基于生命周期能值分析的秸秆能源化利用方式的对比评价

在生命周期的理论框架下,采用能值分析方法对2种秸秆能源化利用方式(秸秆直燃发电与秸秆燃料乙醇)的能值消耗、环境影响和经济效益进行了对比评价。结果表明:在秸秆直燃发电系统中,种植阶段能值投入占总能值投入的61.92%,远大于收储运输阶段和生产阶段;在秸秆燃料乙醇系统中,种植阶段和生产阶段所占比例较大,分别为45.26%和45.78%;秸秆直燃发电系统的CO2排放指标略小于秸秆燃料乙醇系统,远小于燃煤发电系统,因此,发展秸秆直燃发电和秸秆燃料乙醇对减少温室气体排放具有积极的意义;与秸秆燃料乙醇系统相比,秸秆直燃发电系统具有较高的能值产出率、可再生性和环境可持续性,较低的能值转换率和环境负载率,说明秸秆直燃发电系统综合效益优于秸秆燃料乙醇;秸秆直燃发电系统与秸秆燃料乙醇系统的可持续性指标均小于1,都不具有长期的可持续性。     

不同镉污染农田土壤上秸秆和炭化秸秆分解动态及其对土壤镉的吸附特征

通过温室土壤培养实验，研究不同镉污染农田土壤上不同的作物秸秆和炭化作物秸秆还田后的分解动态和还田秸秆材料对污染土壤中镉的吸附特征，探讨秸秆和炭化秸秆还田做为重金属镉污染农田土壤修复剂的可行性。实验结果表明，还田的油菜秸秆和玉米秸秆在2种镉污染水稻土壤上6个月分解了43％-65％，秸秆炭化后还田则很稳定，2种镉污染土壤上还田6个月时累计分解量小于5％。2种镉污染土壤上还田的秸秆和炭化秸秆随还田时间延长镉含量逐渐增加。模拟镉污染土壤上，相同时期油菜秸秆中镉含量显著高于玉米秸秆，油菜秸秆炭中镉含量显著高于玉米秸秆炭。在镉污染土壤上，还田的玉米秸秆、油菜秸秆、玉米秸秆炭和油菜秸秆炭对土壤镉的净吸附量相近，均小于1．1μg／g。在模拟镉污染土壤上还田的油菜秸秆和油莱秸秆炭对土壤镉净吸附量最高分别达到2．74μg／g和7．03μg／g，分别是玉米秸秆和玉米秸秆炭的2倍，且显著高于其在镉污染土壤上的净吸附量，具有高的吸附能力。     

小麦秸秆对硝基苯的吸附能力研究

采用小麦秸秆处理硝基苯污水，通过吸附试验，利用紫外分光光度计，研究了小麦秸秆在不同条件下对吸附硝基苯性能的影响。结果表明，小麦秸秆对硝基苯的吸附，在82h后能达到90％的去除率；溶液的pH值在6～7之间有利于吸附。这为小麦秸秆的综合利用，提高农副产品的价值及解决环境污染提供了一条途径。     

作物秸秆对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用

通过室内模拟实验研究了大麦、水稻和小麦3种作物秸秆对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的抑制作用，并计算了不同秸秆的抑制率和抑制中浓度（EC₅₀）。研究结果表明，大麦秸秆、水稻秸秆和小麦秸秆对铜绿微囊藻的生长有显著的抑制作用，而且随着培养时间和秸秆投加量的增加，抑制作用提高。处理96 h后大麦和水稻秸秆处理下的铜绿微囊藻几乎全部死亡，表明本研究所用不同作物秸秆对铜绿微囊藻的生长有显著的抑制效果。研究结果还表明，大麦、水稻和小麦秸秆对铜绿微囊藻的72 h-EC₅₀由大到小依次是大麦>水稻>小麦，分别为248、334和1 943 mg/L，表明不同植物的秸秆对藻类的影响作用不同。分析3种秸秆抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的原因可能是3种植物秸秆在好氧的条件下可以分解产生多种具有抑藻作用化学物质，如有机酸、含甲基的酚类物质、醇类和酮类物质等，这些物质通过化感作用抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长，尤以大麦秸秆作用最为明显。     

汽爆秸秆高温固态发酵沼气的研究

沼气液态深层发酵及秸秆的物理、化学和生物预处理方式存在效率低、污染重等问题。为了解决这些问题，对蒸汽爆破预处理方式以及固态发酵在玉米秸秆沼气化中的应用进行了研究。秸秆经过蒸汽爆破预处理后，在50℃的高温条件下进行固态发酵沼气，甲烷产量达到138.2 mL/g TS。通过单因素实验优化，确定最佳发酵条件为：固液比1∶7，初始pH值7.5，接种量35%，NH₄HCO₃添加量0.04 g/g干汽爆秸秆，纤维素酶用量30 IU/g干汽爆秸秆，发酵温度50℃。在上述实验条件下，汽爆秸秆的甲烷产量提高至153.0 mL/g TS，是未汽爆秸秆的2.9倍。发酵后秸秆纤维素和半纤维素的降解率分别为59.86%和67.22%。因此，蒸汽爆破预处理有助于提高秸秆的产气量和降解率。高温固态发酵不仅可以缩短发酵延迟期，提高产气效率，而且发酵结束后不会产生大量废液，对环境友好。     

