天津市臭氧污染特征及来源解析研究

使用天津市2013—2017年的连续臭氧观测数据,分析了天津市的臭氧污染特征,并使用基于排放清单处理模型(SMOKE)/中尺度气象模型(WRF)/多尺度空气质量模型(CAMx)的臭氧来源解析技术对天津市不同季节的臭氧来源情况进行研究。结果表明,天津市臭氧污染整体波动变化,年均浓度总体呈现先下跌后上升的趋势;天津市臭氧夏季浓度较高,春季、秋季浓度较低,冬季浓度最低。天津市臭氧污染区域性特征明显,区域输送贡献远大于本地贡献,本地臭氧来源贡献率仅占8%～20%。河北省、山东省、内蒙古自治区等地区污染物排放对天津市臭氧污染有较大贡献。天津市本地源对臭氧的贡献季节差异较大,其中工业源贡献较大,其在春季、秋季对臭氧贡献率分别为49%、43%。夏季天然源、工业源、交通源与电厂源对臭氧贡献率较为接近,均在20%～30%;冬季其他源(包括生物质燃烧源、居民燃烧源等)对臭氧贡献率最大,为54%。未来应根据臭氧污染来源的地域特征和季节特征采取不同臭氧污染防治策略。     

上海市夏季臭氧生成与其前体物控制模拟研究

基于WRF-CMAQ模型,结合长三角地区大气污染源排放清单,设计9组预测情景,模拟分析上海市2012年7月臭氧生成与臭氧前体物(NOX、挥发性有机物(VOCs))排放之间的变化关系。结果表明:(1)上海城区臭氧生成属VOCs控制型,控制VOCs的排放可降低臭氧浓度。(2)减少臭氧前体物排放对日间高浓度臭氧有较好的控制效果,夜间则相反。(3)徐汇、静安站点控制VOCs排放对降低臭氧浓度效果较显著,当VOCs削减比例为75%时,两个站点的臭氧浓度超标小时数分别下降了45.5%以上、50.0%以上。青浦淀山湖及浦东川沙站点控制NOX排放对降低臭氧浓度效果较好,当NOX削减比例为75%时,两个站点的臭氧1h浓度超标小时数分别降低75.0%、100.0%。(4)在最大控制力度(即NOX和VOCs均削减75%)下,徐汇、静安、青浦淀山湖、浦东川沙站点的臭氧1h浓度超标小时数也从基准情景的11、8、16、6h下降至0、3、4、0h。     

应用化学质量平衡模型解析烟台市污染源的排放贡献率

根据烟台地区污染排放特点,应用化学质量平衡模型（CMB8）进行污染源解析分析,得出每个污染源对于受体地区颗粒物体样本的排放贡献率。最终的模型结果显示,建筑尘和居民烯煤锅炉排放,海洋尘和冶炼厂排放对于大气环境污染也有一定的贡献,以上分析可以为城市污染源治理提供一定的依据。     

珠三角城市近地面臭氧污染分布特征及变化趋势

利用2013—2017年珠三角城市空气质量监测站的大气常规污染物逐时监测数据,探究珠三角区域臭氧(O3)污染年际变化、季节变化、日变化特征。结果表明,珠三角O3浓度秋季高冬春低,在一年之内呈现2月、5月、9—11月从低到高3个峰值;在一天之内呈现昼高夜低的单峰结构,峰值大多出现在午后15:00时。珠三角中部城市超标天数较多,沿海城市超标天数较少,大部分城市每年O3超标天数逐渐增多。O3月变化和日变化与NO2呈现负相关。总体而言,NO2平均浓度越高的城市,O3昼夜爬升值越高。     

推动臭氧污染防治

正随着雾霾天气的增多,PM_(2.5)污染正受到人们的关注。与此同时,臭氧污染在一些地区开始呈季节性加剧趋势,臭氧污染防治不得不提上日程。国务院出台的《大气污染防治行动计划》提出,要加强灰霾、臭氧的形成机制、来源解析、迁移规律和监测预警等研究,为污染治理提供科学支撑。据监测,国庆长假前后,北京及珠三角地区的臭氧污染严重,并一定程度上加剧了PM_(2.5)污染。环境保护部公布的数据表明,2013年上半年,全国74个城市平均超标天数比例为45.2%,主要污染物就是PM_(2.5)和臭氧。目前,臭氧已经成为夏秋季节影响长三角和珠三角地区空气质量的主要污染物之一。近地面的臭氧是光化学烟雾的主要组成成分。随着城市化进程的加快和汽车保有量的急剧增加,我国多地曾出现过光化     

