关于硝酸酯可生物降解性的研究进展

本文就甘油三硝酸酯（ＧＴＮ）缩水甘油硝酸酯、乙二醇二硝酸酯（ＥＧＤＮ）、二硝酸异山梨糖醇酐（ＩＳＤＮ）、季戊四醇四硝酸酯（ＰＥＴＮ）、硝酸纤维等六种硝酸酯的可生物降解性及其相应的作用机理的研究进展情况作了概述，并提出了目前在研究工乍中需进一步解决的一些问题。     

农药正辛醇／水分配系数的测定方法及其与其他环境参数的相关性

对已报道的农药正辛醇／水分配系数的６种测定方法进行了简述和比较，对农药Ｋｏｗ值与其他环境参数Ｓｗ，Ｋｏｃ，ＢＣＦ１的相关性进行了综述。     

DHDPS的细胞表达、提纯和结晶

ＤＨＤＰＳ是赖氢酸合成通路中第一步的合成酶。将中国春小麦的ＤＨＤＰＳ基因质粒移植入ＲＤＡ８中，得到ＲＤＡ８／ｐＤＢ２６菌株，本研究通过细胞培养、层析提纯和结晶条件的探索，给出了一个较好的技术路线，并为开展义衍射分析蛋白结构创造了条件，通过该研究，对中国春小麦ＤＨＤＰＳ和野种大肠杆菌的ＤＨＤＰＳ差异有了一定的了解，并且对细胞培养的ＭＭ介质处理，ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ，Ｐｈｅｎｙｌ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ和ＭｏｎｏＱ层析的方法给出具体实验条仲。酶活的检测和蛋白浓度测定都是采取高灵敏度的方法。结晶的ＳＣｒｅｅｎｉｎｇ条件对于二种ＤＨＤＰＳ有很大的差异。对野种大肠杆茵的ＤＨＤＰＳ，需要表面活性剂Ｎ－ｏｃｔｙｌ－Ｄ－ｇｌｕｃｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｉｄｅ，ｐＨ１０．０～１０．５，对于中国春小麦一ＤＨＤＰＳ则未找到较好的表面活性剂，ｐＨ６．８～７．６。中国春小麦一ＤＨＤＰＳ晶体培养条件在以往文献中未见报导。     

农药微生物降解的研究现状与发展策略

本文在农药降解菌的富集分离及农药微生物降解的途径，特别在微生物产生的农药降解酶和农药微生物降解基因操作方面对农药微生物降解的研究现状作了简要综述，提出了农药微生物降解的研究趋势。联系地址：中国科学院广州地球化学研究所，广州五山，５１０６４０津、环草隆、三氯醋酸、氯苯胺灵等。芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ）：ＤＤＴ、ｒ－ＢＨＣ、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、苯硫磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、杀螟松、毒杀芬、茅草枯、三氯醋酸、利谷隆、灭草隆、毒旁定。节细菌属（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）：ＤＤＴ、艾氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、草多索、马拉硫磷、二嗪农、２，４－Ｄ、２甲４氯、茅草枯、三氯醋酸、毒莠定、西玛津、味哺丹［８］。棒状杆菌属（Ｃｏｒｙｎｂｏａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ）：ＤＤＴ、２，４－Ｄ、２甲４氯、茅草枯、二硝甲酚、百草枯、草枯醚。无色杆菌属（Ａｃｈｒｏｍｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）：ＤＤＴ、西维因、２，４－Ｄ、２甲４氯、２，４，５－Ｔ、氯苯胺灵。土壤杆菌属（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ）：ＤＤＴ、氯苯胺灵、茅草枯、三氯醋酸、毒莠定。黄杆菌属（Ｆｌａｖｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ）：对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷、二嗪农、毒死蜱、２，４－Ｄ、２甲４氯、     

杭州市大气总悬浮颗粒物中酞酸酯的污染

用大流量采样器采集了杭州市１月份和７月份不同功能区大气中的ＴＳＰ,然后用ＨＰＬＣ其中的酞酸酯含量,结果检出有ＤＭＰ、ＤＢＰ和ＤＥＨＰ,其中１月份ＤＢＰ含量最高,７月份ＤＥＨＰ含量最高。     