农村秸秆综合利用对策

阐述了秸秆综合利用途径，对秸秆焚烧原因进行了分析，提出了解决的对策和措施。     

生物秸秆分解技术获突破

内蒙古自治区兴安盟农牧业高新技术研究所所长、国家科技进步特等奖获得者王善堂，依据作物秸秆形成生化反应的逆反应原理，用生物复合酶和载体协同作用，将秸秆大分子分解为小分子，直至降解为氨基酸和葡萄糖，从而被动物直接吸收。在该过程中，不仅纤维素、细胞壁、细胞间质分解为营养物，同时，细胞壁被破坏，细胞内营养释放，从而使秸秆饲料转化率大大提高。经分解后的秸秆饲料，不仅为牛羊等食草动物充分吸收，而且，为猪、鸡等食粮动物充分消化。这种只需加入酶催化活化分解剂，秸秆在常温下，经2h生化反应就能制成高营养的秸秆饲料，被专家高度评价，认为该技术具有突破性，     

小型秸秆气化炉的改造与应用

介绍了上吸式秸秆气化炉的原理、存在问题，及改造后的下吸式秸秆气化炉的原理、特点，并与液化气、煤等进行了效益分析比较，指出下吸式秸秆气化炉是当前农村的一种新的清洁能源设备。     

农作物秸秆资源化及开发利用途径

介绍了农作物秸秆的性能及利用途径，并提出了农作物秸秆资源化合理开发的几点建议。     

生态黏结剂甲醛释放量为零

湖北万华生态板业股份有限公司，自主研发了世界首套以农作物秸秆为原料的零污染生态板材生产线，并且实现连续化生产，标志着万华生态板业股份有限公司采用聚氨酯生态黏结剂生产的秸秆人造板，实现了从源头杜绝家居建材的甲醛污染，也为中国每年超过7亿t的农作物秸秆开辟了高值化利用的新途径。     

Chemical Characterization and Source Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aerosols Originating from Different Sources

To put waste-to-energy (WTE) in perspective, it is important to see how it measures up environmentally to other power generation utility sources.

This paper compares actual WTE facility emissions with those from fossil fuel combustion utility sources. This comparison is made on an electricity production basis, such as a pound of pollutant per megawatt-hour of net electricity generated, for each power generation source.     

微波预处理对秸秆厌氧消化影响的研究

以秸秆为研究对象，比较不同的微波强度预处理作用下对秸秆厌氧消化产气特性的影响，研究日产气量、pH值、甲烷气体浓度及生物降解率4个参数的变化趋势，结果表明:微波预处理对秸秆厌氧消化有明显效果，平均日产气量由未被预处理的6.21 mL/g VS上升到 8.16 mL/g VS，上升了31.33%，达到最大日产气量时间由原来的第12 d，提前至第2～第7 d不等，最大日产气量由原来的23.43 mL/g VS上升到43.49 mL/g VS；在360～900 W范围内，微波强度越大，反应的pH值下降越快，秸秆厌氧消化最大日产气量越提前；经过微波预处理的甲烷浓度平均浓度由原来的50%提高至62%左右，其生物能范围也由未处理前的17.58 MJ/m³提高至23.46 MJ/m³，物降解率由未预处理的44.12%，提高至71.55%。     

Emission Impacts of Electric Vehicles

Alternative vehicular fuels are proposed as a strategy to reduce urban air pollution. In this paper, we analyze the emission Impacts of electric vehicles In California for two target years, 1995 and 2010. We consider a range of assumptions regarding electricity consumption of electric vehicles, emission control technologies for power plants, and the mix of primary energy sources for electricity generation. We find that, relative to continued use of gasoline-powered vehicles, the use of electric vehicles would dramatically and unequivocally reduce carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. Under most conditions, nitrogen oxide emissions would decrease moderately. Sulfur oxide and particulate emissions would Increase or slightly decrease. Because other areas of the United States tend to use more coal in electricity generation and have less stringent emission controls on power plants, electric vehicles may have less emission reduction benefits outside California.     

Environmental implications of electricity purchase from independent power producers: a case study from Thailand

This paper analyses the effect on the environment of electricity purchase from independent power producers (IPPs) in the case of Thailand. The environmental implication is evaluated in terms of the net change in emission of air pollutants with electricity purchase from IPPs by a utility. The main finding of the study is that electricity purchase from a non-dispatchable IPP plant based on coal-fired generation would increase the net emissions compared with that without the purchase from IPPs. The study also shows that the lower plant factor of the IPP plant would also increase the emission of air pollutants. Furthermore, with non-dispatchable IPP plants, the total emission of air pollutants would increase, whereas with dispatchable IPP plants the total emission would decrease with the level of electricity purchases.     

