改性矿化垃圾对渗滤液生化出水中COD和氨氮的吸附

用矿化垃圾作为吸附剂吸附处理生化后的垃圾渗滤液,利用单因素变量法研究了改性温度、p H、吸附剂投加量和反应时间对吸附效果的影响,并采用红外光谱和电镜扫描对矿化垃圾进行表征。结果表明:矿化垃圾改性温度为700℃,水样p H值为9,吸附剂用量为60 g/L,反应时间为10 h时,COD和氨氮去除率分别达到58.38%和79.77%,平衡吸附量分别为11.68 mg/g和1.58 mg/g;动力学数据拟合COD和氨氮吸附过程均符合拟二级动力学方程即吸附速率被化学吸附所控制;等温方程拟合表明,矿化垃圾对COD和氨氮的吸附分别属于多层吸附和单层吸附;红外光谱分析结果显示,吸附过程中OH、C=O和C—O 3种基团起主要作用;电镜扫描结果显示,矿化垃圾改性前、后和吸附前、后内部结构均发生变化。     

MFPAC混凝沉淀-矿化垃圾吸附预处理垃圾渗滤液

采用化学还原法制备纳米四氧化三铁,与聚合氯化铝(PAC)制备MFPAC磁性混凝剂,利用混凝沉淀-矿化垃圾吸附预处理垃圾渗滤液,用单因素变量法确定实验的最佳运行参数。结果表明:MFPAC磁性混凝剂对COD和色度的去除效果优于单独投加混凝剂PAC,在纳米四氧化三铁与PAC的质量比为1∶3、MFPAC的投加量为1.5 g·L~(-1)、搅拌条件为转速为300 r·min-1下搅拌60 s、溶液pH值为7.5(垃圾渗滤液原水的pH值)、絮凝时间为30 min的最佳运行条件下,COD由5 810 mg·L~(-1)降低到2 173 mg·L~(-1),色度由1 658倍降低到556倍,其COD去除率为62.6%,色度去除率为66.5%;利用矿化垃圾作为吸附剂处理MFPAC混凝处理后的出水,在矿化垃圾粒径小于2 mm、焙烧温度为700℃、吸附剂投加量为40 mg·L~(-1)、pH值为9的最佳条件下,经过12 h的处理,COD和氨氮的去除率分别为56.7%和68.4%,最终出水的COD和氨氮的浓度分别为941 mg·L~(-1)和343 mg·L~(-1);最终,MFPAC混凝沉淀-矿化垃圾吸附工艺对垃圾渗滤液COD、色度和氨氮的去除率分别为83.8%、78.5%和74.3%。     

矿化垃圾反应床/聚硅铁镁混凝/硫酸根自由基氧化处理垃圾渗滤液

采用矿化垃圾反应床(ARB)/聚硅铁镁混凝/硫酸根自由基氧化组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液。结果表明:ARB对COD、氨氮、TP的平均去除率分别达到75%、85%、90%,然而对色度的去除率仅为35%;自制混凝剂聚硅铁镁对ARB出水进行混凝,COD、色度、TP、氨氮的进一步去除率分别为55%、80%、75%、10%;硫酸根自由基氧化可继续消减混凝出水中的污染物,对COD、色度和氨氮的去除率分别为62%、100%、69%。经组合工艺处理后,最终出水色度和TP满足《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB16889—2008)的排放标准,辅以1.5g/L的活性炭吸附,COD和氨氮亦可实现达标排放。ARB/聚硅铁镁混凝/硫酸根自由基氧化是处理垃圾渗滤液技术和经济可行的有效组合工艺。     

超声波-TiO_2光催化联合处理垃圾渗滤液

采用超声波强化TiO2光催化技术处理垃圾渗滤液。研究了TiO2催化剂用量、光照作用、超声波作用、pH值、曝气作用等因素对垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率的影响。结果表明,在TiO2粉末的投加量为2 g/L、pH值为11时,先采用功率为292.5 W的超声波辐射3 min,再以高压汞灯(250 W)照射3 min,垃圾渗滤液中的COD和NH3-N去除率分别达到50.1%和75%。若在同一条件下进行饱和曝气可以使NH3-N去除率进一步达到85.3%,但会降低COD的去除率。     

