膜基活化溶液中活化剂在回收温室气体CO2过程中的作用

将AMP和PZ作为活化剂添加于MDEA溶液中，形成活化溶液，研究了膜基活化溶液回收温室气体CO₂性能，着重考察活化剂的活化作用和对膜接触器传质加强的影响，提出一个活化机理来解释活化现象，建立了阻力层方程模型, 并模拟膜基活化溶液回收CO₂的传质过程。结果表明，活化剂对膜接触器传质的加强起到重要作用，具有双氨基环状结构的PZ对传质的加强作用高于具有空间位阻结构的AMP；活化溶液的CO2回收率和传质通量明显高于未活化的MDEA溶液，活化性能PZ＞AMP；活化剂的活化效应与分子结构有关；流体力学的改变对传质的影响有限，活化剂的反应动力学对传质的加强起主导作用；阻力层方程模型能较好地模拟膜基活化溶液回收CO₂传质过程，传质通量和总传质系数的模型值与实验值符合较好。     

N-甲基二乙醇胺/哌嗪/羟乙基乙二胺三元复合溶液捕集烟气中CO2中试研究

化学吸收法是目前烟气回收CO2技术的研究热点,其中一类重要的吸收剂就是醇胺复合溶液.醇胺复合溶液具有对CO2吸收速率快、吸收容量大及再生简单的特点,成为烟气CO2吸收剂的首选.采用中试连续实验装置,以N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)/哌嗪(PZ)/羟乙基乙二胺(AEEA)(摩尔比为0.70:0.15:0.15)三元复合溶液为吸收剂对烟气中CO2进行吸收处理.研究结果表明,吸收剂最佳摩尔浓度为3.0 mol/L,最佳吸收温度为40℃,最佳液气比为10 L/m3；再沸器的热负荷随着吸收温度、吸收剂浓度以及液气比的增加而增大,脱碳率随着入口烟气中CO2浓度的增加而降低.     

混合有机胺吸收烟道气中CO2的实验研究

以工业应用为背景,采用双搅拌釜反应器,对DETA(二乙烯三胺) MDEA(N-甲基二乙醇胺)、TETA(三乙烯四胺） MDEA混和有机胺水溶液吸收模拟烟道气中CO2进行研究。结果显示,在MDEA中加入少量烯胺DETA、TETA,可显著提高CO2吸收速率和吸收容量,增强传质效果。其吸收CO2的效果优于常用的MEA(-乙醇胺)和DEA(二乙醇胺)。     

盐类对模拟胞外聚合物(EPS)膜污染的影响

实验旨在研究盐类对模拟胞外聚合物(EPS)溶液在超滤和微滤过程中膜污染影响,通过添加与无添加盐类的模拟溶液的比较,研究盐类对EPS膜过滤在死端过滤过程的影响。实验考察了不同模拟溶液的膜通量衰减情况和滤饼比阻,并利用Hermia模型对实验数据进行拟合分析验证膜污染机理。实验结果表明,在超滤过程中,Ca2+和Al3+能在一定程度上提高膜通量,降低滤饼比阻,延缓膜污染;在微滤过程中,两者的添加反而降低了初始通量,添加Ca2+后滤饼比阻值反而有所增大;Na+对超/微滤过程影响很小。通过Hermia模型拟合分析发现,在超滤过程中,添加盐和无添加的溶液均以滤饼堵塞机理为主,而在微滤过程中则是以中间堵塞和滤饼堵塞机理为主。     

MBR的临界膜通量及其影响研究

采用通量阶梯式递增法测定了MBR的临界膜通量，研究了膜面气液两相流流速对临界膜通量影响，并考察次临界膜通量下MBR处理垃圾渗滤液的运行特性。试验结果表明，膜面气液两相流流速对临界膜通量影响较大，膜面气液两相流流速由0.9 m/s增至1.8 m/s，临界膜通量由12～14 L/(m²·h)增加至16～18 L/(m²·h)，两者呈显著正相关关系，相关系数为0.997。次临界膜通量下运行时，膜污染包括不可逆污染和可逆污染2个阶段：不可逆污染阶段以凝胶层污染为主，占总量的72%，而可逆污染阶段以滤饼层形成的阻力为主，占总阻力的68.5%。     

