城市污泥对黑麦草和高羊茅生长的影响

通过对各项生长和生理指标考察,研究了在土壤中施用城市污泥对黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)和高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)的生长影响。结果表明,在土壤中添加污泥对植物生长的影响是复杂的,且对不同的植物影响有异;通过对植物株高、干质量、鲜质量、叶绿素、可溶性糖、丙二醛(MDA)含量的分析可得,当污泥施用量不超过10%(质量分数,下同)时,在2种草本植物的生长前期都没有表现出促进作用,这是由于植物的生长对污泥需要一定的适应期,适应期过后,其生长逐渐加快,表现出明显的促进作用。当污泥施用量达到15%时,污泥对2种草本植物生长表现为抑制和毒害作用,当施用量为30%时,黑麦草种植20d左右出现死亡现象,高羊茅则生长矮小、长势缓慢。总之,对于黑麦草最优的污泥施用量为5%~10%,高羊茅最优为5%。     

城市污泥堆肥产品施用对沙荒地土壤理化性质及高羊茅生长的影响

通过盆栽实验研究了城市污泥堆肥产品4种施用比例(0、10%、25%和50%)对沙荒地土壤理化性质及高羊茅生长的影响,结果表明:污泥堆肥产品的施加使混配土壤p H值向更利于高羊茅生长的p H范围(6.0~7.0)变化,土壤电导率随着施肥比例的增大有显著的增加,当施肥比例为10%、25%、50%时,土壤电导率分别为不施肥沙土的11.93、12.66和19.81倍;城市污泥堆肥产品施用后可显著提高沙荒地土壤中全氮、全磷、全钾及有机质含量,施肥比例为10%、25%和50%的沙土中有机质含量分别是不施肥沙土的3.69、4.22和5.65倍。污泥堆肥产品的施入有利于高羊茅对营养元素氮、磷和钾的吸收,进而促进了高羊茅的生长,但是这种促进作用在实验初期较为缓慢,直到实验后期方才显现出来。当施肥比例为25%时,高羊茅对营养物质的利用率达到最高,确定其为沙荒地土壤改良较为适宜的施肥比例。     

污水处理厂剩余污泥对凤仙花和万寿菊生长的影响

采用盆栽方式,通过对花卉植物生长状况和各项生理指标的考察,研究了不同污泥施用比对凤仙花(Impatiens balsamina)和万寿菊(Tagetes erecta L.)生长的影响。结果表明,污泥施用比不高于5%(质量分数)时对两种花卉植物发芽有促进作用。在前期,对照组凤仙花和万寿菊生长较好,其株高、叶绿素和可溶性糖含量高于污泥施用组,丙二醛(MDA)含量低于污泥施用组。而在后期,污泥的施用对两种花卉生长促进作用明显,污泥施用组的两种花卉植物株高和各项生理指标优于对照组,尤其是开花状况显著好于对照组。凤仙花和万寿菊较优的污泥施用比分别为3%~5%和1%~5%。     

基质施入污泥对马尼拉草和波斯菊生长的影响

通过盆栽实验,研究污泥和土壤的混合对马尼拉草和波斯菊生长和生理指标的影响.结果表明,当污泥施用比在10％ ～ 15％之间,对马尼拉草的生长有促进作用,其株高、生物量、叶绿素含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均优于对照组,丙二醛(MDA)含量与对照组相近;污泥施用比大于30％时,则明显地抑制马尼拉草的生长.当污泥施用比在3％～5％之间时,可促进波斯菊的生长,其株高、花数、叶绿素含量均大于对照组,MDA随时间的增长有减小的趋势,CAT活性较高;而污泥施用比大于10％时,则显著地抑制波斯菊的生长.     

