天津冬季PM2.5与PM10中有机碳、元素碳的污染特征

研究了天津冬季PM2.5和PM10中碳成分的污染特征.结果表明,天津冬季PM2.5和PM10的平均质量浓度分别为(124.4±60.9)、(224.6±131.2)μg/m3;总碳(TC)、有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)在PM2.5中的平均质量分数比在PM10中分别高出5.0%、3.6%、1.2%;PM2.5中OC、EC的相关系数较高,为0.95,表明OC、EC的来源相对简单,可能主要反应了燃煤和机动车尾气的贡献.OC/EC的平均值在PM2.5和PM10中分别为3.9、4.9.次生有机碳(SOC)在PM2.55和PM10中的平均质量浓度分别为14.9、23.4/μg/m3,分别占OC的48.5%(质量分数,下同)、49.8%,OC/EC较高可能主要与直接排放源有关;PM2.5中的OC1与OC2的比例明显高于PM10,而聚合碳(OPC)的比例又低于PM10,同时PM2.5与PM10中的EC1含量均较高,表明天津冬季燃煤取暖和机动车尾气是重要的污染源.     

宝鸡市大气PM_(10)中水溶性物质的组成及特征研究

2008年冬、春季在宝鸡市4个不同功能区采集PM10样品,探讨了PM10中水溶性物质的化学组成、时空分布特征以及来源。结果表明,冬、春季PM10的平均质量浓度分别为(402±100)、(410±160)μg/m3,无明显季节差异,冬季以交通干道区的PM10浓度为最高,而春季则以商贸区的PM10浓度为最高;冬、春季PM10中水溶性有机碳(WSOC)浓度最高值均出现在商贸区,最低值则分别出现在背景点和交通干道区,水溶性无机碳(WSIC)浓度最高值分别出现在交通干道区和商贸区,最低值均出现在背景点;冬、春季PM10中所含大多数无机离子浓度不存在显著空间差异,但不同功能区PM10中无机离子所占质量分数差异较明显;冬、春季PM10中的水溶性物质质量浓度分别为207、151μg/m3,在PM10中所占质量分数分别为51%和40%,其中,冬、春季水溶性物质浓度最高的分别为居民区和商贸区;冬季PM10中WSOC浓度与SO24-、NO3-浓度有较好的相关性,说明冬季PM10中WSOC的主要组分为二次有机气溶胶,而春季PM10中WSOC浓度与SO42-、NO3-浓度的相关性相对较差,这是由于一次有机气溶胶对WSOC的贡献率较冬季显著增大;宝鸡市与北京市大气PM10浓度、PM10中的SO42-、NO3-、NH4+浓度最为接近;广州市大气PM10中的SO42-所占质量分数(14%)要高于北方城市(宝鸡市和北京市均为9%)。     

天津大气PM_(2.5)中碳组分特征和来源分析

于2014年1—4月在天津城区采集PM2.5样品,采用热光反射法测定样品中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)及8个碳组分(OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4、EC1、EC2、EC3、裂解碳(OP))的含量。结果表明,天津城区空气PM2.5中OC、EC质量浓度分别为(18.7±9.9)、(3.9±2.6)μg/m3,两者之和占PM2.5质量浓度的18.0%。采样期间OC与EC变化趋势一致,均呈现春节期间、普通采暖季浓度较高,非采暖季浓度较低的特点。对8个碳组分进行相关性分析,发现OC1~OC4及EC1~EC3分别来自相似的来源或受大气中类似的二次过程影响,主成分分析结果表明,燃煤、生物质燃烧和机动车排放对天津城区PM2.5中碳组分贡献显著。     

