县域跨界水污染补偿机制在嘉兴市的探索

嘉兴市构建的县域跨界水污染补偿机制,不仅是一项流域水污染防治制度刨新,而且是浙江省跨行政区水污染补偿政策的重要支撑和有力保障.通过对大量数据的统计分析,提出了3种补偿标准,并运用跨界水污染补偿模型,模拟测算了2个市级断面和2个县级断面的补偿额.模拟测算结果不但能描绘出县域跨界水污染的现状,而且能够明确补偿对象和补偿额,对流域水质根本改善具有重要意义.     

常驻农民水污染控制意识的地域比较、影响因素及政策涵义

农民是流域面源污染的主要产生者,也是水环境恶化的直接受害者.理解农民对水污染控制的态度与需求,是实施有效流域污染控制的前提.本研究通过对江浙沪三地常驻农民的入户调查,从水质评价、水污染关注程度、水污染源治理等方面调查分析三地农民的水污染控制意识现状、地域差异和影响因素.研究结果表明:(1)三地水污染形势依然严峻;(2)农民普遍关注水污染问题,但缺乏基本的水污染知识；(3)农民普遍存在“政府依赖性”,对农村污水处理的支付意愿不高.此外,农民水污染控制意识缺乏的现象普遍存在,不受地域、文化水平和年龄等因素的显著影响.由此造成的农民参与的缺失将是“十二五”期间在当地实现有效流域污染控制目标的巨大障碍.     

流域跨界水污染纠纷调控机制分析

随着中国水资源匮乏和水污染态势日益严峻,流域跨界水污染冲突频繁发生.运用博弈论对流域跨界水污染和用水冲突的成因进行解释,并对不同调控策略下流域各方行为进行分析.结果表明,在缺乏有效管制的情况下,由于个体和集体理性的不一致,导致水资源过度利用和水污染,但政府全面管制却导致个体理性不能满足而很难得以有效贯彻实施.因此,运用市场激励机制和政府宏观调控,可以促进流域各方的激励相容,实现流域总体效益的优化.     

我国主要流域开始实行水质自动监测

水环境污染是我国面临的突出问题。为加强水环境管理和监测工作 ,我国环保部门采取先进的技术手段 ,在主要流域设立水质自动监测站 ,并建立周报制度 ,对水污染进行实时连续监测。国家环保总局有关负责人近日在京透露 ,随着国务院陆续出台、实施“三河、三湖”重点流域水污染防治规划 ,水污染治理工作的力度逐年加强 ,对水环境监测工作的要求越来越高 ,常规的水环境监测手段已难以满足水环境管理和监督监测的需要。主要表现在 :水环境监测已由浓度监测过渡到同时实施浓度和污染物总量监测 ;水环境监测的频次 ,也由原来的每年按丰、平、枯水期…     

抚河流域水生态环境恢复措施初探

论述了江西省抚河流域的概况、水生态环境的现状及存在的问题，包括淤泥的堆积、水土的流失、水污染、沿岸防洪圩堤标准偏低等问题,并提出了流域水生态环境恢复的目标，以及针对恢复目标提出了水权分配、水土保持治理、水工程治理、水质治理等方面的初步措施与建议。     

中国农村环境保护的实践与态势

农村环境问题的根源在于发展不足、发展不当、发展不平衡,农业源问题要通过发展和引导来解决。中国农村的环境保护,在工业和城市环保的带动、重点流域污染治理和生态创建活动的拉动、全面小康和新农村建设的推动、工业化和城镇化的驱动下,终于从国家层面进入全面启动阶段。实践表明,环保惠农是农业和农村环境保护的出发点和归宿。政府主导,农民主体,社会参与,部门协同,联合推进,是基本的工作模式;党委组织领导、政府全面负责、环保部门牵头、相关部门配合联动、乡镇具体实施的省、市、县、乡四级管理体系,是行之有效的组织保障;建立政府补助、部门帮助、社会赞助、农民自助的投入机制和建立健全农村的环境保护制度,是农业和农村环境保护的基本保障。     

突发性水污染事件应急系统的建立

针对中国处理突发性水污染事件的现状,在分析突发性水污染事件的特点和现有应急救援系统,以及现有系统在应急组织协调、应急监测分析和信息传递应急响应等方面所存在问题的基础上,构建了突发性水污染事件应急系统.将该系统分为应急组织结构、应急响应机制和应急技术支持3部分,并对其中不同行政主体在应急响应中的作用以及应急机制的立法等内容进行了探讨.     

中国流域水污染防治规划问题与对策研究

科学制定和实施有效的水污染防治规划,是改善中国流域水环境质量的主要措施之一.对中国"九五"和"十五"期间的流域水污染防治规划实施状况进行了评估,分析了规划制订与实施过程中存在的相关问题,提出了改进中国流域水污染防治规划制定和实施的相关对策.分析结果表明,中国重点流域水污染防治规划实施状况较差,突出表现为控制目标没有达到、投资额不能到位和项目实施率较低等现象.通过对制约规划实施效果的主要因素的深入分析,发现规划目标可达性较差、数据可靠性较低、规划技术方法以及监管体制、环境标准和法律法规等不完善问题是制约规划成功实施的关键性要素.针对上述问题,分别提出了规划体系、管理体制、投资方式、监督管理、标准体系建设以及法律法规完善等方面的改善建议与对策.     

滇池流域不透水表面的水环境影响分析及其治理措施

当前滇池水污染的治理措施主要关注农业面源污染和城市生活污水,忽视了城市化过程中不透水表面带来的城市面源污染问题。采用基于遥感、GIS的生态环境影响评估模型,分析了滇池流域不透水表面的水环境效应。结果表明:不透水表面面积增加可导致流域地表径流量增加以及水质下降,进而导致流域水环境问题日益严重;当子流域不透水表面覆盖率(ISC)控制在0%~8%时,流域水环境状况良好;当ISC增长到8%~23%时,流域水环境受到影响;超过23%时,将形成不可逆转的水体污染,流域水环境严重退化。根据滇池17个子流域的不透水表面覆盖率大小,提出了滇池流域的子流域分类规划与治理思路,详细列出了分类治理的具体措施。     

完善水污染防治法的法律责任

随着中国经济的迅速发展,水资源污染问题加剧.结合现阶段中国水资源污染状况的突出表现,分析了现在中国的水污染防治法中的法律责任存在的缺陷,从侵权救济、诉讼主体范围、政府方面责任、处罚责任等方面对中国水污染防治法的完善提出了相应的措施.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.