模糊综合评价在环境质量评价中的应用

随着环境问题的日益突出,环境评价也变得越来越重要,而评价方法的选择则是其石市为例,运用模糊综合评判法对其大气环境进行综合评价.结果表明,该方法较好地反映了环境质量分级界限的模糊性,并且较好地解决了权值分配问题,是一种比较实用的环境质量综合评价方法.     

战略环境评价有效性评价指标体系与方法探讨

近年来,战略环境评价(SEA)的有效性研究逐渐受到关注,但是当前国内外研究缺乏对SEA有效性评价指标和评价方法的探讨.针对SEA评价模式,初步构建了包括背景有效性、程序有效性、目标有效性和增量有效性等4项一级指标和11项二级指标的评价指标层次结构,提出采用层次分析法和模糊综合评价法对SEA的有效性进行综合评价.在此基础上,尝试性地以天津滨海新区SEA为例,应用模糊评价法对其有效性进行定量分析,为进一步建立SEA有效性评价标准提供思路,为完善SEA有效性评价方法和模型提供理论支持.     

饮食业油烟净化技术综合评价

本文首先通过专家调查的方法建立了饮食业油烟净化技术综合评价指标体系,并确定相应的权数,然后采用模糊决策分析方法对现有净化技术进行了分析评价。结果表明,复合式和静电式技术是现有各种技术中最好的。     

饮食业油烟净化技术综合评价

本文首先通过专家调查的方法建立了饮食业油烟净化技术综合评价指标体系，并确定相应的权数，然后采用模糊决策分析方法对现有净化技术进行了分析评价，结果表明，复合式和静电式技术是现有各种技术中最好的。     

模糊综合评价法在航空企业节能减排评价中的应用

由于航空工业的特殊性,航空企业节能减排相对滞后,节能减排工作迫在眉睫.为使航空工业节能减排的方案全面、科学、客观,基于现代风险评价方法,根据中国航空企业系统的客观实际,采用模糊综合评价法建立了航空企业节能减排的评价指标体系和评价方法,并确定了该评价指标体系中各指标的权重,进而得到各指标隶属度、模糊矩阵.同时,进行了实例...     

模糊综合评价在天然水体水质评价中的应用研究

采用模糊数学方法,对河网地区面源污染影响较大的代表性河流的水质状况进行综合评价研究。根据监测断面水质污染特点,确定了8个指标作为评价因子,建立了评价因素矩阵,计算出影响因子的权重。在此基础上,提出了模糊综合评价的水质级别,证明该河网地区的污染物主要是氮、磷和有机物。     

对近年太湖出湖河道断面的水质评价

依据GB3838--2002（地表水环境质量标准》，采用模糊综合评价方法，分析了太湖出湖河道某断面近10年来的水质状况，并且与W值法的评价结果进行了对比。结果表明，两种方法评价结果比较吻合，模糊综合评价法的实用性更强，并反映出水体的主要污染因子是氨氮，故加强沿湖地区的污染源治理、实施污染物总量控制，是对该地区实施污染减排的有效措施。     

模糊决策与大气环境质量评价

应用模糊决策方法进行大气环境质量评价,通过实例验证及与灰色聚类,模糊综合评判法相比较,表明这种方法简单明确,对处理复杂问题有独到之处,可作为模糊综合评判法的一种补充方法。     

基于GDM-AHP的模糊评价应用研究

层次分析法在定性定量研究中有着重要的作用,但是其主观性的缺点比较突出,判断者的权重对评价结果影响较大,因此在传统层次分析法的基础上,提出群组决策层次分析法（GDM-AHP）来进行有效改进。该方法根据决策者之间判断结果的相似度,进行聚类分析,来确定不同决策者的权重,再利用模糊综合评价法来进行最终决策,并以实例演算了整个过程。     

模糊综合评价法在矿区塌陷土地复垦潜力评估中的应用

为了合理利用土地、提高土地生产率、改善矿区及其周围的生态环境，对矿区塌陷土地复垦潜力进行了研究。阐述了模糊综合评价法的基本原理，并以南票矿区为例，选择了塌陷土地复垦潜力评价的二层树状结构因子，确定了隶属度函数、评价指标权重和评价集，得出了塌陷土地复垦潜力的评价结果。为其他矿区塌陷土地复垦潜力评价提供了理论依据。     

M-AHP-熵权组合赋权法在垃圾渗滤液处理技术评价中的应用

通过分析目前综合评价赋权方法存在的弊端,提出了主客观相结合对指标进行赋权的方法,即采用基于MATLAB优化工具箱的层次分析法(M-AHP)建立主观权重,采用熵权法建立客观权重,将主客观权重加以综合来确定评价指标的权重。最后将该方法应用于重庆市卫生填埋场的处理技术的评价指标,然后按照模糊积分评价模型得出综合评价值,从3种备选方案中得出了MBR(膜生物反应器)+NF(纳滤)工艺为最佳方案。     

