燃煤手烧炉有害气体生成特征研究

本文对燃煤手烧炉烟气生成特征进行了分析和研究，对燃烧过程二氧化硫、一氧化碳及一氧化氮等有害气体的生成规律和浓度值进行了测定和分析。     

NiO/γ-Al2O3反应吸附苯并噻吩

以等体积浸渍法制备了负载型NiO/γ-Al2O3吸附剂,在固定床反应装置上对含苯并噻吩的模型化合物进行反应吸附脱硫实验,考察了NiO负载量、模型化合物硫含量及活性组分的形态对吸附剂脱硫性能的影响,并用XRD、SEM-EDS分析、XPS分析对载体和吸附剂进行了表征。实验结果表明:NiO/γ-Al2O3吸附剂具有较高的穿透硫容,能有效脱除模型化合物中的苯并噻吩;反应过程中生成了NiS;C的沉积以及Ni的硫化物的生成导致了吸附剂的失活。     

堆肥过程中腐殖酸的生成演化及应用研究进展

腐殖酸是堆肥过程中生成的最具代表性的次生产物,对堆肥的稳定性、腐熟度等性质有重要影响。介绍了堆肥过程中腐殖酸的生成及动态变化,分析了堆肥腐殖酸的结构特性,归纳了堆肥过程中腐殖酸生成机制,并在此基础上探讨了影响堆肥腐殖酸生成演化的主要影响因素,总结了堆肥腐殖酸作为堆肥腐熟度指标、表面活性物质、吸附剂等的应用情况,最后提出了当前堆肥腐殖酸研究中存在的主要问题,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

NiOγ／-Al2O3反应吸附苯并噻吩

以等体积浸渍法制备了负载型NiOγ／-Al2O3吸附剂，在固定床反应装置上对含苯并噻吩的模型化合物进行反应吸附脱硫实验，考察了NiO负载量、模型化合物硫含量及活性组分的形态对吸附剂脱硫性能的影响，并用XRD、SEM—EDS分析、XPS分析对载体和吸附剂进行了表征。实验结果表明：NiOγ／-Al2O3吸附剂具有较高的穿透硫容，能有效脱除模型化合物中的苯并噻吩；反应过程中生成了NiS；C的沉积以及Ni的硫化物的生成导致了吸附剂的失活。     

芳香类有机物氯化生成消毒副产物的特性研究

选择有代表性的芳香类有机物,在含有腐殖酸的水溶液中进行氯化试验.测定三卤甲烷和卤乙酸的生成特性.并分析有机物的化学结构对生成消毒副产物的影响.结果表明.各受试物氯化生成消毒副产物的活性和反应速率排序为间苯二酚>对苯二酚>邻苯二酚>苯酚>苯胺>苯甲酸>硝基苯;芳香类有机物苯环上官能团的性质、数量和位置等影响消毒副产物的生成;间苯二酚的氯化反应可分为快速反应阶段和慢速反应阶段.     

低温净化氮氧化物的改性活性炭材料

针对活性炭室温净化NO₂过程中生成NO的问题，分别用还原性物质和强氧化性物质对活性炭进行了改性研究，并分析了NO的生成原因和各种改性材料处理氮氧化物的作用机理。金属氧化物改性活性炭性能最好，室温条件下，对NO₂的净化效率在20 h内保持在98%以上，NO生成量为活性炭处理时的1/2弱。     

分光光度法测定废水中1,2—丙二醇二硝酸酯(PGDN)的研究

本法分析1.2—丙二醇二硝酸酯(PGDN)首先让其水解生成NO_2~-,通过NO_2~-和对氨基苯碘酸的重氮化反应及与N—萘基乙二胺的偶联反应,生成稳定的桃红色染料,能进行比色测定。我们的主要改进方法是把本法用于废水中PGDN的分析。用正己醇从废液中萃取硝酸酯,排除硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐等无机盐的干扰。然后借助于乙醇和水混溶,在碱性介质中进行水解反应,生成NO_2~-,再和对氨基苯磺酸、N—萘基乙二胺反应,能进行比色测定。该方法的灵敏度比原来显著提高,最小检出量为0.02微克/毫升。本方法可用于低浓度PGDN水样的分析,也可用于其他低浓度多元醇硝酸酯的分析。     

陶瓷烧成中NOx生成及控制对策

通过对2种不同结构、不同烧成气氛的梭式窑的整个烧成过程中NOx生成进行测试分析,得出快速升温将增加整个陶瓷烧成过程中NOx的生成;其次,烧嘴的合理布置,改善窑体结构,加强高温阶段窑内温度场的均匀性,可以减少NOx的生成;第三,还原气氛可抑制NOx的生成;最后,提出降低陶瓷烧成中NOx生成的几点建议.     

