电化学氧化法深度处理垃圾焚烧发电厂沥滤液生化出水

垃圾焚烧发电厂的沥滤液经生化处理后，COD和色度等仍然较高，达不到排放标准，必须进一步进行深度处理。采用自制的箱式四通道电化学反应器对垃圾焚烧发电厂沥滤液生化出水进行深度处理，研究了主要工艺参数——电流密度、表观流速、初始Cl^-浓度、比电极面积等因素对COD和色度去除效果的影响。适宜处理条件为：电流密度20 mA/cm²，反应器内表观流速2.92 cm/s，初始Cl^-浓度4 732 mg/L、比电极面积43.4 m²/m³。在此条件下处理废水10 min，色度就能达到排放要求，处理2 h，COD也能达到排放要求。考察反应器的能耗发现，电化学处理的能耗随电化学处理时间的延长呈不断增大的趋势。     

BAF处理生活污水过程中同步去除H2S的试验研究

采用曝气生物滤池处理生活污水的过程中，以混和臭气的空气为气源，以掺入了陶粒和铁炭颗粒的复合填料为载体，研究了反应器的运行条件和参数，结果表明，以混合臭气的空气作为气源对污水处理过程的需氧量基本无影响。当反应器的进气量为40 L/h，进水容积负荷和进气H2S的浓度分别在0.3～1.6 kg COD/(m³·d)和0.8～2.3 mg/m³之间变化时，可以实现出气和出水中H₂S和COD分别小于0.04 mg/m³和90 mg/L，满足同时达标排放的要求。H₂S的同步去除可能是通过微生物的氧化分解和形成FeS沉淀来实现的。     

利用MCMP微生物制剂减少剩余污泥产量的研究

通过在3组日处理规模为5 m³/d的活性污泥法装置中进行连续进出水试验，考察了投加多功能复合微生物制剂（multifunctional compound micro-organisms preparation ，MCMP）对污水处理过程中剩余污泥减量的影响。中试研究结果表明，曝气池中，每次MCMP菌剂加入量为日处理水量的0.02%～0.04%的条件下，运行2个月装置未排放剩余污泥，有效地实现剩余污泥源头减量的预期要求。该技术不增加或改变原有污水处理工艺和运行方式，不增加处理系统总的动力消耗，并且不会对出水水质产生不良影响。     

混凝工艺去除合流污水中有机物及营养元素

通过系列杯罐试验混凝处理合流污水，采用硫酸铝（Al₂(SO₄)₃）、硫酸铁（Fe₂(SO₄)₃）、聚合氯化铝（PAC）和聚合氯化铝铁（PAFC）4种混凝剂均能有效去除污水中的 TP、PO^3-₄-P、SS和COD。聚合金属盐（PAC和PAFC）混凝处理效果优于金属盐（Al₂(SO₄)₃和Fe₂(SO₄)₃），达到相同的处理效果的投加量明显低于后者。助凝剂采用聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）、聚乙烯醇（PVA）、自制的高分子聚合物（AN）和活化硅酸（AS），在保持较低混凝剂投加量的条件下可明显提高污水处理效果；添加助凝剂对强化PO^3-₄-P的去除作用不明显，PO^3-₄-P的去除仅与混凝剂的投加量相关。混凝剂和助凝剂对污水中NH₃-N的去除作用相对不显著。SS去除率随混凝剂投加量的变化趋势说明混凝的机理较为复杂，可能存在多种混凝机理共同作用。     

水平潜流人工湿地系统处理微污染原水的研究

采用水平潜流人工湿地系统处理微污染原水，同时考察了水力停留时间、温度、水力负荷以及植物的生长状况等对人工湿地系统处理效果的影响。结果表明，水平潜流人工湿地系统对微污染原水有较好的处理效果，COD、TP、TN、NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N和NO^-₂-N的平均去除率分别为51.55%、49.90%、51.74%、 47.36%、52.67%和63.23%。按照国家地表水环境质量标准（GB3838-2002），经过湿地处理后，出水COD平均值达到Ⅰ类；出水TP平均值达到Ⅱ类；出水TN平均值基本接近Ⅳ类；出水NH⁺₄-N平均值达到Ⅱ类。另外，研究表明, 本系统在水力停留时间为3 d时,水力负荷为0.2 m/d处理效果最好，温度的变化与污染物的去除率呈正相关关系，植物生长旺盛程度直接影响着整个系统的处理效果。     