混凝沉淀-Fenton-NaClO氧化深度处理垃圾渗滤液

用混凝沉淀-Fenton-NaClO氧化联合深度处理垃圾渗滤液,利用单因素变量法得出:混凝实验在PFS投加量为1.2g/L、pH=6、搅拌时间为30min的条件下进行,COD、氨氮和色度的去除率分别达到56.60%、15.62%和56.52%;混凝出水在初始pH为4、H2O2投加量为80mmol/L、n(H2O2)∶n(F2+)比为1∶1、反应时间为60min的条件下进行Fenton氧化,COD、氨氮和色度的去除率分别达到71.38%、21.43%和95.24%;Fenton氧化出水在pH为6、NaClO投加量为60mmol/L、反应时间为60min的条件下进行NaClO氧化,COD和氨氮去除率分别为83.42%和99.57%;联合工艺COD、氨氮和色度去除率分别为96.68%、99.69%和98.04%,出水浓度分别为63mg/L、0.47mg/L和18倍,均可满足《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准(GB16889-2008)》中规定的排放标准。     

Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液的参数优化及反应动力学模型

采用Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液,研究反应时间、初始浓度、pH、Fenton试剂用量对垃圾渗滤液TOC去除率的影响。研究结果表明,最优反应条件是反应时间30 min,初始pH为3.0,初始[H2O2]0=7 310 mg/L,最佳[H2O2]/[Fe2+]摩尔比为5,反应温度为室温,此时渗滤液的TOC去除率达到70.3%。渗滤液矿化过程符合一级反应动力学,并建立了符合该渗滤液的反应动力学模型。     

矿化污泥生物反应器处理生活垃圾填埋场老龄渗滤液

经长时间稳定化形成的矿化污泥中,含有种类丰富和数量繁多的降解性微生物,具有处理渗滤液的潜力。建立3个矿化污泥生物反应器,即C1(粉煤灰0%),C2(粉煤灰9.1%),C3(粉煤灰16.7%),以处理垃圾填埋场老龄渗滤液。在单级矿化污泥反应器中,当进水COD和NH3-N分别约为1350和900 mg/L时,水力负荷为17.7～70.8 L/(m3.d),COD去除率可超过65%,氨氮的去除率可超过94%。粉煤灰的加入一定程度上降低了COD去除率,但有助于氨氮的去除。在二级矿化污泥生物反应器中(即C3～C1串联),水力负荷为35.4 L/(m3.d)的工况下,当COD、TOC、IC和NH3-N分别为1 500～2 500,500～900,1 200～1 600和1 200～1 450 mg/L时,出水可达到COD<300 mg/L,TOC<180 mg/L,IC<100 mg/L,NH3-N<5 mg/L。但是,矿化污泥生物反应器对渗滤液总氮的去除率较低,仅为20%左右。     

改性膨润土对垃圾填埋场渗滤液吸附效果

通过制备不同组分改性膨润土,研究其对苯酚的吸附效果,结果表明,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵+十二烷基磺酸钠+硫酸铝-改性膨润土>十六烷基三甲基溴化铵+十二烷基磺酸钠-改性膨润土>十六烷基三甲基溴化铵-改性膨润土。通过改性膨润土对实际复杂组分渗滤液的吸附研究,结果表明,使用活性炭改性的膨润土吸附COD和NH4+-N最为理想,单位质量COD吸附量最高为26.8 mg/g,NH4+-N最高为3.92 mg/g,其中,COD最高去除率为77.3%,氨氮为28.9%;十六烷基三甲基溴化铵+十二烷基磺酸钠+硫酸铝-改性膨润土对COD和NH4+-N均有去除效果,两者对于渗滤液实际处理工程具有应用价值。     

微波诱导AC/Cu、AC/Fe催化非均相Fenton 反应催化降解垃圾渗滤液

采用活性炭载体负载Cu、Fe为催化剂,在微波诱导作用下,对垃圾渗滤液污染物进行降解。实验结果表明,活性炭负载金属前经适当浓度硝酸浸泡处理后,催化剂对COD去除率提高可超过15%,过高硝酸盐浓度对COD去除有不利影响;催化剂对COD去除率随Cu、Fe金属负载量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,催化剂对Cu、Fe的最佳负载量分别为质量百分比2.11%和1.12%。对于AC-Cu体系,在初始pH=3,H2O2投加量为4.98×103mg/L,催化剂用量为5.0×103mg/L,420 W功率下微波辐射10 min时,垃圾渗滤液COD去除率可达到84.13%;对于AC-Fe体系,当H2O2投加量为0.33×103mg/L,催化剂AC-Fe用量为2.0×104mg/L,420 W功率下微波作用10 min时,垃圾渗滤液COD去除率为60.16%。分析2种催化剂对COD去除差异的原因,可能是催化剂AC-Cu表面单分子分布的阈值比AC-Fe高。降解液的pH值对AC-Cu体系、AC-Fe体系COD去除影响存在拐点,最高COD去除率点对应的降解液pH值为3。微波辐射功率较低时,体系COD去除率随辐射功率增加而增加;辐射功率较高时,高温下垃圾渗滤液中有机硫化物分解成小分子硫化物,对催化剂活性存在一定抑制作用。     

