SBR-混凝处理渗滤液过程中有机物的变化特征

考察了SBR-混凝组合工艺对垃圾渗滤液中溶解性有机物(DOM)不同分子量区间物质及组分腐殖酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)和亲水性有机物(Hy I)的去除效果,同时利用傅里叶红外光谱及三维荧光光谱对处理过程中DOM各组分变化特性进行了分析。结果表明,组合工艺对表观分子量为2 000~4 000及2 000的DOM去除率分别为89.3%和72.1%;对渗滤液DOM组分HA、FA和Hy I的去除率分别为-52.0%、73.1%和77.1%。红外光谱显示,DOM各组分都含有醇、羧酸、脂等多种有机物,SBR对糖、醇、羧酸等去除效果较好,而混凝对脂肪族及芳香族化合物去除效果较好;三维荧光光谱分析表明,经组合工艺处理,DOM各组分荧光峰强度及复杂化程度明显降低,且SBR工艺对色氨酸等类蛋白物质去除效果较好,混凝工艺对类腐殖酸、类富里酸等大分子物质的去除效果较好。     

生物强化组合工艺处理河水的三维荧光及生物多样性分析

通过对受污染地表水进行生物滤池-臭氧预氧化-生物活性炭滤池工艺处理,考察生物强化条件下该项工艺对河水中主要污染物的净化效果,并采用EEM光谱技术进行了溶解性有机物变化和去除规律分析,利用PCR-DGGE技术进行各单元中微生物多样性对比分析。结果表明,生物强化组合工艺系统出水水质主要指标已达到/接近地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)Ⅳ类限值,生物强化滤池填料中微生物多样性指数和物种数均高于其他工艺单元。受污染河水DOM中主要的荧光物质有类芳香族蛋白质(荧光峰A、B和E)及类腐殖酸(荧光峰C)及类富里酸(荧光峰D),其中,A峰、B峰与E峰的中心位置分别位于225/340 nm、275/336 nm和225/298 nm,各特征荧光峰强度发生明显改变表明,污水中溶解性有机物的含量随系统处理过程而变化。     

污水处理对黑水/灰水中溶解性有机物紫外光谱及荧光光谱特性的影响

为了考察黑水/灰水中溶解性有机物(DOM)光谱特征在污水处理过程中的变化规律以及生物处理前后黑水/灰水中DOM特性上的异同,对污水处理过程中黑水/灰水DOM的紫外光谱及荧光光谱特征进行了测定分析。结果表明,黑水原水中DOM的含量远高于灰水,且含有较多难降解有机物。生物处理可实现对黑水与灰水中易降解DOM的有效去除,MBR系统中的膜分离过程也可以起到截留溶解性有机物的作用。经MBR处理后,同黑水出水相比,灰水出水中的DOM含量更低,且主要为饱和有机物,苯环C骨架的聚合程度较高,THMs生成活性更低。生物处理过程可有效去除黑水/灰水中蛋白质类物质与易降解腐殖质类物质。生物处理后,黑水与灰水的蛋白峰均消失,黑水出水类腐殖酸峰F荧光强度高于灰水出水。与黑水出水相比,灰水出水更适用作再生水加以回收利用。     

改良型AO法组合工艺中有机物的三维荧光分析

采用三维荧光(EEM)光谱技术,对上海竹园第二污水处理厂改良型AO法组合工艺运行过程中的各种溶解性有机物(DOM)进行分析,并对比研究传统好氧活性污泥法曝气池出水和A/O脱氮工艺硝化池出水DOM的EEM光谱的迁移变化特性.结果表明,各种DOM中主要的荧光物质有类蛋白质(荧光峰A和B)及类腐殖质(荧光峰C),经改良型AO法组合工艺处理后,荧光峰的强度降低了14％～60％,同时类蛋白质和腐殖质的结构也发生了变化；腐殖酸溯源表明DOM中的腐殖酸以微生物代谢产生的带有荧光基团的腐殖酸类为主.     