温度对复合厌氧折流板膜生物反应器处理生活污水效能的影响简

将新型CAMBR反应器（厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）与膜生物反应器（MBR）优化组合）用于处理生活污水，研究温度对该反应器处理效能的影响。实验水力停留时间7.5 h，混合液回流比设置为200%，pH值为6.5~8.5，溶解氧3 mg/L左右。控制3个温度梯度：高温（32~37℃），中温（20~25℃），低温（5~10℃），每个温度运行35 d。结果表明，在高温条件下，系统出水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN和TP平均浓度分别为25、0.5、12.5和0.7 mg/L。在中温条件下，系统出水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN和TP浓度分别30、1.2、12.5和0.4 mg/L。在低温条件下，COD和TP分别经过15 d和20 d调整适应，出水可恢复至35 mg/L和1 mg/L。由于低温（10℃以下）对硝化细菌产生强烈抑制，出水NH₄⁺-N去除率最终稳定在35%，TN去除率为40%。低温条件下，该反应器应用于污水处理中需注意适当保温，以保证出水水质。     

焦化废水深度处理试验研究

采用BC法＋复合过滤技术工艺对焦化废水生化出水进行深度处理试验。结果表明，在SE混凝剂投药量为30 mg/L、BC池停留时间为1.5 h、复合过滤器水力负荷为2.4 m³/（m²·h）的条件下，当深度处理进水水质为COD＝196.1 mg/L、色度＝120倍、NH₃-N＝35.1 mg/L时，其去除率分别为74.7%、86.7%和69.7%，出水可达回用水要求。     

高效铁系除臭剂净化制药污泥带滤间恶臭的工程应用研究

在实验室条件下考察了自制高效铁系除臭剂的吸附性能，确定出了最佳工艺条件。将该除臭剂应用于制药厂污水处理污泥带滤间的恶臭气体净化，设计了废气处理量为11 000 m³/h的吸附净化系统。工程实际运行效果良好，H₂S去除率可达97％以上。结果表明：该除臭剂对于处理含硫恶臭气体具有良好的实际应用价值，工业应用前景广阔。     

A/O和A2/O工艺对膜生物反应器处理焦化废水影响的研究

为提高膜生物反应器对焦化废水的处理效果，采用A/O和A²/O两种工艺的膜生物反应器处理焦化废水，通过对比处理效果、分析膜污染情况，寻求膜生物反应处理焦化废水的最优工艺。实验结果表明：A²/O工艺系统对酚、NH₃-N、COD的去除率分别为99%、90%和95%；A/O工艺系统对酚、NH₃-N和COD的去除率分别为97%、75%和93%。A²/O膜生物反应器系统对焦化废水中NH₃-N的去除效果明显优于A/O膜生物反应器系统，其反硝化率为50%～70%。对膜污染分析表明不同工艺对膜污染的影响不显著，A²/O工艺膜通量衰减59%，A/O工艺膜通量衰减56%。研究表明在膜生物反应器中，A²/O工艺对焦化废水的去除效果要优于A/O工艺。     

Cu2+、Zn2+对生物脱氮系统的影响

Cu²⁺和Zn²⁺是污水处理工艺中经常遇到的金属离子。在驯化好的活性污泥系统中，研究了金属离子Cu²⁺和Zn²⁺在0～100 mg/L浓度下对活性污泥生物脱氮系统的影响。试验发现Cu²⁺＞5 mg/L、Zn²⁺＞30 mg/L时，对硝化过程具有明显的抑制作用，在同样浓度的试验条件下Cu²⁺对硝化过程的抑制作用比Zn²⁺大。Cu²⁺≤0.5 mg/L时对反硝化过程具有一定的促进作用，有助于提高TN的去除效果；Cu²⁺＞0.5 mg/L时，对反硝化产生抑制作用，随着浓度的增加，TN去除率逐渐下降。Zn²⁺不影响反硝化过程，仅在大于30 mg/L时，对硝化过程产生抑制作用。重金属Cu²⁺对生物脱氮系统的影响明显强于Zn²⁺。     

