流化床垃圾焚烧炉产生的有毒二(口恶)英同类物分布研究

测定了流化床垃圾焚烧炉焚烧产生的飞灰、烟尘和烟气中的2,3,7,8位氯取代二(口恶)英同类物的含量及其毒性当量.结果表明,产生的二(口恶)英主要存在于飞灰中,烟气中的含量很少.飞灰中二(口恶)英总浓度和毒性当量分别为8.44ng/g和0.80ng/g,经过布袋除尘器后的烟尘和烟气中二(口恶)英的浓度之和与毒性当量之和分别为0.34 ng/m3和0.02 ng/m3,而布袋除尘器前的烟尘和烟气中二(口恶)英的浓度之和与毒性当量之和分别为40.78 ng/m3和3.01ng/m3.飞灰和烟尘中2,3,7,8位氯取代二(口恶)英同类物的分布相似,但是与烟气中2,3,7,8位氯取代二(口恶)英同类物的分布差别较大.通过了解有毒二(口恶)英同类物的分布,可以进一步优化流化床垃圾焚烧炉的焚烧条件,降低二(口恶)英的排放量,减少垃圾焚烧对环境的污染.     

电子垃圾焚烧排放的二噁英对周围大气环境的影响

为了研究电子垃圾焚烧产生的二噁英对周围环境的影响,同时在E1和E2采样点分别采集9个大气样品.E1周围分布大量的电子垃圾焚烧点,E2则位于E1南9 km处,周围无其他明显的二噁英排放源.所采样品用同位素稀释法进行分析测定,结果表明,E1和E2大气样品中二噁英的平均质量浓度分别为127.37、22.37 pg/m3,平均毒性当量浓度分别为8.777、1.305 pg I-TEQ/m3.八氯代二苯并呋喃(OCDF)、八氯代二苯并二噁英(OCDD)、七氯代二苯并呋喃(1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF)和七氯代二苯并二噁英(1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD)对2,3,7,8位氯代的二噁英的总浓度贡献较大,而五氯代二苯并呋喃(2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF)则对总毒性当量浓度贡献最大,其贡献率超过40%.在E1和E2两个采样点,二噁英在气相中的比例均随着氯原子取代数的增加而降低.两采样点相似的二噁英分布模式和气固分配,说明E2大气中二噁英主要来自于E1电子垃圾焚烧产生的二噁英.     

2,3,7,8-TCDD—方法613

1.范围和应用 1.1 本方法用于测定2,3,7,8-TCDD。 1.2 这个色谱/质谱(GC/MS)方法适合于测定城市污水和工业污水中的2,3,7,8-TCDD。用方法625可以检查样品中的2,3,7,8-TCDD。得到肯定结果后,必须使用方法613对其进行最后的定性确证和定量测定。 1.3 本方法对于2,3,7,8-TCDD的检出限(MDL,其定义在节14.1)列于表1。     

关于自然生态系统中TCDD的存留和运动的长期研究

引言 有毒的2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二(口恶)英(TCDD)的出现一是作为三氯苯酚制品的污染物(Young,1978),二是作为低温焚烧含氯母体废物的副产物(Esposito等,1980).2,3,7,8-TCDD异构体对环境污染的重要性是近年来激烈争论的问题(Young,1980).虽然一些TCDD的来源找到了,但TCDD的环境监测计划在提供污染资料方面一般说     

生物脱硫技术用于清洁燃料生产的初步研究

从高硫油田筛选的红球菌Rhodococcus sp.FS-2可以通过专一性断裂C-S键的"4S"途径将二苯并噻吩(DBT)转化成2-羟基联苯,从而降低油品中的硫含量.利用该菌株对DBT和汽油、柴油的脱硫研究结果表明,FS-2菌株对DBT及柴油中的有机硫有良好的选择性脱除作用,而且脱硫前后的烃类组分基本没有改变.说明该菌的脱硫过程不会破坏燃料油的有效成分,可以用于燃料油的深度脱硫.     

银纳米粒子作为二苯并噻吩固相萃取剂的研究

以银纳米粒子为对象,开展其作为新型固相萃取填料的二苯并噻吩类化合物的固相萃取-气相色谱快速分析方法的初步研究。采用液相化学还原法合成银纳米粒子及扫描电子显微镜表征银纳米粒子,研究了银纳米粒子对二苯并噻吩的吸附动力学和热力学特征;在前面的基础之上,用固相萃取法对样品中的二苯并噻吩进行快速定量。     

痕量六价铬的富集和分离

本人用氯代十六烷基吡啶(即CTC)富集、测定六价铬取得了较好效果。实验证明,CTC完全可以用于痕量六价铬的富集、分离,并以二苯碳酰二肼分光比色测定。现将实验结果介绍如下,并对富集机理进行初步探讨。     