台州不同功能区秋季挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

于2020年秋季对台州不同功能区大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行在线监测，分析了VOCs浓度水平和组成特征；利用O₃生成潜势(OFP)评估了VOCs对O₃污染的影响；运用正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)解析VOCs的主要来源。结果表明，台州5个监测站点总挥发性有机物(TVOC)体积分数日均值在30.0×10^-9～52.9×10^-9,均以烷烃和含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)为主；VOCs来源主要包括机动车尾气源、工业排放源、燃烧源、油品挥发源、溶剂使用源和植物源，其对VOCs的贡献率分别为27.42%、19.37%、17.36%、17.25%、11.18%、7.41%,其中城区和郊区机动车尾气源的贡献最大，而工业园区则是工业排放源贡献最大；对OFP贡献最大的源类是溶剂使用源(贡献率31.12%),其次是工业排放源、机动车尾气源、油品挥发源、燃烧源，贡献率分别为20.69%、16.37%、15.70%、10.99%,植物源对OFP贡献率最低，仅为5.13%。台州城区和郊区需重点关注溶剂使用源管控，工业园...     

温州市灰霾污染的特征与成因分析

利用高时空分辨率的监测数据,结合混合受体模式,运用统计学分析方法,研究温州市2013—2014年大气污染物时间变化特征,并对2013年12月初严重灰霾污染事件进行案例分析。结果表明:春、冬季PM2.5平均值明显高于夏、秋季。本地PM2.5浓度受二次细颗粒物的形成、区域传输以及气象条件的影响,交通运输源是重要来源。春季PM2.5/CO(质量比)最高(尤其在凌晨和下午两个时段),此时二次细颗粒物的贡献较大。案例分析发现,安徽省及长三角地区的工业化发达区域(特别是上海市、宁波市等沿海城市)是温州市严重灰霾污染的主要潜在源区;沈阳市也是重要潜在源区,传输路径为海上通道。     

武汉市PM2.5中二元羧酸的污染特征及来源解析

在武汉市工业区和交通区展开了PM_(2.5)样品采集,研究了PM_(2.5)中二元羧酸的化学组成、污染水平及来源。二元羧酸在工业区为103.1～2 219.2ng/m~3,年平均值为958.4ng/m~3;在交通区为66.9～2 176.8ng/m~3,年平均值为749.7ng/m~3。丙二酸/丁二酸(C_3/C_4,质量比,下同)表明,武汉市二元羧酸主要来自机动车尾气排放;己二酸/壬二酸(C_6/C_9)表明,二元羧酸的人为源贡献大于自然源。正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型解析结果显示,工业区中二次源占13.7%,建筑扬尘占23.1%,机动车尾气排放占37.0%,生物质燃烧占26.2%;交通区中二次源占8.9%,建筑扬尘占24.9%,机动车尾气排放占51.8%,生物质燃烧占14.4%。潜在源区贡献因子(PSCF)分析得出,武汉市夏季二元羧酸主要受到南部季风的影响,冬季主要受到西部冷空气的影响。     

珠江三角洲PM_(2.5)高污染天气的区域污染特征分析

利用珠江三角洲(简称珠三角)58个监测点位2013—2015年的CO、SO_2、NO_2、O_3、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度数据,对珠三角PM_(2.5)高污染天气的污染物分布特征进行研究,以期更深入地揭示珠三角PM_(2.5)的污染特征。结果表明:珠三角PM_(2.5)高污染天气主要发生在秋季(10月)和冬季(1月、12月);相对于冬季,秋季珠三角大气污染光化学反应更活跃;秋季珠三角PM_(2.5)高污染天气由一次污染和二次污染同步加强导致,污染防治难度大;冬季珠三角大气污染体现了高污染区域传输影响的特征,PM_(2.5)污染由高污染区域传输背景下的本地污染积累加强导致,佛山和广州一带尤为明显,是重点防治地区。     

台风登陆前珠三角地区近地面O_3浓度升高的原因初探

利用粤港澳珠三角地区空气质量监测网络的近地面大气污染物浓度观测数据,风、气温、气压和相对湿度等气象观测数据及水平分辨率为1°×1°的由美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)提供的FNL全球分析资料中的再分析气象场数据,从前体物和光化学生成、水平传输、垂直传输的角度,对台风"妮妲"登陆前,珠三角地区近地面出现的O_3浓度高峰进行原因分析。结果表明:台风登陆前,珠三角地区云量较低,气温升高,相对湿度较大,同时前体物浓度升高,有利于本地O_3光化学生成,造成O_3浓度升高;但珠三角地区近地面风速很小,且以辐散为主,故水平传输不是造成O_3浓度大幅升高的原因;在台风靠近珠三角地区的过程中,珠三角地区受台风外围下沉气流控制,造成高层大气向近地面输送O_3,同时本地生成的O_3等各类大气污染物无法向上扩散而逐渐累积。以上因素最终导致台风"妮妲"登陆前珠三角地区近地面O_3浓度升高。     