运用LCA方法分析污水再生处理的成本效益

运用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,以西安市北石桥污水净化中心的污水处理与再生利用全过程为例进行环境影响评价,通过清单分析、当量计算和权重分析等一系列分析过程,计算出污水处理过程的投入成本及污水再生处理前后对环境的影响,得出污水在经过处理后,能够很大程度上减小其对环境的影响,从而产生环境正效益。该研究明确了污水处理在环境保护中的重要地位,同时对优化污水处理与再生利用工艺过程具有重要的参考价值和指导意义。     

Socioeconomic constraints on the technological choices in rural sewage treatment

Technological innovation is one of the potential engines to mitigate environmental pollution. However, the implementation of new technologies sometimes fails owing to socioeconomic constraints from different stakeholders. Thus, it is essential to analyze constraints of environmental technologies in order to build a pathway for their implementation. In this study, taking three technologies on rural sewage treatment in Hangzhou, China as a case study, i.e., wastewater treatment plant (WTP), constructed wetland (CW), and biogas system, we analyzed how socioeconomic constraints affect the technological choices. Results showed that socioeconomic constraints play a key role through changing the relative opportunity cost of inputs from government as compared to that of residents to deliver the public good—sewage treatment—under different economic levels. Economic level determines the technological choice, and the preferred sewage treatment technologies change from biogas system to CW and further to WTP along with the increase of economic level. Mismatch of technological choice and economic level results in failures of rural sewage treatment, e.g., the CW only work well in moderately developed regions in Hangzhou. This finding expands the environmental Kuznets law by introducing the coproduction theory into analysis (i.e., inputs from both government and residents are essential for the delivery of public goods and services such as good environmental quality). A match between technology and socioeconomic conditions is essential to the environmental governance.

     

基于RS-485总线的污水处理集散控制系统

针对我国污水处理厂分散生产运行管理，污水处理厂自动化、信息化管理水平偏低，有待采用计算机技术、自动控制技术、通信等新技术改进提高，实现污水处理厂远程集中监测、监控问题，提出污水处理厂远程监测、监控系统开发参考模型。阐述了污水处理厂远程监控系统的结构体系、开发思路、污水处理厂现场控制对象及设计、监控中心设计、监控中心和各污水处理厂通信设计、开发工具及监控软件设计等技术及要求。     

Material flow analysis of phosphorus through food consumption in two megacities in northern China

The key stocks and flows of phosphorus (P) through food consumption in Beijing and Tianjin, two megacities in northern China, were explored using a material flow analysis (MFA) approach to construct a static model of P metabolism. A total of 4498 t P has accumulated with 72% of P flow imported through food consumption eventually remaining in Beijing in 2008. Around 64% of the total inflow of P (2670 t) remained in Tianjin in 2008. P in the uncollected sewage from both urban and rural residents and the effluents from sewage treatment plants has significant negative effects on water quality. An average of 55% the P flow remained in the sewage sludge through urban food consumption. The key problems in P metabolism and management in megacities are identified based on the quantitative analysis of P cycling through food consumption. Relevant solutions for improving P recycling efficiency are also discussed. It is important to link P flows with environmental regulations and to establish a strong coordination between urban and rural areas for nutrient recycling to attain sustainable development of megacities.     