朔州市市区环境空气PM_(10)中元素碳、有机碳分布特征

采集朔州市市区采暖季和非采暖季季PM10样品,测定其中元素碳(EC)和有机碳(OC)含量,并对碳组分的浓度水平、时空分布特征和主要来源进行了研究,结果表明:朔州市市区PM10中OC、EC平均浓度分别为(25.95±9.36)μg/m3和(26.58±10.36)μg/m3,总碳气溶胶(TAC)在PM10中的平均百分含量为30.1%;采暖季OC和EC浓度大于非采暖季,且OC、EC质量浓度大小在5个采样点位均呈现出点位5(工业开发区)点位2(居民区)点位1(商业、居民混合区)点位3(商业、文教混合区)点位4(相对清洁区)的变化规律,其中,点位5的OC、EC质量浓度最大,分别为(29.66±8.72)μg/m3和(31.40±10.42)μg/m3;PM10中OC/EC在采暖季和非采暖季比值均低于2,一次污染严重;OC和EC相关性较好,相关系数(R2)分别为0.85(采暖季)和0.69(非采暖季),说明PM10中的碳气溶胶主要来源于一次排放源,加强对燃煤烟尘、机动车尾气和生物质的燃烧等空气污染来源的控制对于改善朔州市环境空气质量有重要作用。     

万州城区空气污染过程中含碳气溶胶的变化特征

于2016年9月28日至10月15日在万州城区对气态污染物、颗粒物及其含碳气溶胶进行了在线连续观测,结合气象参数,分析了含碳气溶胶的污染特征。结果表明,此次持续污染过程主要由颗粒物污染造成,污染天PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度分别为170.8、123.7μg/m~3,显著高于非污染天。污染天和非污染天PM_(2.5)、NO_x、有机碳(OC)及元素碳(EC)浓度的日变化都呈双峰,但污染天PM_(2.5)、NO_x和OC出现早峰值时间比非污染天推迟1～3h。污染天OC、EC的平均质量浓度分别为28.0、5.4μg/m~3,分别为非污染天的2.2、1.6倍。以非污染天的起始点作为参照点,得到污染天OC、EC的平均增长率分别为159.3%和73.0%,OC污染累积和二次转化贡献率分别为45.8%和54.2%,说明污染过程OC以二次转化为主。并用最小比值法估算了二次有机碳(SOC)含量,得到污染天和非污染天PM_(2.5)中SOC平均质量浓度分别为16.3、5.3μg/m~3,SOC在OC中的占比(以质量分数计)分别为56.1%和39.9%,污染天SOC占比增加,也证明污染过程OC以二次转化为主。污染天静风出现频率比非污染天高,在东南风的影响下,OC、EC易出现高浓度。     

唐山新冠肺炎防疫期间空气质量变化特征及污染成因分析

为研究唐山市新冠肺炎防疫期间环境空气质量变化特征以及形成重污染的成因,分析了2020年1月1日至2月29日的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO、NO_2、CO、PM_(2.5)组分(有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、重金属等)和气象数据。结果表明,防疫期间空气质量整体改善,相比正常生产期间除CO浓度均值未变化,其他参数均呈下降趋势,其中NO、NO_2浓度降幅最大,分别降低73%和41%,受车流量减少影响显著。防疫期间的2月9—13日出现1次连续5天的重污染过程,相比正常生产期间PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和CO浓度分别增长了69%、104%和95%,Fe浓度增加57%,呈钢铁型污染特征;该时段相对湿度和风速分别为80.2%、0.7m/s,为高湿低风速气象条件,二次无机盐(SNA,包括NH_4~+、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-))在PM_(2.5)中占比为64%,比正常生产期间高31%,此次污染过程受本地工业大气污染物排放累积以及二次生成共同影响。     