CO_2高温活化活性炭材料对苯酚的吸附行为研究

以CO2为活化气体,在高温条件下对国产椰壳活性炭进行活化。研究了活化前后的活性炭在不同温度和pH等条件下对水溶液中苯酚的吸附行为。结果表明,活性炭经活化后,微孔体积和中孔体积增加,吸附容量明显提高;苯酚在活性炭上的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温方程和准二级反应动力学方程;在一定范围内降低温度有利于吸附的进行;在pH为2～8时,吸附效果较好;在pH9时,吸附效率明显降低。     

填料塔中Na_2CO_3吸收高浓度H_2S的传质特性

在填料吸收塔中考察了Na2CO3溶液吸收高浓度H2S气体的气液传质特性。通过测量填料塔进出口气体中H2S浓度计算了Na2CO3溶液吸收高浓度H2S气体的总体积传质系数(KGa),并研究了进气流速、吸收液流量、吸收温度和吸收液浓度对KGa的影响。结果表明,KGa随Na2CO3浓度、吸收液流量的增加而增加,随吸收温度、进气流速的升高而降低;在高浓度H2S吸收过程中液相传质阻力不能忽略。     

醇胺溶液吸收与解吸CO2的研究

在温度333K、常压条件下,在羟乙基乙二胺(AEE)总量一定的溶液中,研究了不同浓度AEE对CO2的吸收性能;在总胺质量分数为40%的溶液中,研究了不同配比的AEE N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)对CO2的吸收性能.考察了吸收过程中吸收速率、吸收量、吸收时间、AEE浓度以及吸收液温度的相互关系.控制解吸过程温度为393K,考察了CO2解吸量与解吸时间的关系.实验表明,适当降低AEE浓度有利于充分发挥AEE溶液的CO2吸收性能;在MDEA溶液中加入适量AEE,可以明显提高CO2的吸收与解吸性能;其中质量分数为20?E 20%MDEA的复合溶液在CO2吸收与解吸过程中表现出良好的实际操作性.     

改性PES膜在MBR中膜阻力分析及膜污染机理研究

以聚醚砜(PES)、醋酸纤维素(CA)和纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)为膜材料,采用L-S相转化法制备共混改性PES膜。在24℃、0.2 MPa的操作条件下,制得的PES膜纯水通量为300 L/(m2.h)左右,CA改性PES膜为660 L/(m2.h)左右,TiO2改性PES膜为840 L/(m2.h)左右。通过膜生物反应器中膜阻力的测定,表明膜污染主要由浓差极化层及凝胶层引起的;通过活性污泥对膜污染机理的研究,判断出污泥的过滤过程基本符合沉积过滤定律。在MBR中运行时,改性PES膜稳定通量高于未改性膜,总阻力低于未改性膜;TiO2改性膜稳定通量高于CA改性膜,总阻力低于CA改性膜;通过扫描电镜分析,改性PES膜沉积层的厚度均比未改性膜薄,TiO2改性膜沉积层厚度小于CA改性膜,表明改性膜的抗污染性能提高了,TiO改性膜抗污染性能更优。     

响应面法在超滤过程分析和评价中的应用

以天然水体中普遍存在的天然有机物腐殖酸(humic acid,HA)为模型污染物,采用PVC合金中空纤维超滤膜去除水中腐殖酸。以腐殖酸去除率和水透过系数作为评价指标,采用响应面法对超滤过程中溶液pH、溶液离子浓度和初始膜通量进行三因素五水平中心组合设计实验,并采用二次回归方程拟合影响因素与响应值之间的函数关系,建立回归方程。结果表明,在腐殖酸的超滤过程中,溶液pH值、溶液离子浓度、初始膜通量对腐殖酸去除率的影响显著性大小为:溶液pH值溶液离子浓度初始膜通量,对水透过系数影响显著性大小为:溶液p H值=初始膜通量溶液离子浓度。腐殖酸去除率和水透过系数方程的调整决定系数Adj.R2分别为为77.10%和88.12%,显著性水平分别为0.001504和0.0001,达到极显著水平,说明方程拟合良好,可用于超滤过程中腐殖酸去除率和水透过系数的分析和评价。     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.     

