超滤与电渗析联用降低油田采出水矿化度中试试验研究

以大庆油田常规处理后的油田采出水为处理对象,建立日产水300t的超滤预处理和电渗析脱盐处理中试试验装置.考察该工艺所能达到的技术经济指标,掌握放大规律,为万吨级工业装置和系统的设计提供基础数据.经过3000h长时间连续试运行,系统出水水质稳定,出水浊度低于1.0 NTU,悬浮物和含油量低于1.00 mg/L,矿化度低于1000 mg/L,水质完全满足配制聚合物用水要求,证明采用处理后的油田采出水代替清水作为聚合物驱用水是可行的.     

炼油厂轻污染水回用试验研究

针对某炼油厂轻污染废水水质情况，选用了BAF（生物曝气滤池）工艺＋SF（砂滤）工艺对该废水进行净化处理。通过试验研究，得到了BAF工艺合适的运行参数，取得了满意的试验结果。经BAF工艺处理后，出水COD和油平均浓度分别为9.78mg／L和0.24mg／L，再经SF工艺进一步去除SS后，出水SS平均浓度为3．8mg／L，系统处理出水完全达到工业回用水水质要求。试验证明：BAF工艺是一种高效的处理方法，适合炼油厂轻污染水的净化处理。     

A2O-MBR工艺处理城市污Z作农业灌溉用水中试研究

为开发一种污水再生利用于农田灌溉领域的新型技术，本实验以城市污水为研究对象，采用A2O—MBR工艺进行中试研究，并将系统出水水质与《农田灌溉水质标准（GB5084—2005）》的主要水质指标进行对比分析。结果表明，系统COD和BOD，出水浓度范围分别为3．2～59．6mg／L、1．0～7．6mg／L，系统出水pH为7．16～7．54，悬浮物浓度几乎为0，上述指标均符合标准；TP、TN和氨氮的出水范围分别为0．03～0．79mg／L、1．6～17．7mg／L和0．8～10．3mg／L。《农田灌溉水质标准》没有对上述3个指标提出具体要求，且少量的氮磷是植物生长的营养元素。该系统出水的主要水质指标符合标准兽求．     

A2／O-MBR工艺处理低负荷污水并回用

将A2／O生物处理单元与MBR相结合构建了的处理能力为2000m3／d的A2／O—MBR工艺，并应用于缺水地区校园生活污水的处理与回用。该系统运行稳定，运行阶段的实验结果表明，在进水COD为100-200mg／L、NH4＋-N为19～33mg／L、TN为25-43mg／L、TP为35mg／L和低碳氮比的情况下，出水水质优于《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》（GB／T18920-2002）的要求，且全部用于杂用及校园绿化等。经分析该工艺运行成本为0．96元／m3，每年可节省自来水73万t，获得较好的环境效益与经济效益。     

A／O-MBR工艺处理校园生活污水中水回用工程的设计与运行

针对Et处理量为1500m3的高校中水处理设施，论述了缺氧／好氧-MBR（A／O—MBR）处理工艺运行特性，完成了长效监测及经济性评价。系统MBR池污泥浓度（MLSS）控制在8～12g／L，缺氧池和好氧池水力停留时间（HRT）分别为3h和7h，污泥回流比为200％～300％。当进水COD、总氮、氨氮平均浓度分别为481．3、75．1和65．8mg／L时，出水COD、总氮、氨氮平均浓度分别为16．5、13．4和0．7mg／L，平均去除率分别为96．4％、81．9％和99．0％。在进行化学除磷的情况下，出水总磷的平均浓度为0．8mg／L，平均去除率86．5％。出水水质优于《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》（GB／T18920—2002）中的相应水质指标要求。经济性分析结果显示，该中水站的电耗为0．58kWh／m3。     

用作电厂的生活污水深度处理工艺实验研究

根据生活污水深度处理工艺，对高锰酸钾用量、活性炭种类和投加量进行了实验研究，结果表明，高锰酸钾和粉末椰壳活性炭的最佳投加量分别为0．5mg／L和15mg／L，经实际工艺运行后，出水水质符合电厂用水的要求。     