Pollutant concentration profile reconstruction using digital soft sensors for biodegradation and exposure assessment in the presence of model uncertainty

A new approach to the problem of environmental hazard assessment and monitoring for pollutant biodegradation reaction systems in the presence of uncertainty is proposed using soft sensor-based pollutant concentration dynamic profile reconstruction techniques. In particular, a robust reduced-order soft sensor is proposed that can be digitally implemented in the presence of inherent complexity and the inevitable model uncertainty. The proposed method explicitly incorporates all the available information associated with a process model characterized by varying degrees of uncertainty, as well as available sensor measurements of certain physicochemical quantities. Based on the above information, a reduced-order soft sensor is designed enabling the reliable reconstruction of pollutant concentration profiles in complex biodegradation systems that can not be always achieved due to physical and/or technical limitations associated with current sensor technology. The option of using the aforementioned approach to compute toxic load and persistence indexes on the basis of the reconstructed concentration profiles is also pursued. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is evaluated in two illustrative environmental hazard assessment case studies.     

不同模糊评价方法在水环境质量评价中的应用比较

近年来,运用模糊评价方法对水质和水体营养化程度进行评价逐渐受到重视。目前,对模糊评价方法的研究多集中在实测数据标准化、权重的确定和模糊模式识别模型研究几个方面。以滇池历年营养物质数据为实测数据,通过对几种实测数据标准化方法、权重确定方法和模糊模式识别方法的组合应用,获得水环境质量模糊评价最优组合方法。结果表明,在评价方法中,实测数据标准化方法采用线性内插法,权重的确定采用超标倍数法,模糊模式识别模型采用广义海明距离和加权海明距离法,即采用超标倍数法的广义海明距离和加权海明距离法能够更真实反映水环境质量的实际情况。     

Heavy metals exposure of children from stairway and sidewalk dust in the smelting district,northeast of China

The aim of this work was to study metals accumulation in stairway (inside the residential building) and sidewalk (outside the residential building) dust, and health risk of children due to dust exposure. The investigation included the: (a) spatial distributions of Hg, Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu in stairway and sidewalk dust, (b) source analysis of metals in stairway and sidewalk dust, and (c) assessment of the children health risks due to metals exposure from stairway and sidewalk dust. In the smelting district of Huludao, the maximum Hg, Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu contents in stairway dust were 5.324, 4594, 936.8, 48 253, 1377 mg kg^?1, respectively, and were 144, 213, 8674, 760 and 69.5 times as high, respectively, as the background values in soil. A strong positive relationship was shown between the stairway and sidewalk dust for each metal (p < 0.01). The trends for Hg, Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu in the stairway and sidewalk dust were similar and with higher concentrations trending Huludao Zinc Plant (HZP). Atmospheric deposition due to metal smelting from HZP was the common source of heavy metals in the sidewalk and stairway dust. Vehicular traffic affected the metal accumulation in dust, but their contribution was slight comparing with atmospheric emission from HZP. Almost all hazard indexes (HIs) for metals due to stairway dust exposure in this study were lower than 1. The health risk for children was low if they would not play in the stairway. However, children were also experiencing the potential health risk from Cd and Pb exposure from sidewalk dust outside residential building, especially near HZP.     

Heavy metals and PAHs in an open fishing area of the East China Sea: Multimedia distribution,source diagnosis,and dietary risk assessment

This study involved a comprehensive investigation of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater, sediments, and seafoods in an important open fishing area connecting China and Japan. Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, As, and PAHs were detected in all the studied environmental media. Specifically, Pb and low molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) were observed at high levels, due to intensive ship activities and accidental crude oil spills. Additionally, source diagnosis of PAHs suggested a potential impact from combustion. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) suggested moderate or low bioaccumulation potentials of the analytes from water and sediments, respectively. Noncarcinogenic risk assessment, based on target hazard quotients (THQs), indicated a potential low risk by consuming the studied seafoods, while the incremental lifetime carcinogenic risk assessment (ILCRs) suggested “acceptable risk” or “potential risk.” However, it should be noted that there have been possibilities that the carcinogenic risk could be elevated due to bioaccumulation of the PAHs in the seafoods after long-term exposure. In summary, it is necessary to evaluate the seafood security carefully in this open fishing area due to the potential health risks.