Differences in Cu content in selected mushroom species growing in the same unpolluted areas in Poland

The aim of the study was to estimate copper (Cu) accumulation efficiency in whole-fruiting bodies of 18 edible and non-edible wild growing mushrooms collected from 27 places in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. Mushrooms were collected each time from the same places to estimate the diversity in Cu accumulation between tested mushroom species within 3 consecutive years of study (2011–2013). The study results revealed various accumulation of Cu in the whole-tested mushroom fruiting bodies. The highest mean accumulation of Cu was observed in Macrolepiota procera (119.4 ± 20.0 mg kg^?1 dm), while the lowest was in Suillus luteus and Russula fellea fruiting bodies (16.1 ± 3.0 and 18.8 ± 4.6 mg kg^?1 dm, respectively). Significant differences in Cu accumulation between mushroom species collected in 2011 and in the two following years (2012 and 2013) were observed. The results indicated that sporadic consumption of these mushrooms was not related to excessive intake of Cu for the human body (no toxic influence on health).     

Trends in summer sulphate in Europe

A trend analysis of the sulphate concentration in Europe in the summer half-year was performed. Data from various measuring networks were analysed, but only stations with quality assured sampling methods and a record of more than 10 years were included in the study. 1978 served as the reference year for the trend, because in that year most stations started operation. The relatively dense network in Belgium provided the most valuable data, as evidenced by the fact that two sites at a distance of only 10 km apart correlated better than 95% over a month. The two sites also show a correlation of better than 90% over a season with two other stations at distances of 45 and 95 km. The relative decrease in summer-sulphate at the four stations in Belgium, as analysed by linear regression, was 3.3% per year which corresponds to an absolute decrease of 0.42 μgm⁻³ per year. In the Netherlands the average yearly decrease in summer-sulphate at two stations was 3.5% (−0.34 μgm⁻³). In other countries stations were further apart or only a single site wits in use, which limits the representativeness of the data. In northwestern Germany, a region with several monitoring stations, a yearly averaged decrease of 3.0% occurred. The lower absolute decrease (0.25 μgm⁻³) per year compared to that in the two neighbouring countries reflects the lower summer-time sulphate concentrations. In the remainder of Germany the average decrease was 1.6%. In South-Scandinavia the yearly relative decrease at two sites was 2.6% (0.13 μgm⁻³ absolute). There was no significant trend in the U.K. Al the Polish station the levels increased, it decreased at the Hungarian and Austrian station and remained constant at the Czechoslovakian site. Reasons for omission of the data from France from the trend analysis are discussed.     

Pesticides in rainfall in Europe

Papers and published reports investigating the presence of pesticides in rainfall in Europe were reviewed. Approximately half of the compounds that were analysed for were detected. For those detected, most concentrations were below about 100 ng/l, but larger concentrations, up to a few thousand nanograms per litre, were detected occasionally at most monitoring sites. The most frequently detected compounds were lindane (gamma-HCH) and its isomer (alpha-HCH), which were detected on 90-100% of sampling occasions at most of the sites where they were monitored. For compounds developed more recently, detection was usually limited to the spraying season. A classification of pesticides according to their deposition pattern is proposed.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.     

Bioaccumulation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in perch in Swedish lakes

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), a high production volume chemical used in personal care products, enters the environment both via air and sewage treatment plant (STP) recipients. It has been found in fish, and there is concern that it may be a bioaccumulative substance. In this work D5 was analyzed in perch from six Swedish lakes that did not receive STP effluent, and in perch and sediment from six lakes that received STP effluent. In the lakes receiving the STP effluent, the D5 concentrations in sediment varied over three orders of magnitude and were correlated with the number of persons connected to the STP normalized to the surface area of the receiving body. In the lakes not receiving effluent, the D5 levels in perch were all below the LOQ, while D5 was above the LOQ in almost all perch from lakes that received effluent. The D5 concentrations in perch and sediment from the lakes receiving STP effluent were correlated. This shows that STP effluent is a much more important source of D5 to aquatic ecosystems than atmospheric deposition, and that the risk of adverse effects of D5 on aquatic life will be greatest in small recipients receiving large amounts of STP effluent. The bioaccumulation of D5 was compared to that of PCB 180 on the basis of multimedia bioaccumulation factors (mmBAFs), which describe the fraction of the contaminant present in the whole aquatic environment (i.e. water and surface sediment) that is transferred to the fish. In four of the six lakes the mmBAF of D5 was >0.3 of the mmBAF of PCB 180. Given that PCB 180 is a known highly bioaccumulative chemical, this indicates that the bioaccumulation of D5 in perch is considerable.     