组合工艺处理填埋场渗滤液中溶解性有机污染物的去除特性

以采用"SBR+混凝+Fenton氧化+BAF"组合工艺处理的晚期垃圾渗滤液各级出水为研究对象,考察了HA、FA和HyI等溶解性有机物(DOM s)在各个工艺处理过程中的变化。结果表明,组合工艺COD和NH3-N去除率分别达到98.4%和99.3%;对DOM s的去除率为98.3%,其中胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)和亲水性有机物(HyI)的去除率分别为98.3%、99.5%和95.7%。各处理工艺中SBR和混凝工艺对HA和HyI的去除贡献较大,Fenton氧化工艺对FA去除率较高。Fenton氧化和BAF联用,可以有效去除难降解的溶解性有机污染物,使出水达到《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》(GB16889-2008)排放标准。     

基于三维荧光光谱技术解析不同微生物法净化黑臭水体的效果

应用曝气、菌剂+曝气、生物促生剂+曝气、菌剂+生物促生剂+曝气4种微生物技术净化黑臭水体,分别考察了进水中溶解性有机物(DOM)的特征和来源及出水中DOM的特征和效果,采用三维荧光(EEM)光谱技术与平行因子(PARAFAC)模型相结合的方式对进出水DOM进行了分析。结果表明,不同处理方式下进出水DOM的不同组分荧光峰强度变化存在较明显的差异,经过菌剂和生物促生剂联合处理之后,对类腐殖质等难降解物质削减效果最好。FI、HIX和BIX指数分析表明各处理水样中的DOM整体处于较强的自生源特征。利用主成分分析法(PCA)对影响黑臭水体DOM的主要因素及其贡献量研究发现:第1主成分表现为陆源类腐殖质和生物源类腐殖质共存的现象,对水体中DOM的贡献率为54.98%;第2主成分反映了以微生物代谢过程为代表的内源污染,对水体中DOM的贡献率为26.56%。因此,利用三维荧光分析能够较好的反映水中DOM的去除情况,易于实时在线监测,对黑臭水治理具有重要意义。     

厌氧氨氧化反应过程的三维荧光光谱解析

采用三维荧光光谱表征了厌氧氨氧化UASB反应器启动过程中和有机冲击负荷条件下的出水样品,应用平行因子分析方法解析样品中各主成分的三维荧光光谱图。研究结果表明,反应器启动阶段,出水中含有类蛋白质、类富里酸和类腐殖酸物质,主要源于接种污泥的菌体自溶和残留有机物厌氧发酵。随着反应器的运行,出水中的类蛋白质,类富里酸物质和类腐殖酸荧光物质逐渐减少。在有机冲击负荷条件下,出水中的类蛋白质组分迅速增加并成为反应器出水中的主要荧光物质。该研究为厌氧氨氧化的启动及运行控制的监控表征提供了新的方法。     

不同垃圾渗滤液组合处理工艺中DOM的变化特征

为了快速表征垃圾渗滤液处理过程中有机物的特性变化,分别采用紫外光谱和三维荧光光谱对2种垃圾渗滤液处理工艺不同单元溶解性有机物(DOM)的变化进行了系统分析。结果表明,二级RO和厌氧+好氧+MBR+NF+RO工艺对渗滤液COD和NH3-N的去除率分别为98.7%、99.0%和98.8%、98.6%。随着处理过程的进行,2个处理工艺中DOM的SUVA254、E253/E203分别由0.74、0.33和0.46、0.12下降至0.015、0.014和0.010、0.012,有机物的芳香性和不饱和性下降,脂肪链芳香烃化合物开始增加。不同处理阶段渗透液DOM三维荧光光谱表明,随着处理过程的进行,类富里酸和类蛋白物质的含量逐渐下降,芳构化程度开始降低。其中二级RO系统对渗滤液中类富里酸物质的去除效果较好,而厌氧-好氧-MBR-NF-RO工艺中,类酪氨酸物质主要通过微生物降解去除,NF和RO膜对类富里酸和类腐殖酸物质的截留效果较好。     

沸石生物联合吸附再生工艺中溶解性有机物的特性变化

利用三维荧光技术(EEM)和凝胶过滤色谱法(GFC)研究了沸石生物联合吸附再生(ZCS)工艺中溶解性有机物(DOM)在系统中的变化规律.结果表明,生活污水DOM中主要的荧光物质有类蛋白质(荧光峰A和B)和类腐殖质(荧光峰C),经ZCS工艺处理后,荧光峰B较峰A的强度降低更多,说明类蛋白质的组成结构发生了变化;荧光峰C削...     

