A2O工艺好氧末段溶解氧变化对脱氮除磷影响

采用连续流A2O工艺处理实际的生活污水,研究好氧末段在不同溶解氧（DO）浓度条件下对污泥沉降性能、系统脱氮除磷的影响,同时考察了DO对污泥硝化活性、厌氧释磷速率和反硝化脱氮速率的影响。结果表明,随着末段溶解氧的提高,污泥容积指数SVI从140降至100左右,后又升高到120~170;系统的硝化效果提高,氨氮的去除率从60%升高到80%以上再到90%以上;总氮的去除效果也有显著提高,平均去除率从54%升高到63%再到67%;虽然磷的去除效果有所加强,总磷的平均去除率从41%升高到59%再到69%,但仍难达标。     

某污水处理厂A2/O工艺冬季生物反硝化过程的影响因素研究

针对污水处理厂冬季反硝化脱氮效率不佳的问题,以常州市某污水处理厂A~2/O工艺为研究对象,模拟探讨了不同外加碳源、碳源投加量、溶解氧(DO)和硝态氮浓度对生物处理系统反硝化脱氮能力的影响。结果表明,外加有机碳源对系统的反硝化效能有明显的强化效果。3种外加有机碳源(乙酸、乙醇和乙酸钠)中,乙酸为最佳碳源。当乙酸投加量为40mg/L时,系统反硝化脱氮效率最高,比反硝化速率可达1.964mg/(g·h),反硝化碳耗最少,为7.14 mg/mg。DO与比反硝化速率成反比,DO≤0.20mg/L时,反硝化能力最强。硝态氮初始质量浓度为20mg/L左右时,反硝化能力最强。在实际工程应用中,可以通过提高硝化效果或直接调整回流比实现反硝化脱氮最优条件,将有助于提高系统的冬季脱氮效果。     

影响活性污泥脱氮效率的因素

活性污泥对氮的去除主要通过硝化和反硝化作用来进行。温度、pH、溶解氧浓度、污泥龄、毒性物质、污水性质(有机物含量、氮浓度)都会对系统脱氮能力产生影响。一般较高的pH、延长污泥龄、较低的溶解氧浓度和较低的有机碳浓度均能提高系统的硝化能力,反硝化/硝化系统具有投资省、脱氮效率高等优点。除甲醇外,其它一些工业废弃物也可作为促进反硝化作用的碳源。由于厌氧环境有利于反硝化作用,所以厌氧/好氧(A/O)法和间歇式活性污泥法(SBR)具有极高的脱氮效率。     

短程硝化在垃圾渗滤液处理工程中的应用

针对垃圾填埋场渗滤液生物脱氮高耗能的问题,通过对A/O/N工艺处理垃圾渗滤液进行短程硝化反硝化调试,对溶解氧(DO)、污泥浓度(MLSS)、污泥龄(SRT)、混合液回流比、pH、碱度进行定性定量分析,研究了不同条件下垃圾渗滤液生物处理阶段COD、氨氮及总氮去除效果,探讨了影响亚硝酸盐氮积累的因素。结果表明,好氧池低溶解氧能成功启动短程硝化,垃圾渗滤液稳定实现短程硝化反硝化脱氮。运行条件为:O反应器DO浓度0.5～0.8 mg·L~(-1),N反应器DO浓度1.5～2.2 mg·L~(-1),MLSS 3 500～4 500 mg·L~(-1),污泥龄9～13 d,混合液回流比1 100%,N反应器pH 7.6～8.2,N反应器碱度1.1 g·L~(-1)。短程硝化调试后,硝化阶段亚硝化率稳定在85%以上,COD、氨氮及总氮去除率分别达95%、98.6%、94.2%以上,节省30%碳源量和20%曝气量。     

一体化A/O生物膜反应器脱氮特性研究

采用新型的一体化A/O生物膜反应器,对生活污水进行脱氮处理实验.研究了溶解氧(DO)质量浓度对硝化和反硝化作用的影响,并对反应器的脱氮特性和降解机理进行了探讨.结果表明:DO对一体化A/O反应器脱氮影响较大,随着好氧区DO的增加,NH3-N和TN的去除率相应增加.当DO为2～4 mg/L时,发生同步硝化反硝化作用,NH...     