Composting of wastewater treatment sludge with different bulking agents

The main objectives of this study were to investigate the compostability of wastewater treatment sludge (WTS) containing different bulking agents (BAs) and to determine the most efficient BA. Four different compost trials consisting of mixtures of wheat straw (WS), plane leaf (PL), corncob (CC) and sunflower stalk (SS) with WTS were performed in laboratory reactors. In all experiments, a mixture of 60% WTS and 40% BA (wet basis) was used. The temperature, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and C/N ratio were monitored during the composting process. Evaluation of the operational parameters showed that the highest organic matter degradation (i.e. 37.6%), loss of dry matter (i.e. 29.6%) and temperature (i.e. 64 °C) were achieved for the WTS-CC mixtures. Results also showed that the WTS-SS mixture was also successful in terms of these operational parameters. Use of bulking agents for the treatment of wastewater treatment sludge in composting process is an important issue with regards to process efficiency, economy and disposal of agricultural waste. Corncob and sunflower stalk that were previously not used for the composting of WTS from food industry were shown to be highly successful BA materials in this study.

Implications: The compostability of wastewater treatment sludge from the food industry with different bulking agents was studied. Wheat straw, plane leaf, corncob, and sunflower stalk were used as bulking agents. The required microbial stabilization and degree of mineralization were achieved with corncobs and sunflower stalks.     

脱氮副球菌YF1微生物燃料电池生物阴极脱氮和产电

以脱氮副球菌YF1构建纯种生物阴极微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)进行脱氮和产电机理的研究。研究结果发现,阴极碳氮比、pH值对产电和脱氮效率有明显影响。当MFC的阴极运行条件pH值为8.0,碳氮比为20时,运行时间15 h时,脱氮率高达100%,输出电压为150 mV。上述结果表明,微生物燃料电池运行过程中,细菌降解硝酸根的机理为将硝酸根还原为N2或者直接将其作为自身的营养物质而利用。循环伏安(CV)与扫描电镜(SEM)的结果表明,在微生物燃料电池运行中,副球菌YF1通过接触导电作为产电的电子供体。     

Nuclear power in the 21st century: Challenges and possibilities

The current situation and possible future developments for nuclear power—including fission and fusion processes—is presented. The fission nuclear power continues to be an essential part of the low-carbon electricity generation in the world for decades to come. There are breakthrough possibilities in the development of new generation nuclear reactors where the life-time of the nuclear waste can be reduced to some hundreds of years instead of the present time-scales of hundred thousand of years. Research on the fourth generation reactors is needed for the realisation of this development. For the fast nuclear reactors, a substantial research and development effort is required in many fields—from material sciences to safety demonstration—to attain the envisaged goals. Fusion provides a long-term vision for an efficient energy production. The fusion option for a nuclear reactor for efficient production of electricity has been set out in a focussed European programme including the international project of ITER after which a fusion electricity DEMO reactor is envisaged.     

Future Impacts of Distributed Power Generation on Ambient Ozone and Particulate Matter Concentrations in the San Joaquin Valley of California

ABSTRACT

Distributed power generation—electricity generation that is produced by many small stationary power generators distributed throughout an urban air basin—has the potential to supply a significant portion of electricity in future years. As a result, distributed generation may lead to increased pollutant emissions within an urban air basin, which could adversely affect air quality. However, the use of combined heating and power with distributed generation may reduce the energy consumption for space heating and air conditioning, resulting in a net decrease of pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. This work used a systematic approach based on land-use geographical information system data to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of distributed generation emissions in the San Joaquin Valley Air Basin of California and simulated the potential air quality impacts using state-of-the-art three-dimensional computer models. The evaluation of the potential market penetration of distributed generation focuses on the year 2023. In general, the air quality impacts of distributed generation were found to be small due to the restrictive 2007 California Air Resources Board air emission standards applied to all distributed generation units and due to the use of combined heating and power. Results suggest that if distributed generation units were allowed to emit at the current Best Available Control Technology standards (which are less restrictive than the 2007 California Air Resources Board standards), air quality impacts of distributed generation could compromise compliance with the federal 8-hr average ozone standard in the region.

IMPLICATIONS The San Joaquin Valley is a fast growing region that demands increasing power generation to sustain the economic development, and at the same time it is one of the worst polluted areas in the United States. Hence, the region demands alternatives that minimize the air quality impacts of power generation. This paper addresses the air quality impacts of distributed generation of power, an alternative to central power generation that can potentially reduce greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions throughout the United States.     

Evaluation of wind power generation projects to reduce air pollution using multi-criteria decision-making methods in Saudi Arabia

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Currently, Saudi Arabia has very limited renewable energy generation capacity, as most of the country’s electricity sector is dependent on cheap...     

Carbon emission intensity of electricity generation in Belt and Road Initiative countries: a benchmarking analysis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The scope of this study is to analyze the carbon emissions intensity of electricity generation in “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI)...