回灌型准好氧填埋场脱氮特性及加速稳定化研究

采用2个模拟填埋生物反应器,1号柱渗滤液简单回灌,2号柱为渗滤液回灌准好氧联合运行方式,研究了渗滤液回灌准好氧生物反应器填埋场的脱氮特性及加速垃圾稳定化特性.研究结果表明:渗滤液回灌准好氧填埋场具有很强的脱氮能力,2号柱由厌氧运行方式改为准好氧条件下,渗滤液中的氨氮和凯式氮浓度分别由最大值的3 198 mg/L和3 345 mg/L降低到第160 d的73 mg/L和81 mg/L,去除率分别为97.7%和97.6%,pH快速升高到8.0左右,COD浓度快速降低.渗滤液中溶解性有机物(DOM)分级结果表明,2号柱HA和FA含量的增加明显快于1号柱.2号柱DOM的三维荧光光谱特性发生了较大变化,荧光基团从60 d结构简单的类蛋白物质转变为95 d结构复杂的类胡敏酸和富里酸物质,而l号柱渗滤液DOM荧光基团一直是结构简单的类蛋白物质.结果表明回灌准好氧生物反应器填埋场的稳定化速度远快于简单回灌的生物反应器填埋场.     

Photosensitized degradation of caffeine: role of fulvic acids and nitrate

The photolysis of caffeine was studied in solutions of fulvic acid isolated from Suwannee River, GA (SRFA) and Old Woman Creek Natural Estuarine Research Reserve, OH (OWCFA) with different chemical amendments (nitrate and iron). Caffeine degrades slowly by direct photolysis (>170 h in artificial sunlight), but we observed enhanced photodegradation in waters containing the fulvic acids. At higher initial concentrations (10 μM) the indirect photolysis of caffeine occurs predominantly through reaction with the hydroxyl radical (OH) generated by irradiated fulvic acids. Both rate constant estimates based upon measured OH steady-state concentrations and quenching studies using isopropanol corroborate the importance of this pathway. Further, OH generated by irradiated nitrate at concentrations present in wastewater effluent plays an important role as a photosensitizer even in the presence of fulvic acids, while the photo-Fenton pathway does not at neutral or higher pH. At lower initial concentrations (0.1 μM) caffeine photolysis reactions proceed even more quickly in fulvic acid solutions and are influenced by both short- and long-lived reactive species. Studies conducted under suboxic conditions suggest that an oxygen dependent long-lived radical e.g., peroxyl radicals plays an important role in the degradation of caffeine at lower initial concentration.     

Influences of redox transformation, metal complexation and aggregation of fulvic acid and humic acid on Cr(VI) and As(V) removal by zero-valent iron

This study investigated the removal kinetics and mechanisms of Cr(VI) and As(V) by Fe(0) in the presence of fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) by means of batch experiments. The focus was on the involvements of FA and HA in redox reactions, metal complexation, and iron corrosion product aggregation in the removal of Cr(VI) and As(V) removal by Fe(0). Synthetic groundwater was used as the background electrolyte to simulate typical groundwater. The results showed faster Cr(VI) removal in the presence of HA compared to FA. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that no redox reaction occurred in the FA and HA. The results of the speciation modeling indicate that the free Fe(II) concentration was higher in the presence of HA, resulting in a higher removal rate of Cr(VI). However, the removal of As(V) was inhibited in the HA solution. Speciation modeling showed that the concentration of dissolved metal-natural organic matter (metal-NOM) complexes significantly affected the aggregation of the iron corrosion products which in turn affected the removal of As(V). The aggregation was found to be induced by gel-bridging of metal-NOM with the iron corrosion products. The effects of metal-NOM on the aggregation of the iron corrosion products were further confirmed by TEM studies. Larger sizes of iron corrosion products were formed in the FA solution compared to HA solution. This study can shed light on understanding the relationships between the properties of NOM (especially the content of metal-binding sites) and the removal of Cr(VI) and As(V) by Fe(0).     

Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液MBR-NF浓缩液

采用Fenton法处理MBR-NF浓缩液,考察了FeSO4·7H2O投加量、n(H2O2)/n(Fe2+)投加比、初始pH对渗滤液MBR-NF浓缩液处理效果的影响,并在最佳实验条件下,探讨浓缩液富里酸(FA)、亲水性有机物(HyI)组分在Fenton氧化前后组成的变化。研究结果表明,在FeSO4·7H2O投加量为0.055 mol/L、n(H2O2)/n(Fe2+)投加比为4、初始pH为7.58时,对COD、腐植酸(UV254)、色度(CN)的去除率分别为79.6%、93.7%和97.8%。Fenton氧化后,浓缩液中有机物组分含量发生了较大变化,腐植酸含量下降,HyI成为渗滤液溶解性有机物主要成分。紫外-可见光谱表明,Fenton法对FA去除效果较好,而对HyI氧化效果较差;傅立叶红外光谱显示,经Fenton氧化后,FA的结构发生了明显变化,而HyI则变化不明显。     

Effects of the organic matter from swine wastewater on the adsorption and desorption of alachlor in soil

The application of swine wastewater to the soil for agricultural purposes results in the addition of total and dissolved organic matter to the soil, which may interfere with the dynamics of pesticides in the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of total and dissolved organic matter from a biodigester and a treatment lagoon of swine wastewater in the adsorption and desorption of alachlor [2-chloro-2,6-diethyl-N(methoxymethyl acetamide)]. The assay was performed by the batch equilibrium method, and the results were fitted to the Freundlich model. The curve comparison test revealed a greater adsorption of alachlor in the soil treated with swine wastewater from the biodigester. The adsorption and desorption of alachlor increased in the soils where swine wastewater was added, and hysteresis was observed in all of the treatments.     

ATR-FTIR investigation of the role of phenolic groups in the interaction of some NOM model compounds with aluminum hydroxide

The role of phenolic groups in the interaction of natural organic matter (NOM) with metal hydroxides was investigated with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and adsorption tests by employing a series of dihydroxybenzoic acids (DHBAs) as the NOM surrogates and aluminum hydroxide as the adsorbent. All DHBAs examined in this study were found to be adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide by forming inner-sphere complexes. Carboxylic groups governed the complexation of DHBAs with aluminum hydroxide at low pH or in cases when the two hydroxyl groups were not adjacent to each other and neither of them was ortho to the carboxylic group. The involvement of the phenolic groups, ortho to another phenolic group or ortho to the carboxylic groups, in the complexation increased with increasing pH as the deprotonation of phenolic groups was easier at higher pH. The presence of phenolic groups increased the electron density of the carboxylic groups and facilitated the inner-sphere complexation of the carboxylic groups with metal hydroxide. The correlation between the pK_a values and the amount of organic acid adsorbed on the aluminum hydroxide revealed that the adsorption of DHBAs at acidic pH was largely dependent on the surface chelate formation rather than on the electronic effect.     

Magnetic ion exchange treatment of stabilized landfill leachate

Stabilized landfill leachate is characterized by a high concentration of non-biodegradable organic matter, which is similar in chemistry to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the natural aquatic environment. Magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) resin treatment is well-studied in drinking water for removal of DOM from natural waters. There are fewer studies evaluating MIEX treatment of waste waters, and there is no previous work evaluating MIEX treatment of landfill leachate. This work systematically evaluated MIEX treatment of stabilized landfill leachate and evaluated the results in the context of previous studies of MIEX treatment of natural and waste waters. Five leachates from four landfills were evaluated as a function of MIEX resin dose, mixing time, and regeneration efficiency. MIEX resin removed DOM from landfill leachate, even in the presence of a reported high background concentration of inorganic ions. MIEX resin that was exhausted with leachate DOM was effectively regenerated with a concentrated NaCl solution, and regenerated MIEX resin performed similarly to virgin resin. For a majority of the leachates, the removal trend for MIEX resin was color > UV-absorbing substances > dissolved organic carbon ≈ COD > total nitrogen. Finally, MIEX resin removed a wider range of DOM from leachate than coagulation. The most important contribution of this work is that MIEX treatment of leachate followed very similar trends as MIEX treatment of natural waters, which will allow previous MIEX data to be used to estimate the treatment efficiency of other waste waters.     