低浓度乙酸盐诱导下厌氧氨氧化与异养反硝化高效耦合脱氮

通过连续流实验研究了低浓度乙酸盐诱导下厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥与异养反硝化菌的耦合脱氮性能,同时采用批试实验考察耦合系统中的氮素转化及去除途径。结果表明:采用低浓度乙酸盐对厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥进行驯化,可以实现厌氧氨氧化与异养反硝化的高效耦合脱氮。系统在稳定时期,进水NH_4~+-N为30~40 mg·L~(-1)、NO_2~--N为45~55 mg·L~(-1)、CH_3COONa为60~80 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和TN的去除率分别为93.84%、94.62%和86.46%。耦合系统中的颗粒污泥同时存在厌氧氨氧化特性、硝化特性和反硝化特性。颗粒污泥表现出良好的厌氧氨氧化特性,总氮去除速率为12.46 mg·(g MLSS·h)~(-1)。系统中存在的硝化细菌可以消耗进水中的溶解氧从而缓解溶解氧对ANAMMOX菌的抑制,其中AOB活性高于NOB活性。系统中颗粒污泥对硝氮的反硝化作用强于对亚硝氮的反硝化作用,亚硝氮反硝化和硝氮反硝化的降解速率分别为1.89和3.59 mg·(g MLSS·h)~(-1)。当亚硝氮和硝氮同时存在时,反硝化菌优先将硝氮还原成亚硝氮。     

同步硝化反硝化工艺中DO浓度对N2O产生量的影响

采用序批式生物膜反应器（SBBR）,在连续曝气全程好氧的运行条件下,考察不同溶解氧浓度对同步硝化反硝化脱氮性能及N2O产量的影响。控制溶解氧浓度恒定在1、2、2.5和3 mg/L。结果表明,DO为2 mg/L和2.5 mg/L时,氨氮去除率分别为97.9%和98.5%,同步硝化反硝化率均为99%。DO为2 mg/L时,系统中N2O产生量最低,为0.423 mg/L,占氨氮去除量的1.4%;DO为3 mg/L时N2O的产生量最高,为2.01 mg/L,是DO为2 mg/L时的4.75倍。系统中亚硝酸盐的存在可能是高溶解氧条件下N2O产量增加的主要原因,同步过程中没有NOx-的积累即稳定的SND系统有利于降低生物脱氮过程中N2O的产生量。     

分段进水多级生物膜反应器脱氮效能影响因素研究

采用分段进水多级生物膜反应器处理高氮低碳小城镇污水,考察负荷、溶解氧和温度对反应器脱氮效能的影响。实验结果表明:负荷、溶解氧和温度对反应器脱氮效能有显著影响。在水温为20～25℃,DO为5 mg/L,负荷为1 kgCOD/(m3.d),挂膜密度为30%,第1、3、6级分段进水,流量分配比为2∶2∶1的条件下,在反应器中可成功构建出高效同时硝化反硝化系统,出水COD、NH4+-N和TN浓度分别为33 mg/L、2.6 mg/L和29.4 mg/L,去除率分别为90.1%、96.0%和63.9%。当水温≤15℃时,硝化速率受温度的影响显著。     

一体化A/O工艺对生活污水除碳脱氮效果研究

根据好氧硝化和缺氧反硝化生物脱氮除碳原理，设计了新型的一体化A/O生物膜法反应器，并将该工艺用于生活污水净化处理实验。研究了水力停留时间(HRT)和溶解氧(DO)质量浓度对生活污水除碳脱氮效果的影响。结果表明DO是影响一体化A/O工艺除碳脱氮的重要因素，当好氧区DO为5 mg/L左有时，一体化A/O工艺具有良好的碳化作...     

改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺生物脱氮除磷效果研究

为了提高改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺污水处理厂的脱氮除磷效果,结合某污水处理厂3年的运行实践,讨论了该工艺的处理效果,生物脱氮除磷原理及影响出水效果的因素.分析表明将DO控制在0.3～0.7 mg/L范围内,能够使出水中的TN浓度低于20 mg/L;在氧化沟中发生的同步硝化反硝化反应(SND)对总氮的去除的贡献占总系统脱氮的66%;该系统剩余污泥的含磷率为3.0%,生物细胞中平均含磷量可达细胞干重的4.2%;总磷去除率与污泥龄具有很好的线性关系,加大污泥排放量可以提高除磷效果.     