西安市冬、夏两季PM2.5中碳气溶胶的污染特征分析

为研究西安市冬、夏两季大气颗粒物PM2.5中碳组分的污染变化规律,利用TEOM系列RP1400a采样仪于2010年冬季和夏季进行采样,测定了样品中的有机碳(OC)、无机碳(EC)和水溶性有机碳(WSOA)的含量。结果显示,PM2.5中OC和EC的季节平均浓度值冬季较高,分别是夏季的2.62,1.75倍,这表明西安市冬季碳气溶胶污染严重。OC和EC日变化在不同季节均呈现双峰分布特征,这主要是由交通源的排放和不利的气象条件造成的。OC和EC在冬、夏两季都有较强的相关性(R2分别为0.823和0.543),且OC/EC平均值分别为5.36和3.58,均大于2,表明采样各时段有二次有机碳(SOC)生成。     

南昌市秋季大气PM_(2.5)浓度及化学组分特征分析

2013年秋季在南昌市6个空气自动站点连续采集了10d的大气PM2.5样品,对采集的样品进行无机元素、有机碳、元素碳和水溶性离子等组分的分析。结果表明,监测期间南昌市PM2.5均值都低于《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准限值(75μg/m3)。南昌市大气PM2.5主要组成元素为S、Si、Ca、Al、Fe、Na和Mg,说明城市扬尘、建筑水泥尘和燃煤尘等源类贡献率高;SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4是最主要的水溶性离子,NO-3与SO2-4浓度比为0.63,说明相比于固定源,以机动车排放为代表的流动源对南昌市大气PM2.5浓度影响更大;有机碳/元素碳(质量比)为2.9,说明南昌市有显著的二次有机碳生成。     

不同装煤方式和炭化室高度的焦炉周边环境空气总悬浮颗粒物碳组分特征

研究了山西省4座典型焦炉周边环境空气中总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)碳组分特征,分析了不同装煤方式和炭化室高度对其的影响。结果表明:(1)焦炉周边环境空气中TSP质量浓度为711.95～2 938.41μg/m3,其中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)的质量浓度分别为189.45～595.90、285.38～806.71μg/m3,总碳占TSP的质量分数为44.81%～67.45%;捣固焦炉周边的TSP及其碳组分浓度高于顶装焦炉,炭化室高度越高的焦炉周边环境空气中TSP及其碳组分浓度越低。(2)4座焦炉周边环境空气TSP中OC和EC质量比为0.66～1.04,说明焦炉周边环境空气中碳组分以一次污染为主。(3)4座焦炉周边环境空气TSP中碳组分的分歧系数为0.092～0.490,均小于0.5,总体来说装煤方式和炭化室高度都对焦炉周边环境空气TSP中碳组分的分布有一定影响,特别是装煤方式和炭化室高度都不同的焦炉周边环境空气TSP中碳组分差异较大。     

重庆市核心区黑碳气溶胶浓度特征以及影响因素分析

2013年4月至2014年2月期间利用重庆市大气超级站的黑碳气溶胶(black carbon,BC)、气态污染物(SO2、NOx和O3)和颗粒物观测数据,分析了重庆市BC浓度的变化特征及与能见度、颗粒物以及SO2、NOx和O3气态污染物的相关性。观测期间BC年日均值为(4.86±2.37)μg/m3,浓度范围为1.32~11.54μg/m3。秋冬季BC日均浓度及相对偏差比春夏季高。BC和能见度呈负相关性。4个季度的BC与PM10、PM2.5和PM1日均值显著正相关,相关系数最小在夏季,最大在秋季。BC与O3日均值呈负相关性。BC与SO2,NOx日均值显著正相关,表明重庆市BC与SO2,NOx来源相近,即为燃煤和机动车尾气排放。     

Soil carbon dynamics and potential carbon sequestration by rangelands

The USA has about 336 Mha of grazing lands of which rangelands account for 48%. Changes in rangeland soil C can occur in response to a wide range of management and environmental factors. Grazing, fire, and fertilization have been shown to affect soil C storage in rangelands, as has converting marginal croplands into grasslands. Carbon losses due to soil erosion can influence soil C storage on rangelands both by reducing soil productivity in source areas and potentially increasing it in depositional areas, and by redistributing the C to areas where soil organic matter mineralization rates are different. Proper grazing management has been estimated to increase soil C storage on US rangelands from 0.1 to 0.3 Mg C ha(-1)year(-1) and new grasslands have been shown to store as much as 0.6 Mg C ha(-1)year(-1). Grazing lands are estimated to contain 10-30% of the world's soil organic carbon. Given the size of the C pool in grazing lands we need to better understand the current and potential effects of management on soil C storage.     