Bioaccessibility of arsenic in various types of rice in an in vitro gastrointestinal fluid system

Rice can be a major contributor to dietary arsenic exposure because of the relatively high total arsenic concentration compared to other grains, especially for people whose main staple is rice. This study employed in vitro gastrointestinal fluid digestion to determine bioaccessible or gastrointestinal fluid extractable arsenic concentration in rice. Thirty-one rice samples, of which 60 % were grown in the United States, were purchased from food stores in New York City. Total arsenic concentrations in these samples ranged from 0.090 ± 0.004 to 0.85 ± 0.03 mg/kg with a mean value of 0.275 ± 0.161 mg/kg (n = 31). Rice samples with relatively high total arsenic (>0.20 mg/kg, n = 18) were treated by in vitro artificial gastrointestinal fluid digestion, and the extractable arsenic ranged from 53 % to 102 %. The bioaccessibility of arsenic in rice decreases in the general order of extra long grain, long grain, long grain parboiled, to brown rices.     

Assessment of in situ biodegradation of monochlorobenzene in contaminated groundwater treated in a constructed wetland

The degradation of monochlorobenzene (MCB) was assessed in a constructed wetland treating MCB contaminated groundwater using a detailed geochemical characterisation, stable isotope composition analysis and in situ microcosm experiments. A correlation between ferrous iron mobilisation, decreasing MCB concentration and enrichment in carbon isotope composition was visible at increasing distance from the inflow point, indicating biodegradation of MCB in the wetland. Additionally, in situ microcosm systems loaded with 13C-labelled MCB were deployed for the first time in sediments to investigate the biotransformation of MCB. Incorporation of 13C-labelled carbon derived from the MCB into bacterial fatty acids substantiated in situ degradation of MCB. The detection of 13C-labelled benzene indicated reductive dehalogenation of MCB. This integrated approach indicated the natural attenuation of the MCB in a wetland system. Further investigations are required to document and optimise the in situ biodegradation of MCB in constructed and natural wetland systems treating contaminated groundwater.     

Bioaccessibility of arsenic in various types of rice in an in vitro gastrointestinal fluid system

Rice can be a major contributor to dietary arsenic exposure because of the relatively high total arsenic concentration compared to other grains, especially for people whose main staple is rice. This study employed in vitro gastrointestinal fluid digestion to determine bioaccessible or gastrointestinal fluid extractable arsenic concentration in rice. Thirty-one rice samples, of which 60 % were grown in the United States, were purchased from food stores in New York City. Total arsenic concentrations in these samples ranged from 0.090 ± 0.004 to 0.85 ± 0.03 mg/kg with a mean value of 0.275 ± 0.161 mg/kg (n = 31). Rice samples with relatively high total arsenic (>0.20 mg/kg, n = 18) were treated by in vitro artificial gastrointestinal fluid digestion, and the extractable arsenic ranged from 53 % to 102 %. The bioaccessibility of arsenic in rice decreases in the general order of extra long grain, long grain, long grain parboiled, to brown rices.     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fishes in Sudan

Abstract

Cotton‐producing areas of the Centrol Sudan, bordered by the Blue and the White Nile, have been subjected to repeated applications of pesticides. This region is irrigated by a series of canals, the Gezira canals, which hold large amounts of fresh water. Lake Nubia at the Sudan‐Egypt border is another important fresh water reservoir and fisheries ground. Fish from both the Gezira and Lake Nubia showed elevated concentrations of pesticides, suggesting that continued pesticides application would endanger the equatic fauna of this region and the proposed fresh water fishery.     

Lead concentrations in birds of prey in Britain

This paper reports on lead (Pb) concentrations in the livers of 424 individuals of 16 raptor species found dead and sent for analysis to the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monkswood, from the early 1980s to the early 1990s. Elevated Pb concentrations in liver (>20 ppm dry wt), within the range associated with Pb poisoning mortality in raptors, were recorded in one peregrine (4% of species sample) and one buzzard (2% of species sample). These birds are likely to have ingested lead gunshot in the flesh of their prey. Another one each of these species had liver Pb concentrations of 15-20 ppm dry wt, reflecting unusually high absorption of Pb. No individuals of any other species had >15 ppm dry wt liver Pb, although some had 6-15 ppm. The source of Pb in these birds was unknown, but it could have resulted from high Pb concentrations in prey items, including some containing lead shot. Median liver Pb concentrations were generally very low (ranging from <0.07 to 1.61 ppm dry wt for species with sample sizes exceeding 10). In sparrowhawks, for which a large sample was available, liver Pb concentrations in all but one individual were low (<2.6 ppm dry wt). Pb concentrations in juveniles were significantly lower than in adults, and were lowest in recently fledged birds.     