销毁含多氯联苯废弃物焚烧炉的二噁、类二噁和多氯联苯排放

我国正在研制专用于销毁高浓度多氯联苯（ＰＣＢｓ）的焚烧炉,主要处理废旧的含（ＰＣＢｓ）的电力电容器和变压器,应用可靠准确的监测方法测定了试验性焚烧炉渣、烟灰排气和废水中的二口恶口英（ｄｉｏｘｉｎｓ）,类二口恶口英多氯联苯（ｄｉｏｘｉｎｌｉｋｅＰＣＢｓ）和ＰＣＢｓ含量,结果表明该炉试烧高浓度ＰＣＢｓ时,焚毁率可以达到９９．９９９９％,炉渣中的２,３,７,８ＴＣＤＤ毒性当量为８７．８６ｐｇＴＥＱ／ｇ,烟灰中残留二口恶口英和类二口恶口英的总２,３,７,８ＴＣＤＤ毒性当量为４７．２３ｎｇＴＥＱ／ｇ．     

利用高效脱色降解菌和活性污泥接种处理印染废水的比较研究

本文研究了用染料高色降解菌和活性污泥在厌氧酸化一好氧生物氧化和生物活性炭池三级串联系统中接种处理印染废水的效果。结果表明，在厌氧池中用高效菌接种比用活性污泥接种对ＣＯＤｃｒ、ＰＶＡ的色度的去除率分别提高５．３％，１２．７％和９．９７％。经过好氧池处理后，用聚乙烯醇（ＰＶＡ）降解菌混合液接种比用活性污泥接种对ＣＯＤｃｒ、ＢＯＤ５、ＰＶＡ、色度的法除分别提高１０．８８％， １２．９％，２０％和１２％。     

厌氧附着膜膨胀床工艺处理石油化工废水的研究

对厌氧附着膜膨胀床（ＡＡＦＥＢ）反应器处理石油化工废不进行研究,结果表明,在中温条件下（３５℃）ＡＡＦＥＢ稳定运行的适宜工艺参数为ＨＲＴ３２ｈ,容积有机负荷０．５２３ｋｇＣＯＤ／ｍ＾３．ｄ,ＣＯＤ去除率达８０．８％,升高温度可以提高ＡＡＦＥＢ反应器的处理效果,ＡＡＦＥＢ反应器在高温条件下（５５℃）运行耐冲击负荷成于中温条件（３５℃）。     

固相萃取技术在水体有机物分析中的应用

本文简述了固相萃取技术（ＳＰＥ）的原理、方法及特点,阐述了ＳＰＥ和气相色谱（ＧＣ）在线与离线两种联用技术应用于水样中有机化合物的分析,并着重介绍了ＳＰＥＧＣ应用于分析水环境中痕量多氯有机化合物,包括多氯联苯化合物（ＰＣＢｓ）和有机氯农药（ＯＣＰｓ）的方法进展情况     

阳离子高分子絮凝剂用于印刷油墨废水处理

聚二甲二烯丙基氯化铵（ＰＤＭＤＡＡＣ）用于印刷油墨废水的处理，对共聚物中阳离子含量的选择，最佳投药剂量以及处理体系中温度等因素对处理效果的影响进行了研究，着重研究了絮凝剂的分子量和阳离子度对处理效果的影响，研究结果认为ＰＤＭＤＡＡＣ适用于印刷油墨废水的处理。     

海河沉积物对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯吸附行为研究

邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)是一种广泛使用的化工原料,也是一种环境内分泌干扰物.研究了海河沉积物和土壤对DMP的吸附解吸作用,以及颗粒物粒径、浓度和离子浓度对DMP在颗粒物上吸附的影响.研究发现DMP在土壤上的吸附符合Langmuir等温式,在海河沉积物上的吸附符合线性等温式,单位吸附量随着颗粒物浓度的增大而减小,离子浓度的增大而增大,粒径对DMP的吸附影响不明显.用DMP将海河沉积物污染并于室温老化1个月后进行解吸实验,被吸附DMP解吸速率前20 h较快,以后逐渐达到吸附平衡,解吸量较小.     