自来水污泥堆肥化研究

研究了自来水污泥脱水防粘预处理技术、高温好氧堆肥技术及其应用于园林种植效果。机械组成测定和电镜扫描结果表明,调理剂QS可以显著改善自来水污泥的粘结性及脱水性能;堆肥实验结果表明,预处理的自来水污泥与枯枝落叶按体积比3∶7混匀,加入尿素调节碳氮比,27 d后,可达腐熟,EM菌可以加快堆肥物料腐熟,19 d后,即可达腐熟要求;桉树盆栽实验结果表明,自来水污泥经堆肥化处理后,保水性提高,促进桉树生长,而且堆肥过程中添加EM菌可以进一步促进桉树生长。     

微生物菌剂强化餐厨垃圾和污泥联合堆肥

为探究微生物菌剂对餐厨垃圾和污泥联合好氧堆肥的影响,以餐厨垃圾和污泥(湿重1∶1)混合原料为堆肥底物,添加底物总湿重30％的废木屑作为膨胀剂,向底物中分别加入微生物菌剂和腐熟堆肥为处理组,并以不添加外源物作为对照,通过测定堆肥过程中的理化性质、腐熟效果和营养元素的变化,考察菌剂和腐熟堆肥对联合堆肥的促进作用.结果表明,...     

城市污水处理厂的污泥农用对土壤的重金属影响

污泥农用是城市污水处理厂污泥资源化利用的有效途径，但污泥中的重金属元素含量高，可能成为环境中的一种安全隐患。重金属对环境的危害不仅与其总量有关，更大程度上由其形态分布所决定。实验研究了污泥农用所引入的重金属对土壤重金属总量及其形态的影响，研究结果表明，污泥农用虽然明显增加了土壤中的重金属总量，但重金属在土壤中的活性却受到了抑制，从而降低了重金属通过食物链危害人类健康的风险。     

污泥堆肥施用于草坪草栽培：Zn和Cu的分布特征

为了探索污泥堆肥中重金属在土壤一植物系统中的积累与转移特性，通过温室盆栽实验，分析了污泥堆肥对草坪草高羊茅、黑麦草和白三叶生物量积累的情况，研究了污泥堆肥中Zn和Cu在植物和土壤中的分布特征。结果表明，污泥堆肥施用可以有效促进3种草坪草的积累生物量，在0～6kg／m2的污泥堆肥施用量范围内，草坪草的生物量积累随着施用量的增加而提高。土壤中Zn和Cu的含量随污泥堆肥施加量的增加而增大，85％以上的Zn和Cu残留在土壤中。污泥堆肥中的Zn和Cu均可以被植物吸收，随着污泥堆肥施用量的增加，草坪草对Zn和Cu的吸收量增大，但当污泥堆肥施用量超过一定阈值时，草坪草吸收zn和cu不再增加，甚至减少；对于不同的草坪草，这一阈值有所不同。植物对zn和cu的吸收量只占土壤中zn和cu减少量的5％左右。根据生物富集系数（BCF）的计算结果推测，污泥堆肥的施用对土壤环境的影响大于对植物体内累积zn和Cu的影响。     

腐熟污泥对废水中Cd(Ⅱ)与Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附性能研究

利用腐熟污泥作为一种重金属吸附剂,考察其对水中重金属锌和镉的吸附过程.实验数据的拟合采用了Pseudo-first Order-和Pseudo-second Order 2种动力学模型以及Langmuir和Freundlich 2种吸附等温线模型;拟合结果表明,腐熟污泥对锌与镉的吸附过程符合Pseudo-second ...     

胜利油田含油污泥的植物修复研究

胜利油田滨一污水站产生的含油污泥经俄罗斯菌剂修复后含油量仍较高,为进一步降低其含油量,采用了植物修复技术.在总面积为1 000 m2的含油污泥修复场地上,分别种植了高羊茅、苜蓿、大豆、玉米和高粱,进行了120 d的植物修复.检测了植物修复前后含油污泥的含油量、基本理化性质、生物毒性、微生物数量和代谢功能多样性.对比发现,植物修复后含油污泥的石油降解率最高可达34.09%,持水率提高,生物毒性下降,微生物数量增加及代谢功能多样性增强.实验说明,植物修复是处理含油污泥的有效方法之一.     