海绵铁还原耦合活性炭吸附-微波再生技术降解甲基橙

采用海绵铁(s-Fe0)还原耦合活性炭(GAC)吸附-微波(MW)再生技术降解甲基橙(MO)溶液,重点考察了s-Fe0投加量、粒径、微波功率等因素对MO去除效果的影响。结果表明,s-Fe0投加剂量为15.0 g/L、粒径为3～5 mm、超声波功率为200 W,反应1 h,MO的去除率为94.2%。其次,采用GAC吸附-MW再生技术(800 W,照射1 min)循环处理上述脱色后的MO废水。结果表明,GAC吸附可有效降低废水的生物毒性及残留的染料、TOC和总铁离子浓度,且MW辐射可有效再生吸附饱和的GAC颗粒。因此,s-Fe0还原耦合GAC吸附-MW再生技术可以有效降解MO染料,具有处理效果好、实现资源循环利用等优点。     

MB(A2/O)处理城市污水富磷上清液的化学除磷研究

为开发新型除磷脱氮工艺，研制了将MBR和A²/O工艺相结合的新型MB(A²/O)反应器。研究了MB(A²/O)反应器处理城市污水厌氧富磷上清液的化学除磷，并分析了过程机理及特性。结果表明：对于TP在30～45 mg/L的富磷上清液，采用含20% Ca(OH)₂的工业石灰与P的最佳投加质量比为22.5；纯Ca(OH)₂与P的最佳投加质量比为5.6（摩尔比为2.5）；FeSO₄·7H₂O与P的最佳投加质量比为10.7（Fe^2＋与P的摩尔比为1.3）；Al₂(SO₄)₃·12H₂O与P的最佳投加质量比为12（Al^3＋与P的摩尔比为1.3）时，均可使出水TP稳定在0.3 mg/L以下；以石灰、NaOH的联合投加方式可大幅减少石灰投加量。     

Stable isotope signatures reflect competitiveness between trees under changed CO2/O3 regimes

Here we synthesize key findings from a series of experiments to gain new insight on inter-plant competition between juvenile beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) under the influence of increased O₃ and CO₂ concentrations. Competitiveness of plants was quantified and mechanistically interpreted as space-related resource investments and gains. Stable isotopes were addressed as temporal integrators of plant performance, such as photosynthesis and its relation to water use and nitrogen uptake. In the weaker competitor, beech, efficiency in space-related aboveground resource investment was decreased in competition with spruce and positively related to Δ¹³C, as well as stomatal conductance, but negatively related to δ¹⁸O. Likewise, our synthesis revealed that strong belowground competition for water in spruce was paralleled in this species by high N assimilation capacity. We suggest combining the time-integrative potential of stable isotopes with space-related investigations of competitiveness to accomplish mechanistic understanding of plant competition for resources.     

Ferric citrate-induced photodegradation of dyes in aqueous solutions

The photooxidation of dye solutions containing Fe(III)-citrate complexes was studied. The photodegradation under near-UV light of the five dyes, C. I. reactive red 2, C. I. reactive blue 4, C. I. reactive black 8, C. I. basic red 13 and C. I. basic yellow 2, in aqueous solutions at pH2.0 containing Fe(III)-citrate complexes was found to follow pseudo-first order kinetics. The photodegradation rates of the dye, C. I. reactive red 2, decreased with increasing the initial dye concentration in range of 20 – 60 mg/L . A comparatively higher photodegradation efficiency of the dye was gained under the condition of pH2.0 and the Fe(III) to citrate ratio 1:2.     

1H-NMR-based metabolomic studies of bisphenol A in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy was used to study the response of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to increasing concentrations of bisphenol A (4,4′-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol, BPA). Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was applied to detect aberrant metabolomic profiles after 72 h of BPA exposure at all levels tested (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/L). The OPLS-DA score plots showed that BPA exposure caused significant alterations in the metabolome. The metabolomic changes in response to BPA exposure generally exhibited nonlinear patterns, with the exception of reduced levels of several metabolites, including glutamine, inosine, lactate, and succinate. As the level of BPA exposure increased, individual metabolite patterns indicated that the zebrafish metabolome was subjected to severe oxidative stress. Interestingly, ATP levels increased significantly at all levels of BPA exposure. In the present study, we demonstrated the applicability of ¹H-NMR-based metabolomics to identify the discrete nature of metabolic changes.     