Comparison of nonideal sorption formulations in modeling the transport of phthalate esters through packed soil columns

Sorption of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dipropyl phthalate (DPP) to two soil materials that vary in organic matter content was investigated using miscible displacement experiments under saturated flow conditions. Generated breakthrough curves (BTCs) were inversely simulated using linear, equilibrium sorption (LE), nonlinear, equilibrium sorption (NL), linear, first-order nonequilibrium sorption (LFO), linear, radial diffusion (LRD), and nonlinear, first-order nonequilibrium sorption (NFO) models. The Akaike information criterion was utilized to determine the preferred model. The LE model could not adequately describe phthalate ester (PE) BTCs in higher organic matter soil or for more hydrophobic PEs. The LFO and LRD models adequately described the BTCs but a slight improvement in curve-fitting was gained in some cases when the NFO model was used. However, none of the models could properly describe the desorptive tail of DPP for the high organic matter soil. Transport of DPP through this soil was adequately predicted when degradation or sorption hysteresis was considered. Using the optimized parameter values along with values reported by others it was shown that the organic carbon distribution coefficient (K(oc)) of PEs correlates well with the octanol/water partition coefficient (K(ow)). Also, a strong relationship was found between the first-order sorption rate coefficient normalized to injection pulse size and compound residence time. A similar trend of timescale dependence was found for the rate parameter in the radial diffusion model. Results also revealed that the fraction of instantaneous sorption sites is dependent on K(ow) and appears to decrease with the increase in the sorption rate parameter.     

东莞地下水邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征及来源探讨

在广东东莞地区采集了59组地下水水样和9组地表水水样,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术进行测定,结果表明,地下水中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的检出率为39.0％,6种PAEs的质量浓度在未检出～6.70 μg/L.其中,邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)检出率最高,为22.O％,最大值为6.20 μg/L；邻苯二甲酸二...     

Biodegradation of phthalate esters in polluted soil by using organic amendment

This study investigated the biodegradation of the phthalate esters (PAEs) di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in sludge and sludge-amended soil. DBP (100 mg kg(-1)) and DEHP (100 mg kg(-1)) were added to sewage sludge, which was subsequently added to soil. The results showed that sewage sludge can degrade PAEs and the addition of sewage sludge to soil enhanced PAE degradation. Sludge samples were separated into fractions with various particle size ranges, which spanned 0.1-0.45 μm to 500-2000 μm. The sludge fractions with smaller particle sizes demonstrated higher PAE degradation rates. However, when the different sludge fractions were added to soil, particle size had no significant effect on the rate of PAE degradation. The results from this study showed that microbial strains F4 (Rhodococcus sp.) and F8 (Microbacterium sp.) were constantly dominant in the mixtures of soil and sludge.     

Occurrence of phthalates in sediment and biota: relationship to aquatic factors and the biota-sediment accumulation factor

Phthalate compounds in sediments and fishes were investigated in 17 Taiwan's rivers to determine the relationships between phthalate levels in sediment and aquatic factors, and biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) for phthalates. Mean concentrations (range) of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in sediment at low-flow season were 4.1 (<0.05-46.5), 0.22 (<0.05-3.1) and 0.14 (<0.05-1.3)mgkg(-1)dw; those at high-flow season were 1.2 (<0.05-13.1), 0.13 (<0.05-0.27) and 0.09 (<0.05-0.22)mgkg(-1)dw, respectively. Trace levels of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) in sediment were found in both seasons. Concentrations of DEHP in sediments were significantly affected by temperature, suspended solids, ammonia-nitrogen, and chemical oxygen demand. The highest concentration of DEHP in fish samples were found in Liza subviridis (253.9mgkg(-1)dw) and Oreochromis miloticus niloticus (129.5mgkg(-1)dw). BSAF of DEHP in L. subviridis (13.8-40.9) and O. miloticus niloticus (2.4-28.5) were higher than those in other fish species, indicating that the living habits of fish and physical-chemical properties of phthalates, like logKow, may influence the bioavailability of phthalates in fish. Our data suggested that DEHP level in river sediments were influenced by water quality parameters due to their effects on the biodegradation processes, and that the DEHP level in fish was affected by fish habitat and physiochemical properties of polluted contaminants.     