高铁酸钾的超声辅助化学合成及其对餐厨垃圾渗滤液的处理效果

采用超声辅助化学合成法制备K2Fe O4,用X-射线衍射、红外光谱和扫描电镜等对其进行表征。研究了K2Fe O4对餐厨垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮的处理效果。结果表明,本法制备的K2Fe O4具有四方结构,空间群为D2h(Pnma),其产率达到68.2%,纯度高达98.3%。扫描电镜表明,制备的K2Fe O4由规则的条状颗粒组成,颗粒之间存在一定团聚。对餐厨渗滤液处理实验表明,在COD初始浓度为140.6 g/L的餐厨垃圾渗滤液中投加0.12 mol/L K2Fe O4,调节p H为8.7,经处理24 min后COD去除率达到80.4%,氨氮的去除率达到75.9%。     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

A History of Dry Cleaners and Sources of Solvent Releases from Dry Cleaning Equipment

Approximately 25, 000-35, 000 dry cleaning facilities currently operate in the U.S. The release of perchloroethylene and other solvents from these establishments represents a major source of soil and groundwater contamination. The manner in which dry cleaning solvents escape from dry cleaning plants is, for all practical purposes, identical for chlorinated and petroleum hydrocarbon solvents and is related to one of the following events: the catastrophic failure of a component of the dry cleaning system, the improper installation, operation or maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment or a combination of all of these causes. Acceptable customs, codes and regulations can also dictate what is authorized for operation of a dry cleaning facility in a particular community, geographic area during a particular time frame. Environmental litigation dealing with the origin of a solvent release from dry cleaners tends to focus on the design and manufacture of dry cleaning industry machines such as washers, washer extractors, tumblers, solvent filters, water separators, stills and spotting boards. A thorough analysis of the daily operations of dry cleaners often reveals that poor maintenance, failure to follow the manufacturer's instructions and the actions of the operator are the most likely causes of soil and groundwater pollution. In order to forensically evaluate the most probable origins of a solvent release and to examine issues regarding liability, a thorough understanding of the history of dry cleaning and a detailed analysis of the operation and maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment are necessary. The discovery of solvent plumes in the vicinity of dry cleaning plants may suggest that the solvent source is the dry cleaning plant; however, the presence of these plumes does not necessarily indicate that the dry cleaning equipment was defectively designed or manufactured. A thorough review of the type of equipment used over the life of the dry cleaning plant and verifiable solvent mileage records frequently indicates that operators of the plant have disposed of solvent and contaminated solids into the municipal sewer or on ground surfaces.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the intestine of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on intestinal parameters of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable histopathological alterations were observed. The study on intestinal parameters revealed acute pathological conditions in the intestinal wall. The toxic effect became evident as the cytoplasm of the cells disintegrated and the cells became empty and vacuolated. The cell membranes were also ruptured. Degenerative changes of the absorptive surface (villi) of the intestine in the different periods of exposure were pronounced. Severe atrophic nature (necrotic mucosa) of the intestine began from 48 hrs onwards to 96 hrs of exposure.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Nitrogen leaching and acidification during 19 years of NH₄NO₃ additions to a coniferous-forested catchment at Gårdsjön, Sweden (NITREX)

The role of nitrogen (N) in acidification of soil and water has become relatively more important as the deposition of sulphur has decreased. Starting in 1991, we have conducted a whole-catchment experiment with N addition at Gårdsjön, Sweden, to investigate the risk of N saturation. We have added 41 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ as NH₄NO₃ to the ambient 9 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in fortnightly doses by means of sprinkling system. The fraction of input N lost to runoff has increased from 0% to 10%. Increased concentrations of NO₃ in runoff partially offset the decreasing concentrations of SO₄ and slowed ecosystem recovery from acid deposition. From 1990-2002, about 5% of the total N input went to runoff, 44% to biomass, and the remaining 51% to soil. The soil N pool increased by 5%. N deposition enhanced carbon (C) sequestration at a mean C/N ratio of 42-59 g g⁻¹.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.