二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸银比色法测定水中微量砷—氢氧化铁、羟基氯化铝共沉淀

天然水或略受污染的天然水中砷的含量往往都很低,一般在零点几ppb至几ppb,直接取50毫升水样,用二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸银比色法测定,灵敏度达不到,需要预富集.预富集最常采用的是共沉淀方法.其原理如下,水样中的砷一般呈三价和五价状态,在碱性条件下,加入三价铁盐后,As(Ⅲ)和As(V)形成铁盐沉淀被氢氧化铁     

2种活性炭协同布袋除尘对垃圾焚烧厂烟气中二恶英的去除

考察了2种活性炭(活性炭A和活性碳B)对垃圾焚烧厂烟气中二恶英去除率的影响。通过采集与分析垃圾焚烧厂"活性炭喷射+布袋除尘"协同处置工艺前口和后口的烟气样品,得到前后口2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs的浓度,并计算去除率。结果表明:2种活性炭对2,3,7,8-PCDFs的去除率相当,均为99%左右;而对2,3,7,8-PCDDs的去除率略低,分布在83.3%~99.9%之间,并且活性炭A的去除率高于活性炭B。通过对2种活性炭性能指标测试结果的比较,具备更丰富的中孔以及更大的微孔、中孔平均孔径可能是活性炭A去除率更高的原因。此外,比较了活性炭在不同投加速率(5、10和15 kg·h~(-1))下对二恶英的去除率,发现低投加速率时二恶英去除率随投加速率的增加而增加,而当投加速率从10 kg·h~(-1)增加到15 kg·h~(-1)时二恶英去除率无明显变化。     

气质联用分析加硫酸化污泥中的有机酸

分别采用两种前处理方法分离富集加硫酸化污泥中的有机酸.方法一,利用阴离子交换树脂分离富集有机酸,在不洗脱的情况下直接和乙醇进行酯化反应,然后进行气质联用分析;方法二,利用活性炭纤维吸附型固相微萃取(ACF-SPME)的方法,顶空萃取分离后进行气质联用分析.两种方法的分析结果都未检测到酸化污泥中存在短链的有机酸,只检测到个别长链的和带苯环结构的有机酸.     

Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, mercury, cadmium, copper, selenium, arsenic, and zinc in the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, in Norwegian waters

Residue levels of the chlorinated hydrocarbons polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), total DDT, alpha-, beta- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and oxychlordane in blubber, and the elements mercury, cadmium, copper, selenium, arsenic, and zinc in liver, of 82 harbour seals, Phoca vitulina, were determined. The seals were found dead or dying in Norwegian waters during the disease outbreak caused by a morbilli virus in 1988. Of the chlorinated hydrocarbons, the highest concentrations were found of PCBs, which were 2-4 times higher than the total DDT concentrations. P,p'-DDE was the main contributor to the total DDT, and constituted about 80%. The PCB and total DDT concentrations ranged from 0.4-38 and 0.1-8.8 mg kg(-1), respectively. The mercury concentrations ranged from 0.1-89 mg kg(-1). Significantly higher mean levels of PCBs (13 mg kg(-1) and mercury (16 mg kg(-1)) were found in blubber and liver, respectively, of seals from the Southern coast of Norway, as compared to the corresponding mean levels in seals from the Oslofjord (8.8 and 4.1 mg kg(-1)), and at the Northwestern coast (5.8 and 7.9 mg kg(-1)), respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the concentrations of selenium and mercury. When the seals were grouped according to sex and age, females of ageclass > 1 and pups of both sexes had significantly lower PCB and total DDT levels than males ageclass > 1. Significantly higher hepatic mercury levels were found in seals ageclass > 1 as compared to pups. Only low levels of the other organochlorines, cadmium and arsenic, were found. Copper and zinc were considered to be present at normal physiological levels. The present organochlorine and heavy metal concentrations gave no support to suggestions that organochlorines and heavy metal pollution may be directly involved in the observed seal deaths.     

Lead,mercury, cadmium,chromium, nickel,copper, zinc,calcium, iron,manganese and chromium (VI) levels in Nigeria and United States of America cement dust

This study was aimed at investigating the relative abundance of heavy metals in cement dust from different cement dust factories in order to predict their possible roles in the severity of cement dust toxicity. The concentrations of total mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), iron (Fe) and chromium (VI) (Cr (VI)) levels in cement dust and clinker samples from Nigeria and cement dust sample from the United States of America (USA) were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAAS), while Zn and Ca were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS), and Cr (VI) by colorimetric method. Total Cu, Ni and Mn were significantly higher in cement dust sample from USA (p < 0.05), also, both total Cr and Cr (VI) were 5.4–26 folds higher in USA cement dust compared with Nigeria cement dust or clinker (p < 0.001). Total Cd was higher in both Nigeria cement dust and clinker (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001), respectively. Mercury was more in both Nigeria cement dust and clinker (p < 0.05), while Pb was only significantly higher in clinker from Nigeria (p < 0.001). These results show that cement dust contain mixture of metals that are known human carcinogens and also have been implicated in other debilitating health conditions. Additionally, it revealed that metal content concentrations are factory dependent. This study appears to indicate the need for additional human studies relating the toxicity of these metals and their health impacts on cement factory workers.     