Influence of papermill sludge on growth of Medicago sativa, Festuca rubra and Agropyron trachycaulum in gold mine tailings: a greenhouse study

A greenhouse study was undertaken to determine the suitability of adding papermill sludge to neutral/alkaline gold mine tailings to improve the establishment of Festuca rubra, Agropyron trachycaulum and Medicago sativa. Festuca rubra root and shoot biomass and A. Trachycaulum shoot biomass were increased with papermill sludge amendment. The addition of papermill sludge and fertilizer drastically increased the shoot and root biomass of M. sativa (20-30 times) while A. trachycaulum and F. rubra showed a more moderate increase in growth. Photosynthetic pigment content of the leaves was higher in papermill sludge treatments than in the treatments without papermill sludge. The organic carbon content, macro-aggregate content and field capacity of the gold mine tailings were increased while the bulk density was decreased by the addition of papermill sludge. This study suggests that addition of papermill sludge and adequate fertilization can alleviate some of the adverse conditions of neutral/alkaline gold mine tailings.     

添加不同钝化剂降低污泥堆肥的植物毒性研究

高温堆肥后污泥的土地利用可充分发挥资源化、无害化的优势，污泥土地利用防止重金属污染一直是污泥施用中最重要的问题。通过测验发芽率指数这一代表植物毒性的指标证明，通过在污泥堆肥中加入粉煤灰、磷矿粉和草炭等不同的改性剂或重金属钝化剂可大大降低堆肥的植物毒性，从而降低污泥中重金属的可利用性。     

Improvement of salinity in sewage sludge compost prior to its utilization as nursery substrate

Soluble salts are enriched in sewage sludge compost because of their inherent derivation. Accordingly, the content of soluble salt in sludge compost is usually much higher than most seedlings can tolerate. To determine whether sludge compost is suitable for use as a nursery substrate, some experiments were conducted. Reduction of the electrical conductivity (EC) value could improve seed germination in saturated extract from sludge compost. In addition, water elution and mixing dilution with raw soil were all shown to be able to alleviate saline inhibition on seed germination and seedling growth, including stem diameter, seedling height, and above-ground weight. Overall, salinity is a crucial problem when sewage sludge compost is reused as a nursery substrate, and some effective and convenient approaches to reduce salt should be served prior to its reuse.

Implications: Sewage sludge after being composted is usually reused as organic fertilizer or plant substrate. However, salt is the main problem during its reclamation. What is the highest salt level the seedling can tolerate? Which types of salts are effective in salinity of sludge-amended substrate? Meanwhile, can the salinity be reduced through water elution or soil mixing dilution? This paper is the first to investigate the salinity and its reduction of sewage sludge compost prior to its use in the development of nursery substrate.     

Biological and ecophysiological reactions of white wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides L.) grown on sewage sludge compost

We studied the effects of sewage sludge compost on white wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides L.) compared with mineral fertilization and control (without any fertilizer) in a greenhouse experiment. The plants grown on the compost-amended soil showed a different growth dynamic: a significant delay in flowering and a bigger root system. Both the compost and the fertilization treatments increased biomass and seed yield. Heavy metal (Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni) distribution within the plant was in the following order: roots > leaves > stems, except for zinc which was homogeneously distributed. The balance of mineral nutrition was not affected by treatments. Zinc was the trace element which was most taken up. Unlike many species of Brassicaceae, white wall rocket is not a hyperaccumulator. Although sewage sludge compost improved plant growth, delay in flowering shows that it is necessary to take precautions when spreading sewage sludge in natural areas.     

污泥好氧堆肥预处理混合破碎机实验研究

针对污泥高温好氧堆肥技术对粒径和含水率的要求,研制开发出了污泥混合破碎机。该破碎机采用螺旋式布置弯刀,实现污泥和辅料(包括熟料和平菇渣)的混合、破碎和输送三重功能,并能连续作业。实验表明:通过调节污泥与辅料的混合比,可以满足堆肥所需的混合料粒径(20 mm)和含水率(60%左右)要求;采用V熟:V平=1∶1作辅料,破碎机污泥处理量小于7 t/h时,满足粒径和含水率要求所需的污泥/辅料体积比R为1∶(2.5~3.5);分别采用平菇渣和熟料作辅料,结果表明,与污泥混合后都可以满足堆肥要求;平菇渣起到膨松作用,需要的量相对少。     