酸碱联合调节剩余污泥对有机质的释放和脱水性能的影响

为了研究酸碱联合调节剩余污泥水解酸化过程中溶解性蛋白质(SPN)和溶解性碳水化合物(SPS)的释放规律以及对脱水性能的影响,采用3个反应器,其中,1#为先酸(pH 3.0)后碱(pH 10.0)、3#为先碱(pH 10.0)后酸(pH 3.0)的两段控制方式(每段8 d),同时以2#pH不调作为对比实验。结果表明,3个反应器中SPN和SPS的释放情况是调节为碱性>酸性>空白,在相同的控制阶段,SPN的释放量明显高于SPS的释放量;SPN和SPS的最大释放量出现在1#的碱性阶段(后8 d),SPN在碱性阶段的第2天达到最大释放量(883.618 mg/L),SPS在碱性阶段的第8天达到最大释放量(165.922 mg/L)。1#在实验的整个过程中比阻值较低,说明先酸后碱调节方式更利于污泥脱水;在调节为碱性第4天时污泥比阻(SRF)达到最小值(0.342×1013m/kg),处于中难度脱水范围内。与2#相比,3#中的SRF虽稍有改善,但始终处于难脱水范围内。     

白糖为共基质处理有机磷农药废水的试验研究

有机磷农药废水是一种极难处理的高浓度有机废水,因为该废水含有大量的难降解有机物,其中的有机磷对微生物代谢具有很强的抑制作用。采用高效好氧生物反应器(HCR)对有机磷农药废水进行处理试验,对比研究了以白糖为共基质和有机磷农药废水为单基质的两种不同条件下,系统中活性污泥的特性及系统对有机磷农药废水COD去除效果的变化规律。结果表明,白糖为共基质可大大提高HCR系统中活性污泥的活性和系统对有机磷农药废水COD的去除效果。     

Fate of pharmaceuticals--photodegradation by simulated solar UV-light

The fate of pharmaceuticals in surface waters under solar irradiation was investigated. Photodegradation of pharmaceuticals caused by sun irradiation may be of major significance in the natural elimination process. Based on a data compilation from the literature, the lipid lowering agent metabolite clofibric acid, the iodinated X-ray contrast media iomeprol, which contribute to the adsorbable organic halogen compounds, and the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine were selected. The irradiation experiments were carried out in batch experiments with simulated UV–sunlight. The photodegradation of the pharmaceuticals showed a pseudo-first-order kinetics. The objective of this investigation was to demonstrate that the extent of photoinduced degradation of pharmaceuticals can vary significantly for the different pharmaceuticals and it strongly depends on the water constituents present in solution. The influences of different initial pharmaceutical concentrations, the presence of other pharmaceuticals like carbamazepine or clofibric acid and the presence of natural organic matter on the photochemical degradation rate of pharmaceuticals in aqueous solutions were investigated. Analyses of the pharmaceuticals and their photodegradation products were carried out by high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array and fluorescence detection.     

Impact of long-term wastewater irrigation on sorption and transport of atrazine in Mexican agricultural soils

In the Mezquital Valley, Mexico, crops have been irrigated with untreated municipal wastewater for more than a century. Atrazine has been applied to maize and alfalfa grown in the area for weed control for 15 years. Our objectives were to analyse (i) how wastewater irrigation affects the filtering of atrazine, and (ii) if the length of irrigation has a significant impact. We compared atrazine sorption to Phaeozems that have been irrigated with raw wastewater for 35 (P35) and 85 (P85) years with sorption to a non-irrigated (P0) Phaeozem soil under rainfed agriculture. The use of bromide as an inert water tracer in column experiments and the subsequent analysis of the tracers’ breakthrough curves allowed the calibration of the hydrodynamic parameters of a two-site non equilibrium convection-dispersion model. The quality of the irrigation water significantly altered the soils’ hydrodynamic properties (hydraulic conductivity, dispersivity and the size of pores that are hydraulically active). The impacts on soil chemical properties (total organic carbon content and pH) were not significant, while the sodium adsorption ratio was significantly increased. Sorption and desorption isotherms, determined in batch and column experiments, showed enhanced atrazine sorption and reduced and slower desorption in wastewater-irrigated soils. These effects increased with the length of irrigation. The intensified sorption-desorption hysteresis in wastewater-irrigated soils indicated that the soil organic matter developed in these soils had fewer high-energy, easily accessible sorption sites available, leading to lower and slower atrazine desorption rates. This study leads to the conclusion that wastewater irrigation decreases atrazine mobility in the Mezquital valley Phaeozems by decreasing the hydraulic conductivity and increasing the soil's sorption capacity.