改良型A2/O-MBR工艺的反硝化除磷性能研究简

重点考察了一种改良型膜生物反应器（A²/O-MBR）的脱氮除磷性能。该工艺主要特点在于对膜池硝化回流液进行了固液分离，并将上清液和浓缩污泥分别回流至缺氧池和厌氧池，这种改进提高了系统对氮、磷的同步去除效率。实验结果表明，在水力停留时间（HRT）为12 h，污泥龄（SRT）为30 d，混合液回流比为200%的运行条件下，进水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN和TP平均浓度分别为（225±38）、（24.8±3.9）、（26.7±2.9）和（2.90±0.53）mg/L时，增加膜池硝化回流液固液分离装置前后，系统对COD和NH₄⁺-N的去除都维持在较高水平，而系统对TN和TP的去除效果显著提高，出水TN和TP平均浓度分别由（14.9±3.3）mg/L和（1.95±0.72）mg/L下降到（9.4± 1.9）mg/L和（0.91±0.38）mg/L，表明增加膜池硝化回流液固液分离装置显著改善了A²/O-MBR系统的脱氮除磷效果。反硝化除磷活性实验结果进一步表明，改进后系统中反硝化除磷活性占总除磷活性的比例由51.5%上升至61.7%，说明增加膜池硝化回流液固液分离装置强化了系统的反硝化除磷性能。     

Potential use of DNA adducts to detect mutagenic compounds in soil

In this study, three different soils with contrasting features, spiked with 300 mg benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)/kg dry soil, were incubated at 20 °C and 60% water holding capacity for 540 days. At different time points, BaP and DNA were extracted and quantified, and DNA adducts were quantified by ³²P-postlabelling. After 540 days incubation, 69.3, 81.6 and 83.2% of initial BaP added remained in Cruden Bay, Boyndie and Insch soils, respectively. Meanwhile, a significantly different amount of DNA-BaP adducts were found in the three soils exposed to BaP over time. The work demonstrates the concept that DNA adducts can be detected on DNA extracted from soil. Results suggest the technique is not able to directly reflect bioavailability of BaP transformation products. However, this new method provides a potential way to detect mutagenic compounds in contaminated soil and to assess the outcomes of soil remediation.     

改性TiO2光催化降解三苯甲烷类污染物

以硫酸钛为原料采用水热法制备了掺Fe3+TiO2晶体粉末,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对样品的结构进行了表征。在可见光条件下,用溴酚蓝、甲基绿、甲基蓝、孔雀石绿、甲基紫和碱性品红等6种典型三苯甲烷类化合物为目标降解物,研究了以自制的掺Fe3+TiO2晶体粉末对它们的催化降解作用。实验结果表明,制备的掺Fe3+TiO2晶体属于锐钛矿型。6种化合物的光催化降解反应遵循拟一级动力学规律,且可用Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)动力学模型描述,其表观反应速度常数(k)的大小顺序为:溴酚蓝<甲基绿<甲基蓝<孔雀石绿<甲基紫<碱性品红,大小变化次序与其半衰期t1/2成反比,并从分子结构上对它们的降解规律进行定性解释。     

A2/O工艺中的反硝化除磷

A2/O工艺是一种最简单的同步脱氮除磷工艺,但由于其系统中固有的基质竞争和污泥龄等矛盾,在实际应用中特别是处理低C/N比污水时脱氮除磷效率较低.反硝化除磷工艺作为近年来颇受关注的污水生物处理新技术.由于在脱氮除磷过程中可以在碳源利用上耦合,可从一定程度上缓解A2/O工艺中的基质竞争矛盾,使得其在处理低C/N比污水时也能实现较高的脱氮除磷效率.就反硝化除磷的技术原理,结合其在A2/O工艺中的最新研究成果及其控制策略,对A2/O工艺中的反硝化除磷的实现、维持及影响因素进行了分析和探讨,并对其发展方向进行了展望.     

Degradation of pentachlorobiphenyl by a sequential treatment using Pd coated iron and an aerobic bacterium (H1)

The reductive dechlorination and biodegradation of 2,2^′4,5,5^′-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB#101) was investigated in a laboratory-scale. Palladium coated iron (Pd/Fe) was used as a catalytic reductant for the chemical degradation of 2,2^′4,5,5^′-pentachlorobiphenyl, and an aerobic bacteria was used for biodegradation following the chemical reaction in this study. Dechlorination was affected by several factors such as Pd loading, initial soil pH and the amount of Pd/Fe used. The results showed that higher Pd loading, higher dosage of Pd/Fe and slightly acid condition were beneficial to the catalytic dechlorination of 2,2^′,4,5,5^′-pentachlorobiphenyl. In laboratory batch experiments, 2,2^′4,5,5^′-pentachlorobiphenyl was reduced in the presence of Pd/Fe bimetal, which was not further degraded by aerobic bacteria. 2,2^′,4-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB#17), a reduction product from 2,2^′4,5,5^′-pentachlorobiphenyl, was readily biodegraded in the presence of a aerobic bacterial strain. It is suggested that an integrated Pd/Fe catalytic reduction-aerobic biodegradation process may be a feasible option for treating PCB-contaminated soil.