调理剂对堆肥产品重金属生物有效性的影响

城市污泥中重金属含量及其生物有效性是限制污泥农用的主要因素,因此,研究污泥堆肥化处理过程中重金属生物有效性,对污泥的农用具有重要意义。实验以城市污泥为原料,以菌菇渣和秸秆为调理剂,设置4个处理:A(污泥∶菌菇渣∶秸秆=1∶0.4∶0.025)、B(污泥∶菌菇渣∶秸秆=1∶0.3∶0.025)、C(污泥∶秸秆=1∶0.12)和D(污泥∶秸秆=1∶0.09),进行好氧堆肥实验,采用BCR顺序提取法测定各种形态的重金属,研究堆肥前后重金属形态的变化规律。结果表明,城市污泥中Cu、Ni、Pb和Cr主要以可氧化态及残渣态存在,生物有效性较低,而Zn和Cd主要以酸溶态和可还原态存在,生物有效性较高;堆肥过程显著降低了Cu、Zn、Ni和Pb的生物有效性,并改变了Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cr和Cd的形态分布,使污泥中的Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb和Cd向着更稳定的可氧化态或残渣态转变;污泥经过堆肥处理后,Cu、Zn和Ni 3种重金属生物有效性关系为:ABCD,与其他处理相比,处理A残渣态的Pb和Cr增加比例较多,综合来看,处理A对重金属生物有效性的降低最为明显,重金属钝化效果最佳。     

The influence of mycorrhizal symbiosis and fertilizer amendments on establishment of vegetation in heavy metal mine spoil

Biomass production of Andropogon gerardii and Festuca arundinacea was assessed in mine tailings (chat), a material containing high levels of zinc. The effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer amendments, the addition of an expanded clay material, and mycorrhizal fungi on the revegetation of chat were assessed. Plant growth in chat was best with mycorrhizal inoculation combined with nitrogen (either organic or inorganic) and phosphorus fertilization. Plant growth was also achieved if the chat material was amended with expanded clay and N and P fertilizer. However, the biomass produced in contaminated soil did not equal that of similarly fertilized uncontaminated soil. Regression analysis and canonical discriminate analysis revealed significant differences in the responses of the two plant species to the various chat amendments. Although F. arundinacea generally produced greater biomass than A. gerardii, it tended to accumulate more zinc in the shoots than A. gerardii. Therefore, if plant cover is to be used as forage or if wind-blown plant dry matter is of concern, A. gerardii may be more appropriate than F. arundinacea for revegetation of these toxic sites. Alternatively, if maximum plant cover is of primary importance to reduce wind or water erosion from contaminated soils, F. arundinacea may be the species of choice.     

Soil physical changes and plant availability of Zn and Pb in a treatability test of phytostabilization

A treatability test of phytostabilization was carried out on two soils sampled downstream a mining Italian area with Lolium italicum and Festuca arundinacea. Beside chemical content of Pb and Zn in aerial parts and in roots, also some physical parameters were determined at the end of the growth cycle of plants. Particle size distribution was analysed with a laser granulometer while cracking patterns and porosity were determined by means of image analysis. Compost, used at two rates (10%, and 30% v/v) in order to improve soil physical characteristics, always raised biomass with similar effects for both doses. The concentration of Pb and Zn in aerial parts and in roots of L. italicum and F. arundinacea decreased more than five times in presence of compost. A general lack of clear effects of both plants on soil physical parameters was noticed. Formation of more water stable aggregates, a rise of the area occupied by cracks, and new porosity formed by elongated and irregular pores were found in soil samples treated with compost.     

污水厂污泥堆肥及制作化肥技术研究与应用

利用污水处理厂脱水后的污泥，经粉煤灰水分调节后进人动态堆肥装置，好氧发酵成为性状良好的腐殖颗粒，然后经过一定工艺制成一种有机-无机复合化肥，其N、P、K含量达到25％，有机质含量大于30％，含水量小于10％，pH值6～8。将化肥用在农田的水稻种植，水稻的亩产量增产11．4％，各项指标均符合国家标准。