鸭绿江口湿地沉积物-上覆水重金属环境质量状况及其生态风险评价

基于代表鸭绿江口湿地不同区域的34个研究点位的调查数据,利用内梅罗指数法对其沉积物-上覆水重金属环境质量状况进行评价,再利用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对表层沉积物的生态风险进行评价。结果表明,鸭绿江口湿地表层沉积物质量处于较清洁水平,而上覆水水体质量属于轻污染水平,总体表现为自鸭绿江河口到大洋河口污染强度逐渐降低的趋势。鸭绿江口湿地表层沉积物重金属潜在生态危害系数和潜在生态风险指数均较低,属于低污染水平,Cd和Cu是潜在生态危害较大的因子。鸭绿江主河道和西水道部分区域表层沉积物污染较为明显,Cu、Pb是鸭绿江口湿地的主要污染因子。     

滇西北剑湖表层沉积物重金属分布特征和生态风险

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)仪测定剑湖表层沉积物4种重金属Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn含量,采用改进BCR连续提取法提取4种重金属各形态含量,结合空间插值方法对4种重金属空间分布特征和生态风险进行了分析。结果表明,剑湖表层沉积物呈碱性,以砂砾为主,湖周浅水区总有机碳含量高于湖心区,重金属迁移转化能力弱,主要以残渣态为主,可氧化态含量最低。同时,剑湖表层沉积物中Cd和Cu以人为富集为主,Pb和Zn以自然富集为主,重金属均处于轻微或中等风险程度。湖周浅水区富集程度高于湖心区,而湖心区生态风险高于湖周浅水区。     

基于表层沉积物的鸭绿江口环境质量状况分析

对鸭绿江口不同地区表层沉积物的生源要素和重金属元素分布特征进行了分析;评价了河口地区生源要素与重金属的污染情况。结果表明,鸭绿江河口地区表层沉积物中生源要素污染情况比较严重。相比之下,重金属污染程度较轻,重金属中Cu的污染状况相对较重;最大混浊带的细颗粒物对生源要素和重金属都有较强的吸附作用。生源要素和重金属元素的分布特征和评价结果表明,河流断面的污染程度大于潮滩断面和毗邻浅海断面,河口地区的生源要素主要来源于河流输送和近岸生活、生产活动,重金属元素主要来源于鸭绿江的径流输送。     

天津市典型河网区沉积物中重金属分布及生态风险评价

选择天津市典型河网区为研究对象,分析了沉积物中6种重金属(Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn)的分布特征,并采用富集系数法和潜在生态危害指数法分析了重金属的来源,进而评价了其生态风险。结果表明,表层沉积物中Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均含量分别是58.18、23.52、524.60、22.93、25.24和49.51 mg/kg,其中Cr、Mn和Ni含量均低于天津市土壤背景值,而Cu、Pb和Zn含量在部分样点高于背景值;在垂直分布上,沉积物中Cr和Ni的含量相对稳定,而Cu、Mn、Pb和Zn的含量从底层到表层均先增加后降低。重金属富集系数(EF)分析显示,河网区表层沉积物中Cu和Zn在个别样点以及Pb在近一半样点存在人为输入过程(EF1.5),与接纳上游及区域的生活污水、农田退水有关,而Cr、Mn和Ni均来自自然源。重金属综合潜在生态危害指数(RI)评价表明,整个河网区表层沉积物为轻微生态危害水平,对区域的水环境质量不构成威胁。     

鄱阳湖沉积物重金属质量基准研究及其生态风险评估

为有效保护鄱阳湖流域水环境质量和水生态系统健康,对鄱阳湖19个采样点的表层沉积物样品及其孔隙水中的4种典型重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd)含量及赋存形态进行了测定,利用相平衡分配法(EqPA)初步探讨了沉积物重金属质量基准,并以此为评价标准,采用潜在生态风险指数法对鄱阳湖沉积物重金属生态风险进行评估。基于物种敏感度分布(SSD)法确立的重金属水质基准,建立沉积物重金属质量基准低值(SQC-L,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的SQC-L分别为57.37、49.40、98.51、2.74mg/kg)和高值(SQC-H,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的SQC-H分别为140.86、710.45、189.06、47.20mg/kg),经过对比分析,推荐采用SQC-H和SQC-L为鄱阳湖流域沉积物重金属质量基准。以SQC-L为评价标准,采用潜在生态风险指数法,对鄱阳湖19个采样点的生态风险进行评估,发现鄱阳湖流域受到了一定程度重金属污染,主要集中在南部湖区,具有一定的生态风险。     