Bioaccumulation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in perch in Swedish lakes

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), a high production volume chemical used in personal care products, enters the environment both via air and sewage treatment plant (STP) recipients. It has been found in fish, and there is concern that it may be a bioaccumulative substance. In this work D5 was analyzed in perch from six Swedish lakes that did not receive STP effluent, and in perch and sediment from six lakes that received STP effluent. In the lakes receiving the STP effluent, the D5 concentrations in sediment varied over three orders of magnitude and were correlated with the number of persons connected to the STP normalized to the surface area of the receiving body. In the lakes not receiving effluent, the D5 levels in perch were all below the LOQ, while D5 was above the LOQ in almost all perch from lakes that received effluent. The D5 concentrations in perch and sediment from the lakes receiving STP effluent were correlated. This shows that STP effluent is a much more important source of D5 to aquatic ecosystems than atmospheric deposition, and that the risk of adverse effects of D5 on aquatic life will be greatest in small recipients receiving large amounts of STP effluent. The bioaccumulation of D5 was compared to that of PCB 180 on the basis of multimedia bioaccumulation factors (mmBAFs), which describe the fraction of the contaminant present in the whole aquatic environment (i.e. water and surface sediment) that is transferred to the fish. In four of the six lakes the mmBAF of D5 was >0.3 of the mmBAF of PCB 180. Given that PCB 180 is a known highly bioaccumulative chemical, this indicates that the bioaccumulation of D5 in perch is considerable.     

Origins of Manganese in Air Participates in California

The proportions of manganese to other metals in samples of airborne fine particles taken at some sites in California have increased greatly since the beginning of 1985. Here, data are presented which indicate that the addition of manganese to leaded gasoline is largely responsible for this increase. Concentrations of manganese, silicon, titanium, iron, lead and other elements in airborne particles were measured using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis. Coefficients of correlation among levels of manganese, iron and lead measured at twenty sites in California were calculated. Levels of manganese and iron are generally highly correlated because of the presence of large amounts of these elements in the earth’s crust. Levels of airborne manganese and lead at sites In Southern California are often highly correlated, suggesting a vehicular source of manganese. Observed manganese concentrations are apportioned into two major sources: the earth’s crust and motor vehicles. The apportionment indicates that vehicular emissions of manganese may account for a significant part of the total at urban sites in Southern California. At most other sites, the contribution from vehicles is found to be far smaller than that from the earth’s crust.     

饮用水中硝酸根的催化还原研究进展

由于化肥的过度使用 ,造成地下水中硝酸盐的污染日益严重。饮用水中高浓度的硝酸盐对人类健康会产生极大的威胁。本文综述了催化还原脱除水中硝酸根的研究进展和现状 ,并对其发展趋势进行了简单的论述。     

Involvement of glutathione in the reduction of captan-induced in vivo inhibition of monooxygenases and liver toxicity in the rat

If given orally captan is relatively nontoxic, but it can be extremely toxic after parenteral exposure. Therefore, a single i.p. dose of captan (20 mg/kg) was given to male Sprague-Dawley rats and its effect on liver microsomal mixed function oxidases and certain serum enzymes (SDH, SGPT and SGOT) was studied. The single dose of captan caused marked depression of microsomal cytochrome P-450 and the activity of benzphetamine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase, and moderate elevation of the serum enzymes indicative of liver damage. However, reduced glutathione (100 mg/kg, i.p.) given prior to captan, appears to decrease the liver toxicity as measured by reduced inhibition of the microsomal enzymes and elevation of serum enzymes activity. The results suggest that glutathione and other compounds containing sulfhydryl groups may protect the subjects from captan-induced liver toxicity.