陶瓷烧成中气氛及温度对NOX生成的影响

通过对不同烧成气氛NOX的生成进行测试分析,得出还原气氛可抑制NOX的生成.但在没有催化剂存在的情况下,CO对NO的还原效果不显著;其次,在烧成温度较低(1 200 ℃以下)、高温阶段温度场均匀性较好且使用洁净燃料(即含氮量较小的燃料)的情况下,快速升温将导致NOX生成的增加,此时快速型NOX起主要作用;第三,烧嘴的合理布置、改善窑体结构和加强高温阶段窑内温度场的均匀性可以减少NOX的生成.     

共存物质对钢渣除磷的影响

研究了pH、共存离子（Cl^-、NO3^-、SO4^2-、F^-、HCO3^-）和腐植酸对钢渣吸附除磷的影响。结合吸附饱和钢渣上的磷形态分析了产生影响的原因，采用SEM-EDS（扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱分析）对吸附磷酸盐前后钢渣表面的微观形态特征进行观察。结果表明：钢渣对磷酸盐具有很好的去除效果，吸附饱和钢渣中的磷主要以Ca—P形式存在。钢渣吸附磷酸盐最适初始pH为3～5，高pH抑制Ca—P的生成，对吸附不利。NHf的存在提高了Ca—P含量，从而促进钢渣对磷酸盐的吸附。共存阴离子Cl^-、NO3^-、SO4^2-对钢渣吸附磷酸盐没有影响，但是F^-和HCO3^-明显抑制Ca—P的生成，从而减少了钢渣对磷酸盐的吸附。腐植酸的存在显著抑制了Ca—P和O-P的生成，使钢渣对磷酸盐的吸附量大大减小。     

Studies on a New Method of Simultaneously Removing Sulfur Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen from Combustion Gases

Simultaneous reduction of SO₂ and NO by catalyzed reaction with carbon monoxide at space rates approaching 10⁴ vol/vol/hr has been shown. The reaction of sulfur dioxide with carbon monoxide results in the formation of carbon dioxide and elemental sulfur. Nitric oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide and molecular nitrogen. Metals supported on alumina appear to be the preferred catalysts. Among the effective metals are copper, silver, and palladium. A side reaction of carbon monoxide with elemental sulfur to form carbonyl sulfide requires that the initial amount of carbon monoxide be stoichio-metric for the amount of sulfur dioxide plus nitric oxide present. A furnace employing this method would have to be operated at low excess air, near stoichiometric fuel/air, or possibly slightly on the rich side.     

Modeling of the long-term tropospheric trends of hydroxyl radical for the Northern Hemisphere

The MGO 2D (altitude–longitude) channel photochemical transport model has been applied to elucidate the spatial and temporal behavior of the hydroxyl radical in the troposphere of the northern temperate belt for the pre-industrial (1850) period and the last few decades (1960 and 1995). The relation between the tropospheric OH content and the carbon monoxide, methane, nitrogen oxides emissions during 1850–1995 is studied. The distribution of the carbon monoxide concentration is calculated and validated using the observational data collected in the different locations because of the geographical non-homogeneity of its emissions. The response of the hydroxyl radical concentrations to the non-homogeneity of the CO and other atmospheric species distribution is estimated. The carbon monoxide and methane contributions to the hydroxyl photochemical sink are also evaluated. Because the changes of OH in the troposphere alternate the intensity of methane and carbon monoxide oxidation, the CO, CH₄ and OH lifetime evolution due to the increase of anthropogenic pollution intensity is analyzed and discussed.     

The impact of motor vehicle control technologies on future photochemical ozone formation in the United Kingdom

Legislation to control motor vehicle exhaust emissions has been introduced in the United Kingdom in stages since the early 1970s. Recently, a further step has been taken towards reducing future exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen in the 'Luxembourg agreement' (Lubinska, 1985). In this paper, the possible impact of these proposed controls on photochemical air pollution formation in the United Kingdom is investigated, including an evaluation of the relative merits of the two principal emission control options for petrol-driven cars: 'Lean Burn' engines and 'Catalyst' exhaust gas treatment.     