Emission inventory of eight elements,Fe, Al,K, Mg,Mn, Na,Ca and Ti,in dust source region of East Asia

Based on calculation of the emission rate of the atmospheric mineral dust and the data of elemental contents in surface soils, this paper calculates the emission inventory of eight main elements of the atmospheric dust, Fe, Al, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ca and Ti, in the dust source region of East Asia. As the dust sources in both Northern China and the Southern Mongolia are of three types and, in each of the six source type areas, surface soils are relatively uniform in soil types and soil texture, a simple method to calculate the emission of an element in one source type area is proposed by multiplying the total emission of the dust PM₁₀ and PM₅₀ in the source type area with the mean percentage content of the element in surface soils of the area. Comparison of our calculation of the total Fe emission in the source region of East Asia with the total Fe deposition to the North Pacific Ocean, measured and calculated by previous authors, shows very good agreement. This general method can also be used for the emission calculation of any other element.     

Effects of elevated CO2, nitrogen supply and tropospheric ozone on spring wheat-II. Nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn)

CO(2) enrichment is expected to alter leaf demand for nitrogen and phosphorus in plant species with C(3) carbon dioxide fixation pathway, thus possibly causing nutrient imbalances in the tissues and disturbance of distribution and redistribution patterns within the plants. To test the influence of CO(2) enrichment and elevated tropospheric ozone in combination with different nitrogen supply, spring wheat (Tritium aestivum L. cv. Minaret) was exposed to three levels of CO(2) (361, 523, and 639 microl litre(-1), 24 h mean from sowing to final harvest), two levels of ozone (28.4 and 51.3 nl litre(-1)) and two levels of nitrogen supply (150 and 270 kg ha(-1)) in a full-factorial design in open-top field chambers. Additional fertilization experiments (120, 210, and 330 kg N ha(-1)) were carried out at low and high CO(2) levels. Macronutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg) and three micronutrients (Mn, Fe, Zn) were analysed in samples obtained at three different developmental stages: beginning of shoot elongation, anthesis, and ripening. At each harvest, plant samples were separated into different organs (green and senescent leaves, stem sections, ears, grains). According to analyses of tissue concentrations at the beginning of shoot elongation, the plants were sufficiently equipped with nutrients. Elevated ozone levels neither affected tissue concentrations nor shoot uptake of the nutrients. CO(2) and nitrogen treatments affected nutrient uptake, distribution and redistribution in a complex manner. CO(2) enrichment increased nitrogen-use efficiency and caused a lower demand for nitrogen in green tissues which was reflected in a decrease of critical nitrogen concentrations, lower leaf nitrogen concentrations and lower nitrogen pools in the leaves. Since grain nitrogen uptake during grain filling depended completely on redistribution from vegetative pools in green tissues, grain nitrogen concentrations fell considerably with severe implications for grain quality. Ca, S, Mg and Zn in green tissues were influenced by CO(2) enrichment in a similar manner to nitrogen. Phosphorus concentrations in green tissues, on the other hand, were not, or only slightly, affected by elevated CO(2). In stems, 'dilution' of all nutrients except manganese was observed, caused by the huge accumulation of water soluble carbohydrates, mainly fructans, in these tissues under CO(2) enrichment. Whole shoot uptake was either remarkably increased (K, Mn, P, Mg), nearly unaffected (N, S, Fe, Zn) or decreased (Ca) under CO(2) enrichment. Thus, nutrient cycling in plant-soil systems is expected to be altered under CO(2) enrichment.     

Half-lives of tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats,monkeys, and humans--a critical review

The elimination half-lives (t1/2) in Sprague-Dawley rats for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 1,2, 3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD), 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) were estimated in long-term studies by Schlatter, Poiger and others. Furthermore, there are some published half-lives of TCDD in adult humans. The average half-life of TCDD in adult humans is approximately 2840 days, while in Sprague-Dawley rats the average t1/2 of TCDD is 19 days. The t1/2 of TCDD in humans is about 150 times that of rats. This factor was used to calculate the t1/2 values of the other polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) in humans from the rat data. Furthermore, the terminal t1/2 values of PCDDs in adult humans were calculated from the regression equation: logt1/2H = 1.34 logt1/2R + 1.25 which was recently established for 50 xenobiotics (t1/2H = terminal half-lives in days for humans, t1/2R = terminal half-lives in days for rats). The following terminal half-lives in adult humans were obtained: 12.6 years for 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 26-45 years for 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD, 80-102 years for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and ca. 112-132 years for OCDD. These half-lives of PCDDs are critically compared with measured t1/2 values of PCDDs and other persistent organic pollutants in rats, monkeys and humans.     

Phthalic acid esters in grains,vegetables, and fruits: concentration,distribution, composition,bio-accessibility,and dietary exposure

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Grain, vegetable, and fruit samples were collected from Xi’an City in Northwest China and analyzed for the characteristics, bio-accessibility,...