials) coating the HA structure.