上海市截流外排工程污水扩散影响数值研究

城市污水截流外排工程是上海市城市水环境整治的重大战略。文章以CODCr为例,数值模拟研究了上海近岸水域东、南、西三大截流外排干线不同排污方案下污染物的输移扩散规律。结果表明,长江口的水动力条件有利于污水的稀释扩散;在现状排污条件下,无论洪枯季,引起的环境水体污染物CODCr浓度增量均不大,能够满足长江口水环境容量的要求;对于规划排放量的污水,预处理和一级处理条件下引起的环境水体污染物CODCr,浓度增量较为显著,对周围敏感目标的影响也比较大;二级处理条件下所引起的污染浓度增量比较小,对水环境的影响相对较小。因此,在规划城市污水外排工程时,建议必须近期和远期相结合,合理充分利用水体自净能力。     

Evaluation of the STP model: comparison of modelled and experimental results for ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Screening level risk assessment models are used by many countries to assess the treatability of organic chemicals during the sewage treatment process, especially those that are new to commerce. The performance of one such model, the sewage treatment plant model, is evaluated in the current study by comparing model predictions with actual measurement data collected at various stages of a typical full-scale activated sludge type sewage treatment plant. A suite of ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with widely varying physico–chemical properties were monitored for the comparison. Model predicted removal efficiencies were in very good agreement with those measured for all ten PAHs. Observed chemical concentrations and their trends at various stages of the sewage treatment process were also well simulated by the model. Results also suggest that a reasonable first approximation estimate of a range for the biodegradation half-life needed for the model may be obtained by dividing reported aqueous biodegradation half-life by scaling factors of 50 and 150.     

Evaluation of the STP model: Comparison of modelled and experimental results for ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Screening level risk assessment models are used by many countries to assess the treatability of organic chemicals during the sewage treatment process, especially those that are new to commerce. The performance of one such model, the sewage treatment plant model, is evaluated in the current study by comparing model predictions with actual measurement data collected at various stages of a typical full-scale activated sludge type sewage treatment plant. A suite of ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with widely varying physico–chemical properties were monitored for the comparison. Model predicted removal efficiencies were in very good agreement with those measured for all ten PAHs. Observed chemical concentrations and their trends at various stages of the sewage treatment process were also well simulated by the model. Results also suggest that a reasonable first approximation estimate of a range for the biodegradation half-life needed for the model may be obtained by dividing reported aqueous biodegradation half-life by scaling factors of 50 and 150.     

Behavior of sartans (antihypertensive drugs) in wastewater treatment plants,their occurrence and risk for the aquatic environment

Pharmaceuticals and other anthropogenic trace contaminants reach wastewaters and are often not satisfactorily eliminated in sewage treatment plants. These contaminants and/or their degradation products may reach surface waters, thus influencing aquatic life. In this study, the behavior of five different antihypertonic pharmaceuticals from the sartan group (candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, olmesartan and valsartan) is investigated in lab-scale sewage plants. The elimination of the substances with related structures varied broadly from 17 % for olmesartan up to 96 % for valsartan. Monitoring data for these drugs in wastewater effluents of six different sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Bavaria, and at eight rivers, showed median concentrations for, e.g. valsartan of 1.1 and 0.13 μg L^?1, respectively. Predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) were calculated and are mostly consistent with the measured environmental concentrations (MEC). The selected sartans and the mixture of the five sartans showed no ecotoxic effects on aquatic organisms in relevant concentrations. Nevertheless, the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environment should be reduced to minimize the risk of their distribution in surface waters, ground waters and bank filtrates used for drinking water.     

Degradation of polydimethylsiloxane fluids in the environment--a review

Due to their insolubility in water and high adsorption coefficient, liquid polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) discharged as effluent will adsorb to particulate matter and, therefore, will become a component of sewage sludge during waste water treatment. The subsequent environmental fate of PDMS will depend on the fate of the sludge. Due to increasing practices of soil amendment with sewage sludge the principal environmental compartment receiving PDMS fluids is the soil. Degradation of PDMS is a common process taking place in many different types of soils. It occurs through a unique combination of environmental degradation processes. Initial hydrolysis of PDMS is catalysed by clay minerals, the principal component of soil. The primary hydrolysis product, dimethylsilanediol (DMSD), is then either biodegraded, or evaporated into the atmosphere, where it is subsequently oxidised in the presence of sunlight. The end products in both cases are expected to be CO2, SiO2 and H2O.     

Decentralized management of sewage using septic tanks and anaerobic filters and its potential to comply with required standards in a developing country: a case study in Brazil

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - To investigate the feasibility of implementing decentralized sewage treatment systems aiming to meet environmental standards, the performance of three...