Influence of modified soils on the removal of diesel fuel oil from water and the growth of oil degradation micro-organism

Three soils were modified with two kinds of cationic surfactants in order to increase their sorptive capabilities for organic contaminants. Sorption of diesel fuel oil in water by these modified soils had been investigated. Modified soils can effectively sorb diesel fuel oil from water. The sorption capability of modified soils is: HDTMA-black soil > HDTMA-yellow brown soil > HDTMA-red soil > TMA-black soil > TMA-yellow brown soil > TMA-red soil. Sorption of diesel fuel oil by natural soils and HDTMA modified soils is via partition, the sorption isotherms can be expressed by Henry equation, and logK(SOM) is 2.42-2.80, logK(HDTMA) is 3.37-3.60. Sorption isotherms of TMA modified soils can be expressed by Langmuir equation, the saturation sorption capacities are 1150 (TMA-black soil), 750 (TMA-yellow-brown soil), 171 mg/kg (TMA-red soil), respectively. A diesel fuel oil degradation micro-organism (Pseudomonas sp.) was isolated in the lab. To test the influence of the modified soils on the micro-organism, various growth curves of Pseudomonas in different conditions were drawn. Pseudomonas can grow very well with natural soils and TMA modified soils. The acclimation period of Pseudomonas is reduced. As to HDTMA modified soils, HDTMA loading amount is very important. When HDTMA loading amount is no higher than 0.5 CEC, the micro-organism can grow very well after a long acclimation period.     

Fate and transport of monoterpenes through soils. Part I. Prediction of temperature dependent soil fate model input-parameters

Monoterpenes are C10H(n)O(n') compounds of natural origin and are potentially environmentally safe substitutes for traditional pesticides. Still, an assessment of their environmental behaviour is required. As a first step in a theoretical study focussing on monoterpenes applied as pesticides to terrestrial environments, soil fate model input-parameters were determined for 20 monoterpenes with widely different structural characteristics. Input-parameters are the water solubility (S(W)), vapour pressure (P), n-octanol-water partition coefficient (K(OW)), atmospheric air and bulk water diffusion coefficients (D(A)air and D(W)water), first order biodegradation rate constants (k), and their temperature dependence. Values for these parameters were estimated or taken from previous experimental work. The quality of the estimations was discussed by focussing on their statistics and by comparison with available experimental data. From these properties, the air-water partition coefficient (K(AW), Henry's Law constant), the interface-water partition coefficient (K(IW)) and the organic matter-water partition coefficient (K(OM)) could be estimated with varying levels of accuracy. In general, little experimental data turned out to be available on biodegradation rate constants and on the temperature dependence of physico-chemical parameters.     

Correlating the physical-chemical properties of phthalate esters using the 'three solubility' approach

A quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) method for the correlation of physical-chemical properties and partition coefficients, namely the 'three solubility' approach, is described and applied to a group of 22 phthalate esters. The solubilities or 'apparent-solubilities' of these substances in the liquid state are compiled and correlated against Le Bas molar volume in the three primary media of air, water and octanol. From these solubilities the air-water (K(AW)), octanol-water (K(OW)) and octanol-air (K(OA)) partition coefficients are deduced. Estimated solubilities in water and octanol-water partition coefficients are shown to compare favourably with more recent accurate measurements. A set of selected values is presented, with error limits, which is recommended for use in modelling and assessment studies. Some environmental implications are discussed of the large range in property values for this series.     

固相萃取—气相色谱—质谱测定再生水中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质

探讨了一种再生水中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的测定方法——固相萃取—气相色谱—质谱,检测了相关再生水标准中涉及的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)两类物质。在质量浓度为20～1 000μg/L时,两类物质的回归方程的相关系数均大于0.999,检出限分别是0.060、0.002μg/L,DBP、DEHP的相对标准偏差分别为4.1%～7.4%、5.1%～6.1%。利用固相萃取技术进行预处理,平均加标回收率为96.6%、89.6%。检测了北京市4座再生水厂出水中DBP和DEHP含量,其中,DBP在1.74～5.59μg/L,低于《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质》(GB/T 18921—2002)规定的限值(不超过0.1mg/L),但高于《城市污水再生利用地下水回灌水质》(GB/T 19772—2005)规定的限值(不超过3μg/L);DEHP在0.42～4.93μg/L,满足GB/T 19772—2005要求(不超过8μg/L)。