三亚河红树林自然保护区水环境-红树植物-沉积物重金属污染综合分析

以三亚河红树林自然保护区为研究区,在分析沉积物重金属污染及红树植物对重金属富集转运差异的基础上,探讨了保护区水环境、沉积物重金属和红树植物重金属间的联系及重金属污染来源。结果表明:(1)沉积物中Hg为极强污染,Pb、Zn和Cu为中等污染,其他重金属无污染;研究区整体的潜在生态风险指数为中等,其中Hg为主要贡献者。(2)保护区河段雨季水体污染物浓度明显高于干季,雨、干季水质总体均表现出中上段(A段)中间段(B段)出口段(C段);(3)3种红树植物对Cd均表现出强富集,对Pb表现为弱富集能力;(4)沉积物重金属和水质参数之间有显著的相关性,红树植物会影响沉积物中重金属形态,并通过主动运输方式富集和转移重金属。(5)研究区上游农业生产活动及市区交通和工厂企业综合排污是重金属的主要污染来源。     

北京西城区雨水管道沉积物中重金属污染风险评价

采用地累积指数法、次生相与原生相分布比值法以及Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法从不同角度对雨水管道沉积物中重金属的污染风险进行了评价。地累积指数法的评价结果表明,不同重金属的污染级别为ZnCuCdCrPbNi。而次生相与原生相分布比值法以及Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法的评价结果表明,不同重金属的潜在污染效应关系和潜在生态危害系数大致排序均为CdCuZnPbNiCr。     

巢湖表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其污染评价

以巢湖表层沉积物为研究对象,利用BCR连续提取法研究了沉积物中Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Cd、Zn、V和Pb等8种重金属元素的分布特征,同时运用潜在风险指数法和地累积指数法综合评价了巢湖沉积物中重金属的生态风险。结果表明,巢湖沉积物中的重金属含量在空间上表现出东西高、中间低的分布特征。巢湖表层沉积物中Cr、Co、Ni、V和Cu 5种重金属都主要以残渣态为主,Zn和Cd主要以弱酸提取态为主,Pb以可还原态为主,同时,Co和Cu 2种元素的可交换态及可还原态含量占有较高比例,具有潜在危害性。相关性分析显示,Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn和Cd 6种重金属元素的来源和分布可能具有相似性,Co和V 2种重金属元素具有相似的地球化学行为且其主要来源可能与其他几种重金属不同。潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物中8种重金属元素构成的生态危害顺序为:Cd>Pb>Co>Cu>Ni>Zn>V>Cr,Cd具有高的生态危害等级,其他7种重金属元素均为低生态危害等级。地累积指数法评价结果表明:巢湖沉积物重金属元素的富集程度为Cd>Zn>Pb>Co>Cu>V>Ni>Cr,Cr属于清洁级别,Co、Cu、V和Ni处于轻度污染水平,Zn和Pb处于偏中度污染,Cd达到了重污染水平。     

电子垃圾拆解区不同用地类型土壤重金属空间分布特征与风险评价

为了探究电子垃圾拆解区不同用地类型土壤重金属的空间分布特征及潜在生态风险,对广东某电子垃圾拆解区稻田、菜地、荒地和拆解地土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb的质量分数及形态空间分布特征进行了研究,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法分别评价重金属潜在的生态风险.结果表明,4种用地类型土壤的Cd质量分数全部超标,超标倍数为...     

滦河干流表层沉积物中营养元素和重金属含量分布特征及其风险评价

选取滦河干流为研究对象,采集表层沉积物并分析其粒径分布、营养元素(N、P、C、S)及重金属(Cd、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr和Pb)含量分布特征,对重金属采用富集系数法进行源解析,并利用地积累指数法、污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法进行系统性的生态风险评价。结果表明:沉积物营养元素TN、TP、TC、TS均值为1 047.6、1 427.4、20 060.9和1 564.2 mg·kg~(-1),且分布存在空间差异性;粒径分布特征为粉砂或砂占比重大,黏土占比重小;重金属Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn、Cr和Pb含量均值分别为0.28、40.48、31.48、88.67、16.45和21.5 mg·kg-1,Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn超过河北省土壤背景值;Cd富集系数均值为2.31,其污染主要源是人为输入,其余重金属未见明显富集现象;相关性分析和主成分分析表明Cd与Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn呈显著正相关,Cr与Cu、Ni、Zn呈显著正相关,Pb与Fe、TP呈显著正相关,Cu与Ni、Zn呈显著正相关,Ni与Zn呈显著正相关;基于地累积指数法得Cd为重金属首要污染物;单项生态危害指数均值大小顺序为Cd(94.39)Cu(9.28)Ni(5.11)Pb(2.16)Zn(1.13)Cr(0.48);沉积物风险指数(SPI)相应等级为低风险级别(SPI=2.755),且整体潜在生态风险指数(RI)相应的亦为低生态风险(RI=112.561150)。     

