微波消解-自动电位滴定法测定生活垃圾中的氯含量

建立用微波消解技术处理城市生活垃圾样品,以自动电位滴定法测定城市生活垃圾中的氯含量.讨论微波消解条件、自动电位滴定仪工作参数、酸度及干扰情况,并对城市生活垃圾中的氯含量进行测定,相对标准偏差＜2.5%,回收率为97%～102.5%.     

冷原子吸收法测定土壤和沉积物中总汞的影响因素研究

冷原子吸收法测汞是一种灵敏度高、干扰较少、准确快速的分析方法,虽然目前对冷原子吸收法测汞的报道不少,但对其影响因素的研究至今未见文献系统报道。本文对各种影响因素进行了研究,确定了测汞的最佳条件。同时,本文对土壤和沉积物试样的预处理也进行了探讨,采用HNO_3—HClO_4—HF体系高压密闭消解法进行消解,并与常规的H_2SO_4-HNO_3-KMnO_4常压消解法进行了比较。结果表明前者重现性好,精密度、准确度均令人满意,样品回收率在95％～101％;而后者重现性相对较差,回收率在90％～110％。虽然采用别的体系高压密闭消解法消解底质样品测定汞已有报道,但由于HNO_3-HClO_4-HF介质高压加热消解法在土壤和沉积物中测定Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn等重金属已得到了成功的应用,这样在测定汞及其他重金属元素时,预处     

垃圾渗滤液中砷的微波消解—石墨炉原子吸收光谱测定方法研究

优化并建立了垃圾渗滤液中砷的微波消解—石墨炉原子吸收光谱(GFAAS)测定方法,以实现复杂环境介质中砷的定量分析。GFAAS测定的最佳条件为灰化温度600℃、原子化温度2 200℃、基体改进剂Pd(10mg/L)8μL。微波消解最佳条件为消解液HNO_3∶H_2O_2(体积比)2.8∶0.2、消解温度166℃、消解时间38min。优化条件下,测得某垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液中砷质量浓度平均为176.80μg/L,加标回收率为91.7%～100.9%,相对偏差均小于5%,方法准确、可靠。     

微波消解-原子荧光法测定化妆品中的汞

建立了以微波消解一原子荧光法，测定化妆品中痕量汞的方法，汞浓度在1．00～50．00ug／L范围内，与荧光强度呈线性关系，线性方程为，If=973．8196c-3．2842，相关系数r=0．9998，汞的检出限为0．027ug／L。汞的相对标准偏差为2．47％，加标回收率为90．8％～95．3％。环境标准样品测定结果与标准值相吻合。所测样品中，汞含量均在国标限值范围之内。     

原子荧光法测定土壤中的汞

建立了原子荧光光度计测定土壤中汞的分析方法，对影响土壤中汞测定的各种因素，如空白值的控制、样品的消解、共存离子的干扰和标准溶液的存放等作了研究，从而提出了土壤中汞测定的最佳条件及分析方法。     

水溶性巯基壳聚糖对污染土壤吸附态汞的解吸作用研究

用两种巯基化试剂半胱氨酸(Cys)和硫代乙醇酸(Thi)与壳聚糖(CTS)反应,制备了两种水溶性巯基壳聚糖,即Cys-CTS和Thi-CTS,对比研究了这两种巯基壳聚糖与CTS对被染毒土壤中吸附态汞的提取能力.结果表明,Thi-CTS在pH=3、质量浓度为0.5g/L、用量为20 mL的条件下.对汞的提取率为59.44%,相同条件下CTS和cys-CTS对汞的最高提取率只有31.81%和10.15%.     

有机汞和无机汞的测定 巯基棉富集—冷原子吸收法

Ⅰ淡水中有机汞和无机汞的分别测定简介试调节样品酸度至pH3,加入二价铜盐解析被水中悬浮物吸附的汞化物后,用巯基棉富集,然后选择不同的洗脱剂,分别洗脱有机汞和无机汞。在不同的还原条件下,用冷原子收吸法分别测定。     

废活性炭微波再生新工艺的研究

提出用微波加热-二氧化碳活化法再生乙酸乙烯合成用触媒载体废活性炭工艺.采用条件实验法研究了活化时间、二氧化碳流量和微波功率对活性炭碘吸附值,亚甲基蓝吸附值和再生得率的影响,得到微波辐射加热二氧化碳活化再生乙酸乙烯用触媒载体废活性炭的最佳工艺条件为活化时间25 min,二氧化碳流量0.2 L/min,微波功率700 W.在此条件下制得的活性炭碘吸附值为1158.02 mg/g、亚甲基蓝吸附值为240 mg/g、得率为74.19%.并对活性炭进行了比表面积的测定和孔结构的分析,活性炭的比表面积为1308.13 m2/g,总孔容为0.76 mL/g.     

钢铁厂固体废物汞的分析方法及浸出毒性研究

以山西某钢铁厂各工艺单元产生的固体废物为研究对象,采用实验对比研究的方法,测定汞的分布特征及其浸出毒性。结果表明:(1)汞的最优推荐分析方法为DMA-80或Lumex RA-915+汞分析仪直接测定汞含量较低的烧结钢渣、高炉渣及转炉渣,微波辅助酸消解电感耦合等离子体质谱仪间接测定汞含量较高的除尘灰和粉煤灰,可以提高数据的精确度和可信度。(2)除尘灰及粉煤灰中汞浸出质量浓度分别为0.25、0.12 mg/L,超过《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》(GB 5085.3—2007)限值(0.1mg/L),因此除尘灰和粉煤灰属于危险固体废物,应采取无害化处理措施后综合利用;烧结钢渣、高炉渣及转炉渣属于一般工业固体废物,可安全无害堆放或使用。     

底质中总汞测定的四种消化预处理方法的比较

本文探讨了在底质总汞测定中四种不同消化预处理方法(回流—消化法、H_2SO_4—HNO_3—KMnO_4、H_2SO_4—HNO_3—V_2O_5、H_2SO_4—KMnO_4)对测定结果的影响。实验证实,采用回流—消化法,其有机质消解率和汞含量测定值均比其他三法为高,此法尤其适用于高含量有机质的底质样品。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

产油微藻培养与回收的关键技术研究进展

寻找廉价而高效的替代原料是实现生物柴油产业化的关键所在.微藻以含油量高、生长周期短、环境适应能力强、生物产量高等优点,有望成为一种极具潜力的生物柴油生产原料.然而,目前尚存在微藻培养低效成本高和微藻回收效率低两大难题.综述了微藻培养与回收过程中的关键技术,并对存在的两大难题及其改进技术进行了详细的探讨.最后,总结并展望了微藻培养、回收技术未来的发展趋势.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%（质量百分比）.反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.