     

转炉炼钢大气污染环境评价问题探讨

为了探讨转炉炼钢大气污染环境评价的关键问题,以某大型钢铁集团炼钢厂扩建项目为基础,分析了该类建设项目工艺流程和产污环节;确定了转炉炼钢的重点污染因子是粉尘、烟尘和SO2等.通过对转炉炼钢烟尘治理措施的有效性分析,得出了该扩建项目大气污染物粉尘、烟尘和SO2等能达标排放并满足总量控制指标,符合清洁生产要求.     

改进属性识别法在水质评价中的应用

为克服水质综合评价过程中指标权重带有主观性的弱点,提出了基于数据驱动技术确定权重的改进属性识别法,综合利用分类标准信息和样本信息进行迭代确定权重.采用浮桥河水库枯水期水质监测资料进行水质评价,验证了该模型用于水质综合评价的可行性.     

Toxic heavy metal contamination and risk assessment of street dust in small towns of Shanghai suburban area, China

The aims of this paper were to quantify the heavy metal concentrations in street dust of small towns in Shanghai suburban area compared with those in urban area, and examine their seasonal and spatial variations, and to assess their risks to water environment and local populations. Street dust samples were collected from three small towns and urban area in Shanghai in different seasons. Levels of heavy metals were determined by atomic adsorption spectrophotometer analyzer. The method of potential ecological risk index and the health risk assessment model were used to evaluate the potential risks to water bodies and local residents, respectively. The mean metal concentrations in street dust of small towns were far above soil background values but still lower than those in the urban area. No significant seasonal change was observed except for Cr, Ni, and Zn concentrations. Higher metal concentrations tended to be located in central area of towns and township roads. The integrated metal contamination was high and posed a strong potential ecological risk. Children had greater health risk than adults. The carcinogenic risk probabilities were under the acceptable level. The hazard index values to children were close to the safe level. Street dust from the studied area has been contaminated by heavy metals. The contamination of these elements is related more to the pollution source than seasonal change. The combination of the six metals may threaten the water environment and has non-cancer health risk to children, but not to adults.     

Assessing sediment hazard through a weight of evidence approach with bioindicator organisms: a practical model to elaborate data from sediment chemistry, bioavailability, biomarkers and ecotoxicological bioassays

Quality assessments are crucial to all activities related to removal and management of sediments. Following a multidisciplinary, weight of evidence approach, a new model is presented here for comprehensive assessment of hazards associated to polluted sediments. The lines of evidence considered were sediment chemistry, assessment of bioavailability, sub-lethal effects on biomarkers, and ecotoxicological bioassays. A conceptual and software-assisted model was developed with logical flow-charts elaborating results from each line of evidence on the basis of several chemical and biological parameters, normative guidelines or scientific evidence; the data are thus summarized into four specific synthetic indices, before their integration into an overall sediment hazard evaluation. This model was validated using European eels (Anguilla anguilla) as the bioindicator species, exposed under laboratory conditions to sediments from an industrial site, and caged under field conditions in two harbour areas. The concentrations of aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace metals were much higher in the industrial compared to harbour sediments, and accordingly the bioaccumulation in liver and gills of exposed eels showed marked differences between conditions seen. Among biomarkers, significant variations were observed for cytochrome P450-related responses, oxidative stress biomarkers, lysosomal stability and genotoxic effects; the overall elaboration of these data, as those of standard ecotoxicological bioassays with bacteria, algae and copepods, confirmed a higher level of biological hazard for industrial sediments. Based on comparisons with expert judgment, the model presented efficiently discriminates between the various conditions, both as individual modules and as an integrated final evaluation, and it appears to be a powerful tool to support more complex processes of environmental risk assessment.     

Physicochemical and biological quality of soil in hexavalent chromium-contaminated soils as affected by chemical and microbial remediation

Chemical and microbial methods are the main remediation technologies for chromium-contaminated soil. These technologies have progressed rapidly in recent years; however, there is still a lack of methods for evaluating the chemical and biological quality of soil after different remediation technologies have been applied. In this paper, microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria and chemical remediation with ferrous sulphate were used for the remediation of soils contaminated with Cr(VI) at two levels (80 and 1,276 mg kg^?1) through a column leaching experiment. After microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria, the average concentration of water-soluble Cr(VI) in the soils was reduced to less than 5.0 mg kg^?1. Soil quality was evaluated based on 11 soil properties and the fuzzy comprehensive assessment method, including fuzzy mathematics and correlative analysis. The chemical fertility quality index was improved by one grade using microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria, and the biological fertility quality index increased by at least a factor of 6. Chemical remediation with ferrous sulphate, however, resulted in lower levels of available phosphorus, dehydrogenase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase. The result showed that microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria was more effective for remedying Cr(VI)-contaminated soils with high pH value than chemical remediation with ferrous sulphate. In addition, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was proven to be a useful tool for monitoring the quality change in chromium-contaminated soils.