Sensitivity of carbon sequestration costs to soil carbon rates

Modifying current agricultural management practices as a means of sequestering carbon has been shown to be a relatively low cost way to offset greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper we examine the sensitivity of the estimates of the amount of soil carbon sequestered and the implied costs of sequestering a tonne of carbon to changes in the rates of soil carbon sequestered for alternative production practices. An application is made to the dryland grain production systems of the US Northern Plains where the marginal costs of soil C range from $20 to $100 per MT. We show that the resulting changes in the marginal costs quantities of C sequestered are not a monotonic transformation of the changes in the soil carbon rates. These results underscore the importance of using a linked economic and biophysical simulation model to assess the economic potential for sequestering carbon in agricultural soils.     

活性炭纤维脱除二氧化碳的实验研究

采用活性炭纤维(ACF)作为吸附材料,研究了ACF对CO_2和N_2的吸、脱分离特性。结果表明,粘胶基活性炭纤维(V-ACF)和聚丙烯腈基活性炭纤维(PAN-ACF)对CO_2和N_2都表现出较好的吸附效果,其中V-ACF对CO_2和N_2的吸附系数高达9,说明ACF是很好的吸附分离材料。ACF对不同烟气浓度和温度下对CO_2吸附的结果说明,ACF对于高浓度CO_2更易于脱除;讨论了ACF在不同解析温度或时间对吸附的影响和ACF的热稳定性,结果表明,在较高解析温度或者较长解析时间下更加容易脱除CO_2,且再生时间短,最佳的解析时间为15 min。经过相同的多次实验,ACF的性能稳定,再生效率稳定在86%。     

Hydrodehalogenation of chlorobenzene on activated carbon and activated carbon supported catalysts

Chlorinated aromatic compounds in (waste) gases can be removed and/or dehalogenated by passing over a bed of activated carbon (AC) in a hydrogen containing atmosphere. Dehalogenation of the model compound chlorobenzene (PhCl) to HCl is complete at 490 degrees C--rather than the approximately 900 degrees C needed for the mere gas-phase reaction--but part of the benzene moieties is retained on the AC, resulting in its rather rapid deactivation, apparently due to a large decrease in surface area. Therefore, <1 mmol PhCl per gram of 'catalyst' could be processed. At 600 degrees C chlorobenzene yields 100% of both HCl and benzene, but still the AC lost most of its activity in time. Performances are compared of three different commercial ACs. As a HCl-washed AC is just as active, metals are not involved. This acid-washed AC was used as a support for 10 wt% Ni or Fe catalysts. While Fe did not show appreciable activity, results with Ni are promising. The yields of HCl and benzene from PhCl are approximately 100% already at T<400 degrees C, and T(50%) congruent with 260 degrees C, over 200 degrees C lower than with AC alone. There is no appreciable decrease of activity after having injected >20 mmol PhCl per gram of catalyst at partial conversion.     

含碳气溶胶研究进展：有机碳和元素碳

含碳气溶胶是我国大气区域性复合型污染的重要物种,对全球气候变化、辐射强迫、能见度、环境质量、人类健康等会产生重要影响.主要从含碳气溶胶来源及成因、环境影响、样品采集及测试等方面对国内外相关研究进行了评述,讨论了有机碳和元素碳研究中存在的关键和难点问题,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

The impacts of carbon emissions and voluntary carbon disclosure on firm value

Investors and other stakeholders are starting to pay attention to firms’ carbon emissions and carbon disclosure. This study investigated the effects of voluntary carbon disclosure information and carbon emissions on firm value from listed companies in the Shanghai and Shenzhen 300 (CSI 300) Index. We also apply the Probit model to predict the probability of voluntary carbon disclosure information. The results indicate that the increase in carbon emissions has a negative impact on firm value. The action that companies select to disclose carbon emissions has a positive impact on firm value. The effect of leverage ratio on VCDI is increasing year by year. What is more, the probability of the average size firm carbon disclosure was 30.73% in 2020. Company management needs to pay attention to the risks caused by carbon emissions and ensure the quality of carbon disclosure information, especially the authenticity and reliability of the information.