催化铁内电解法处理制革综合废水的研究

采用以催化铁内电解法为主的工艺处理制革综合废水，当进水SS、BOD5、CODCr、TCr、S^2-、色度分别为2120mg／L、648mg／L、1240mg／L、96．2mg／L、113．8mg／L、840倍时，出水分别为142mg／L、75mg／L、248mg／L、1．3mg／L、0．8mg／L、16倍，而且出水水质稳定，能够达到二级排放标准。     

温度对复合厌氧折流板膜生物反应器处理生活污水效能的影响

将新型CAMBR反应器（厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）与膜生物反应器（MBR）优化组合）用于处理生活污水，研究温度对该反应器处理效能的影响。实验水力停留时间7．5h，混合液回流比设置为200％，pH值为6．5～8．5，溶解氧3mg／L左右。控制3个温度梯度：高温（32～37％），中温（20～25℃），低温（5～10％），每个温度运行35d。结果表明，在高温条件下，系统出水COD、NH4．N、TN和TP平均浓度分别为25、0．5、12．5和0．7mg／L。在中温条件下，系统出水COD、NH4＋-N、TN和TP浓度分别30、1．2、12．5和0．4mg／L。在低温条件下，COD和TP分别经过15d和20d调整适应，出水可恢复至35mg／L和1mg／L。由于低温（10％以下）对硝化细菌产生强烈抑制，出水NH4＋-N去除率最终稳定在35％，TN去除率为40％。低温条件下，该反应器应用于污水处理中需注意适当保温，以保证出水水质。     

炼油厂轻污染水回用试验研究

针对某炼油厂轻污染废水水质情况,选用了BAF(生物曝气滤池)工艺+SF(砂滤)工艺对该废水进行净化处理。通过试验研究,得到了BAF工艺合适的运行参数,取得了满意的试验结果。经BAF工艺处理后,出水COD和油平均浓度分别为9.78mg/L和0.24mg/L,再经SF工艺进一步去除SS后,出水SS平均浓度为3.8mg/L,系统处理出水完全达到工业回用水水质要求。试验证明:BAF工艺是一种高效的处理方法,适合炼油厂轻污染水的净化处理。     

悬浮填料生物膜床反应器处理高校生活污水

本研究利用悬浮填料生物膜床反应器处理高校生活污水，对CODCr氨氮和总磷有较好的去除效果。水力停留时间6h时，CODCr总去除率最高可达到95％，出水CODCr稳定在30mg／L以下；总磷去除率达到50％以上，出水总磷含量低于0．5mg／L；对NH3-N的去除率可以稳定在80％以上，出水NH3-N低于1mg／L。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响

研究了遵义红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响 ,从砷酸根浓度和体系pH对红土动电电位影响的角度作了探讨 ,结果表明 ,砷酸根离子浓度越大 ,Zata电位下降幅度越大 ,Zata电位也越低 ;随着体系pH的升高 ,氧化铁胶体动电电位逐渐下降 ,甚至改变了表面电位的符号。由此得出了红土吸附砷属于专性吸附的结论。     

活性炭三维电极法对印染废水的处理研究

对三维电极方法处理印染废水进行了实验研究,初步探讨了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的机理,对影响处理效果的各种要素,如反应时间、槽电压和pH值等进行了条件实验,得出了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的最佳运行条件为:停留时间120-180 min,槽电压25～30 V,进水pH值6.5～7.5。结果表明,该反应器能有效地降低废水色度,有较高的COD去除效率,并能提高印染废水的可生化性。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Visualisation of the complexity of EUSES

The interdependencies of parameters applied in the models of EUSES are visualised in a directed connectivity graph. The parameters (inputs, defaults, state variables, outputs) are represented by boxes (nodes) and their relations by lines (edges). The visualisation, on the one hand, clarifies the complexity of the models in EUSES and, on the other hand, creates an overview and transparency. The parameters’ relations to each other can be recognised faster, and the models can be better understood. The complexity was quantified by the number (variety), kind (substance parameter, physico-chemical parameter, concentration, other parameters), and depth (dimension) of the parameter and the number of relations (connectivity). The variety of EUSES (without the modelsSimple Treat andSimple Box whose interior structure is not documented and without the effect and risk characterisation) amounts to 466, the connectivity to 961, and the maximal dimension is 21.