Sources and fate of PCDD and PCDF

PCDD and PCDF were found in urban air particulates from St. Louis and Washington, D.C., and in sediments from the Great Lakes and Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. The similarity between the PCDD and PCDF found in air particulates and sediment samples and the presence of PCDD and PCDF in sediment from Siskiwit Lake (a location which can receive only atmospheric inputs) suggest that these compounds are emitted to the atmosphere from combustion sources. The historical input of PCDD and PCDF to dated sediment cores shows a strong increase since 1940, and this suggests that the incineration of chlorinated organic compounds is an important source of PCDD and PCDF to the environment.     

Meta-Analysis of Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Mortality: Effects of Gases and Particles and the Influence of Cause of Death,Age, and Season

Abstract

A comprehensive, systematic synthesis was conducted of daily time-series studies of air pollution and mortality from around the world. Estimates of effect sizes were extracted from 109 studies, from single- and multipollutant models, and by cause of death, age, and season. Random effects pooled estimates of excess all-cause mortality (single-pollutant models) associated with a change in pollutant concentration equal to the mean value among a representative group of cities were 2.0% (95% CI 1.5-2.4%) per 31.3 μg/m³ particulate matter (PM) of median diameter <10 μm (PM₁₀); 1.7% (1.2-2.2%) per 1.1 ppm CO; 2.8% (2.1-3.5%) per 24.0 ppb NO₂; 1.6% (1.1-2.0%) per 31.2 ppb O₃; and 0.9% (0.7-1.2%) per 9.4 ppb SO₂ (daily maximum concentration for O₃, daily average for others). Effect sizes were generally reduced in multipollutant models, but remained significantly different from zero for PM₁₀ and SO₂. Larger effect sizes were observed for respiratory mortality for all pollutants except O₃. Heterogeneity among studies was partially accounted for by differences in variability of pollutant concentrations, and results were robust to alternative approaches to selecting estimates from the pool of available candidates. This synthesis leaves little doubt that acute air pollution exposure is a significant contributor to mortality.     

Meta-analysis of time-series studies of air pollution and mortality: effects of gases and particles and the influence of cause of death,age, and season

A comprehensive, systematic synthesis was conducted of daily time-series studies of air pollution and mortality from around the world. Estimates of effect sizes were extracted from 109 studies, from single- and multipollutant models, and by cause of death, age, and season. Random effects pooled estimates of excess all-cause mortality (single-pollutant models) associated with a change in pollutant concentration equal to the mean value among a representative group of cities were 2.0% (95% CI 1.5-2.4%) per 31.3 microg/m3 particulate matter (PM) of median diameter < or = 10 microm (PM10); 1.7% (1.2-2.2%) per 1.1 ppm CO; 2.8% (2.1-3.5%) per 24.0 ppb NO2; 1.6% (1.1-2.0%) per 31.2 ppb O3; and 0.9% (0.7-1.2%) per 9.4 ppb SO2 (daily maximum concentration for O3, daily average for others). Effect sizes were generally reduced in multipollutant models, but remained significantly different from zero for PM10 and SO2. Larger effect sizes were observed for respiratory mortality for all pollutants except O3. Heterogeneity among studies was partially accounted for by differences in variability of pollutant concentrations, and results were robust to alternative approaches to selecting estimates from the pool of available candidates. This synthesis leaves little doubt that acute air pollution exposure is a significant contributor to mortality.     