Trace Metals in Upland Headwater Lakes in Ireland

Trace elements (n = 23) in Irish headwater lakes (n = 126) were investigated to determine their ambient concentrations, fractionation (total, dissolved, and non-labile), and geochemical controls. Lakes were generally located in remote upland, acid-sensitive regions along the coastal margins of the country. Total trace metal concentrations were low, within the range of natural pristine surface waters; however, some lakes (~20 %) had inorganic labile aluminum and manganese at levels potentially harmful to aquatic organisms. Redundancy analysis indicated that geochemical weathering was the dominant controlling factor for total metals, compared with acidity for dissolved metals. In addition, many metals were positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon indicating their affinity (or complexation) with humic substances (e.g., aluminum, iron, mercury, lead). However, a number of trace metals (e.g., aluminum, mercury, zinc) were correlated with anthropogenic acidic deposition (i.e., non-marine sulfate), suggesting atmospheric sources or elevated leaching owing to acidic deposition. As transboundary air pollution continues to decline, significant changes in the cycling of trace metals is anticipated.     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fishes in Sudan

Abstract

Cotton‐producing areas of the Centrol Sudan, bordered by the Blue and the White Nile, have been subjected to repeated applications of pesticides. This region is irrigated by a series of canals, the Gezira canals, which hold large amounts of fresh water. Lake Nubia at the Sudan‐Egypt border is another important fresh water reservoir and fisheries ground. Fish from both the Gezira and Lake Nubia showed elevated concentrations of pesticides, suggesting that continued pesticides application would endanger the equatic fauna of this region and the proposed fresh water fishery.     

Pesticide distribution in an agricultural environment in Argentina

An assessment of the off-site migration of pesticides from agricultural activity into the environment in the Neuquen River Valley was performed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of pesticides in several compartments of a small agricultural sub-catchment. Soil, surface water, shallow groundwater and drift deposition were analyzed for pesticide residues. Results showed the presence of some pesticide residues in soil, surface water and shallow groundwater compartments. The highest detection frequencies in water (surface and subsurface) were found for azinphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos (>70%). In terms of concentration, the highest levels were observed in shallow groundwater for azinphos methyl (22.5 μg/L) and carbaryl (45.7 μg/L). In the soil, even before the application period had started, accumulation of residues was present. These residues increased during the period studied. Spray drift during pesticide application was found to be a significant pathway for the migration of pesticide residues in surface water, while leaching and preferential flows were the main transport routes contributing to subsurface contamination.     

Lead poisoning in swans in Japan

We investigated the occurrence, source and exposure time of lead poisoning in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus cygnus) and Bewick's swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) in Japan during the winters of 1984-1987. Concentrations of lead in various tissues and physiological evidence of lead shot in some birds indicated that lead shotgun pellets were the source of lead, and exposure occurred after the birds arrived in Japan. Mortality probably occurred within 30 days after exposure to, and retention of, lead shot in the gizzard.     

Large-scale spatial variation in mercury concentrations in cattle in NW Spain

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic environmental contaminant and man-made emissions account for between a quarter and a third of total atmospheric levels. Point discharges, particularly coal-burning power stations, are major sources of atmospheric Hg and can result in marked spatial variation in mercury deposition and subsequent uptake by biota. The aims of this study were to quantify the extent to which major point and diffuse sources of atmospheric Hg emissions affected accumulation of Hg by biota throughout Galicia and Asturias, two of the major regions in northwest Spain. We did this by relating renal Hg concentrations in locally reared cattle (n=284) to the proximity of animals to point and diffuse sources of Hg emissions. Mercury residues in calf kidneys ranged between non-detected and 89.4 g/kg wet weight. Point discharges from coal-fired power plants in Galicia had the most dominant impact on Hg accumulation by calves in Galicia, affecting animals throughout the region and explaining some two-thirds of the variation in renal residues between animals located directly downwind from the plants. The effects of more diffuse emission sources on Hg accumulation in calves were not distinguishable in Galicia but were detected in cattle from neighbouring Asturias. The impact of both point and diffuse sources in elevating environmental levels of bioavailable Hg and subsequent accumulation by cattle extended to approximately 140-200 km downwind from source.