超小型液体旋流分离器的研究

这是用超小型液体旋流分离器从水中分离固体粒子的性能实验。在旋流分离器下向流排出口内插入一个圆锥流量调节器。实验中使用的固体粒子为玻璃球，平均粒子径为4．84μm。通过实验发现了装有圆锥流量调节器旋流分离器有较好的性能，与普通型的相比，其压力损失约减少7％，分离效率增加10％。     

超小型液体旋流分离器的研究

这是用超小型液体旋流分离器从水中分离固体粒子的性能实验。在旋流分离器下向流排出口内插入一个圆锥流量调节器。实验中使用的固体粒子为玻璃球 ,平均粒子径为 4 84 μm。通过实验发现了装有圆锥流量调节器旋流分离器有较好的性能 ,与普通型的相比 ,其压力损失约减少 7% ,分离效率增加 10 %。     

二次旋流强化型气旋浮技术的分离特性

现有气旋浮装置在运行过程中普遍存在旋流强度衰减程度过大等问题,限制了其分离性能的提升,基于此,分析了二次旋流强化作用对气旋浮罐内旋流强度和分离性能的影响特性;借助CFD数值模拟方法和响应曲面法等手段对基于二次旋流强化气旋浮罐主要结构的参数进行了优化,对比分析了常规气旋浮罐和二次旋流强化气旋浮罐的内部流场和油水分离特性。结果表明,采用二次旋流强化结构可以有效提高旋流强度,加速"油滴-微气泡黏附体"向旋流中心汇聚,优化后的气旋浮罐油水分离效率提高至94.5%,较常规单级气旋浮罐提高了10%;二次旋流强化结构是提升气旋浮分离过程中旋流强度和提高气旋浮装置分离性能的有效途径。以上结果可进一步推动气旋浮装置性能的优化和结构创新,可丰富完善该技术设计的理论体系。     

用于含油污水处理的气浮旋流耦合技术研究

建立了气浮旋流耦合装置.测试了气浮旋流耦合装置的分离效果,实验表明,在加气量质量比为0.003～0.020,含油污水浓度为50～300 mg/L条件下,气浮旋流耦合装置可比单纯的旋流分离装置的分离效率提高10%～50%.     

液体旋流分离器分离效率的研究

液体旋流分离器是水环境污染治理的主要设备之一.分离效率是衡量液体旋流分离器分离过程进行完善程度的最重要的技术指标,它能从质与量两方面反映出设备性能的优劣.当前液体旋流分离器设计过程还缺少具体量化的理论依据,为了给液体旋流分离器的设计提供理论依据,通过液体旋流分离器从水中分离固体粒子的性能实验,得出了液体旋流分离器各部结构尺寸、形状、相对比例对分离效率的不同影响程度,提出了结构参数的最佳取值范围.按照本研究提出的设计原则和方法,可以制造出性能优良的液体旋流分离器.     

旋流场超细颗粒聚集实验研究

不同粒径分布和浓度的催化裂化(FCC)三旋回收超细催化剂颗粒在旋流场中经过50 h循环回流,颗粒中值粒径变化明显。物料中分散相越多、颗粒粒径越小时,颗粒碰撞越频繁,其聚集趋势越明显。颗粒聚集体在旋流场内不够稳定,通过对比不同进料速率下的旋流场聚集效果,得到最适合颗粒聚集的旋流场雷诺数为20 000。颗粒聚集体存在聚集极限粒径,其最佳聚集时间约为40 h,颗粒聚集后的旋流分离效率提高近5%。     

用于含油污水处理的气浮旋流耦合技术研究

建立了气浮旋流耦合装置。测试了气浮旋流耦合装置的分离效果，实验表明，在加气量质量比为0．003-0.020，含油污水浓度为50—300mg／L条件下，气浮旋流耦合装置可比单纯的旋流分离装置的分离效率提高10％，50％。     

石膏浆液旋流器的分离性能实验研究

通过理论分析及工程经验对石灰石/石膏法烟气脱硫工艺中石膏浆液脱水系统的旋流器进行优化设计,在与工业实际相近的操作条件下,优选出了一根综合性能较好的旋流器。考察了该旋流器的压力、流量与分离效率之间相互关系,与常规石膏浆液旋流器的分级效率进行了比较,确定了最佳操作条件。结果表明,旋流器的进口流量随着进出口压力差的增大而增大,分离效率随着流量增加先上升后下降。在进口硫石膏颗粒平均粒径为24μm,流量为11.8~14.8 m3/h时,分离效率在85%以上,底流出口10μm、15μm以下的颗粒分别占底流出口颗粒总体积的1%、10%左右,起到了很明显的分级浓缩作用,分离性能也优于常规使用的石膏浆液旋流器。     

旋流板式气液分离器减阻杆实验研究

实验研究了不同条件下减阻杆对分离器分离效率及压降的影响。研究结果表明,在旋流板式气液分离器内安装减阻杆可以在不减小分离效率的前提下降低阻力,减阻幅度的大小与减阻杆的轴向长度、径向位置和分离器内的空速有关;减阻杆对于分离效率的影响在实验范围内很小。研究结果可为分离器的优化设计提供建设性指导。     

用于气溶胶采样预分离的直流式旋风分离器

频繁的滤材堵塞是大气气溶胶采样器(流量大于500 m3/h)运行中常见的问题,安装预分离器是缓解这一问题的有效途径之一。研究了可用于这种气溶胶取样器预分离的旋风分离器,确定了使用轴流进气直流式的结构。在惯性分离理论的基础上,提出了切割粒径的计算方法。建立了流量为700～800 m3/h的预分离器性能测试装置和方法,并对3个旋风分离器性能进行了测试。实验结果表明:3个旋风分离器的切割粒径在12～14.5μm,与计算较好地符合;性能最佳的旋风分离器的切割粒径为14.5μm,10μm颗粒的透过率为73%,符合技术要求。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%（质量百分比）.反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

产油微藻培养与回收的关键技术研究进展

寻找廉价而高效的替代原料是实现生物柴油产业化的关键所在.微藻以含油量高、生长周期短、环境适应能力强、生物产量高等优点,有望成为一种极具潜力的生物柴油生产原料.然而,目前尚存在微藻培养低效成本高和微藻回收效率低两大难题.综述了微藻培养与回收过程中的关键技术,并对存在的两大难题及其改进技术进行了详细的探讨.最后,总结并展望了微藻培养、回收技术未来的发展趋势.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染