The Exposure to Carbon Monoxide of Occupants of Vehicles Moving in Heavy Traffic

Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons were sampled at operator’s nose height inside vehicles moving in moderate to heavy traffic in six cities. The samples were integrated over 20-30 minutes by collection in Mylar bags. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons were analyzed by infrared and flame ionization, respectively, with instruments at the Continuous Air Monitoring Program (CAMP) station in each city. Detector tubes for carbon monoxide were also used to determine 5-min concentrations at suspected high points in the field. Estimates of traffic density were made. Three types of traffic arteries were considered: (7) heavily traveled, wide expressways, (2) main city streets with moderately rapid vehicular traffic, and (3) center city streets with slow-moving traffic. Integrated half-hour CO concentrations obtained within the vehicles while in traffic were generally considerably higher than the concurrent concentrations measured at the CAMP sites. In-traffic CO values in all cities sampled exceeded 30 ppm in at least 10% of the integrated samples. The range of city averages was 21–39 ppm carbon monoxide and the range of individual integrated samples was 7–77 ppm of carbon monoxide.     

Kinetic analysis of photocatalytic oxidation of gas-phase formaldehyde over titanium dioxide

Degradation of formaldehyde with different initial concentration over titanium dioxide was carried out in a photocatalytic reactor. Photocatalytic rates were well described by the simplified Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The kinetic analysis shows that the apparent first-order reaction coefficient is lower and half-life of photocatalysis is longer for low concentration than for high concentration formaldehyde. A network formation model of the photocatalytic products was established. Experimental results and analysis demonstrate that carbon dioxide concentration and carbon monoxide concentration in gas phase vary exponentially with the illumination time and may be even higher than gas-phase formaldehyde concentration if there is much pre-adsorbed formaldehyde in adsorption equilibrium on catalysts before illumination. Carbon monoxide is found to be one of the by-products during formaldehyde photooxidation.     

A Numerical Model of Diffusion of Carbon Monoxide near Highways

A numerical model, which can be used to study the dispersion of carbon monoxide emissions from automobiles traveling on a highway, is described. The model Is based upon the semi-empirical equation of turbulent diffusion. The performance of the model has been tested using carbon monoxide concentration data obtained near highway 401 in the city of Toronto, Canada.     

Characterization of emissions during the heating of tyre contaminated scrap

In order to characterize the compounds (type and quantities) emitted during melting of organic contaminated scrap and to investigate the mechanism of their formation, an experimental set-up has been designed and built to study precisely the influence of temperature and gas atmosphere in the conditions of an electric arc furnace. These experiments lead to the determination of mass balances (C, H, O, S) and to the quantification of unburnt compounds (tars, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX), polyaromatic compounds (PAHs)). Degradation conditions (gas atmosphere and temperature) corresponding to different areas in the electric furnace have also been investigated. Such experiments lead to a better understanding of degradation mechanisms; this interpretation is not possible from investigations performed in an industrial furnace since there are many uncontrolled parameters (large dispersion of the results).     

Performance of Exhaust Control Devices on 1966 Model Passenger Cars

Road tests have been carried out in five different cities with a fleet of 300 passenger cars consisting of three different makes, half of which are equipped with the 1966 exhaust control devices required by the state of California. The performance of these devices during the first series of tests has been evaluated. All three makes of device-equipped cars produced significantly lower emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide than did similar cars tested in 1962 and 1963. There were no consistent differences among the three makes of cars with respect to carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions.     

Prediction of CO maximum ground level concentrations in the Bay of Algeciras, Spain using artificial neural networks

The region of the Bay of Algeciras is a very industrialized area where very few air pollution studies have been carried out. The main objective of this work has been the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) as a predictive tool of high levels of ambient carbon monoxide (CO). Two approaches have been used: multilayer perceptron models (MLPs) with backpropagation learning rule and k-Nearest Neighbours (k-nn) classifiers, in order to predict future peaks of carbon monoxide. A resampling strategy with twofold cross-validation allowed the statistical comparison of the different topologies and models considered in the study. The procedure of random resampling permits an adequate and robust multiple comparisons of the tested models and allow us to select a group of best models.     

Transient and Frequency Response of Air Quality Monitors

Results of dynamic or transient tests and steady state calibration of carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide continuous air quality monitors are reported. Standard gases and permeation tubes were used to establish low level concentrations bpth for the steady-state calibration and the dynamic testing. The steady-state calibration was in excellent agreement with results obtained from grab samples of the calibration gas stream taken with standard gas bubblers and analyzed by the West and Gaeke procedure. Such tests have been carried out by other investigators with similar results. The important contribution of this paper lies in the application of dynamic testing techniques developed by the senior author and co-workers to determine the transient and frequency response characteristics of these air quality monitors.