Field and laboratory studies of the fate and enantiomeric enrichment of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The stereoselectivity of R,S-venlafaxine and its metabolites R,S-O-desmethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylvenlafaxine, O,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine, N,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine and tridesmethylvenlafaxine was studied in three processes: (i) anaerobic and aerobic laboratory scale tests; (ii) six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operating under different conditions; and (iii) a variety of wastewater treatments including conventional activated sludge, natural attenuation along a receiving river stream and storage in operational and seasonal reservoirs. In the laboratory and field studies, the degradation of the venlafaxine yielded O-desmethylvenalfaxine as the dominant metabolite under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Venlafaxine was almost exclusively converted to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under anaerobic conditions, but only a fraction of the drug was transformed to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic conditions. Degradation of venlafaxine involved only small stereoisomeric selectivity. In contrast, the degradation of O-desmethylvenlafaxine yielded remarkable S to R enrichment under aerobic conditions but none under anaerobic conditions. Determination of venlafaxine and its metabolites in the WWTPs agreed well with the stereoselectivity observed in the laboratory studies. Our results suggest that the levels of the drug and its metabolites and the stereoisomeric enrichment of the metabolite and its parent drug can be used for source tracking and for discrimination between domestic and nondomestic wastewater pollution. This was indeed demonstrated in the investigations carried out at the Jerusalem WWTP.     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Sources and distribution of polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans in soil and sediment from the Yellow Sea region of China and Korea

Polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were measured in soils and sediments from the Yellow Sea region. Korean soils and sediments mostly contained detectable PCDD/Fs and showed a widespread distribution among locations. Soil and sedimentary PCDD/Fs from China were comparable to or less than those in Korea. The patterns of relative concentrations of individual congeners in soils were different between the two countries, but similar in sediments. Sources of PCDD/Fs in China and Korea were found to be independent of each other and their distributions reflected matrix-dependent accumulation. Spatial distribution indicated some point sources in Korea while Chinese sources were more widespread and diffuse. PCDD/Fs measured in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea were comparable to or less than those previously reported in for eastern Asia. However, ∑TEQs in soils and sediments were near to or, in some cases exceeded environmental quality guidelines.     

剩余污泥浓缩脱水投药量优化和模型建立

应用高分子阳离子絮凝剂（CPF-100）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对污水厂剩余污泥进行浓缩脱水实验，研究表明：CPF-100的浓缩脱水效果优于PAM；当CPF-00投加量为1．16‰时，污泥沉降性能改善程度为37．51％；且在CPF-100投加量逐渐增大的初始阶段，污泥沉降性能改善程度随投加量的增加而增大，但CPF-100投加量也不宜过大，当CPF-100投加量超过1．16‰后，反而会使浓缩脱水效果变差。同时，建立了污泥沉降性能改善程度与絮凝剂CPF-100投加量、沉降时间之间的数学模型，其能较好地反映污水厂剩余污泥的浓缩脱水效果。     

骆马湖富营养化和生态状况调查与评价

为了了解骆马湖水质状况，在2005年对骆马湖富营养化状态和生态特性进行了调查，并结合“十五”期间的监测资料进行了分析。2005年骆马湖水体中总氮和总磷的平均值超《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）中Ⅲ类，超标情况分别为0．78倍和0．54倍，达到湖库特定项目Ⅳ类水标准，骆马湖处于轻度富营养化状态。对骆马湖生态特征分析表明，由于该湖泊的形态以及“藻型浊水状态”和“泥沙型浊水状态”交替出现，遏制了湖水从高营养盐含量向全面富营养化状态演变，保障了底栖动物的良好生长环境，从而形成了骆马湖独特的环境生态平衡。     

Spatial and temporal trend of Chinese manure nutrient pollution and assimilation capacity of cropland and grassland

Dynamics of livestock and poultry manure nutrient was analyzed at a provincial scale from 2002 to 2008. The nutrient capacity of 18 kinds of croplands and grasslands to assimilate nutrients was assessed in the same temporal–spatial scale. Manure nitrogen (N) had increased from 5.111 to 6.228 million tons (MT), while manure phosphorus (P) increased from 1.382 to 1.607 MT. Manure N and P share similar spatial patterns of yields, but proportion of specialized livestock husbandry and contribution of leading livestock categories (swine, cattle, cow, sheep, layer chicken, broiler chicken) were different. The nutrients generated from dominant seven provinces took more than about half of total manure N in China. After subtracting the chemical fertilizers, there were some manure nutrient capacities in western part of China. Risk analysis of manure nutrient pollution overload in eastern and southern parts of China was serious, which should restrict livestock's developments. Amount of chemical fertilizers applied should be reduced to make room for manure nutrients. For the sake of greenhouse effects, the emission of methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (NO _x ) emissions in China is serious for the global change, thus merits further statistics and studies. The spatial and temporal pattern of Chinese manure nutrient pollution from livestock and the assimilation capacity of cropland and grassland can provide useful information for policy development on Chinese soil environment and livestock.