     

Early atmospheric detection of carbon dioxide from carbon capture and storage sites

The early atmospheric detection of carbon dioxide (CO₂) leaks from carbon capture and storage (CCS) sites is important both to inform remediation efforts and to build and maintain public support for CCS in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. A gas analysis system was developed to assess the origin of plumes of air enriched in CO₂, as to whether CO₂ is from a CCS site or from the oxidation of carbon compounds. The system measured CO₂ and O₂ concentrations for different plume samples relative to background air and calculated the gas differential concentration ratio (GDCR = ?ΔO₂/ΔCO₂). The experimental results were in good agreement with theoretical calculations that placed GDCR values for a CO₂ leak at 0.21, compared with GDCR values of 1–1.8 for the combustion of carbon compounds. Although some combustion plume samples deviated in GDCR from theoretical, the very low GDCR values associated with plumes from CO₂ leaks provided confidence that this technology holds promise in providing a tool for the early detection of CO₂ leaks from CCS sites. Implications: This work contributes to the development of a cost-effective technology for the early detection of leaks from sites where CO₂ has been injected into the subsurface to enhance oil recovery or to permanently store the gas as a strategy for mitigating climate change. Such technology will be important in building public confidence regarding the safety and security of carbon capture and storage sites.     

Net carbon flux from agricultural ecosystems: methodology for full carbon cycle analyses

Agricultural ecosystems have the potential to sequester carbon in soils by altering agricultural management practices (i.e. tillage practice, cover crops, and crop rotation) and using agricultural inputs (i.e. fertilizers and irrigation) more efficiently. Changes in agricultural practices can also cause changes in CO2 emissions associated with these practices. In order to account for changes in net CO2 emissions, and thereby estimate the overall impact of carbon sequestration initiatives on the atmospheric CO2 pool, we use a methodology for full carbon cycle analysis of agricultural ecosystems. The analysis accounts for changes in carbon sequestration and emission rates with time, and results in values representing a change in net carbon flux. Comparison among values of net carbon flux for two or more systems, using the initial system as a baseline value, results in a value for relative net carbon flux. Some results from using the full carbon cycle methodology, along with US national average values for agricultural inputs, indicate that the net carbon flux averaged over all crops following conversion from conventional tillage to no-till is -189 kg C ha(-1) year(-1) (a negative value indicates net transfer of carbon from the atmosphere). The relative net carbon flux, using conventional tillage as the baseline, is -371 kg C ha(-1) year(-1), which represents the total atmospheric CO2 reduction caused by changing tillage practices. The methodology used here illustrates the importance of (1) delineating system boundaries, (2) including CO2 emissions associated with sequestration initiatives in the accounting process, and (3) comparing the new management practices associated with sequestration initiatives with the original management practices to obtain the true impact of sequestration projects on the atmospheric CO2 pool.     

Fate of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon produced by ozonation on biological activated carbon

The adsorption and desorption characteristics of BDOC produced by ozonation and the replacement of BDOC by non-BDOC on BAC was studied. The fate of BDOC produced by ozonation in the BAC column was also evaluated by comparative experiment between the BAC supplied with the mixture of BDOC and non-BDOC and the BAC supplied only with non-BDOC. Fulvic acids extracted from two river sediments and one forest soil were used. BDOC produced by ozonation showed the same or lower adsorption capacity than non-BDOC after biodegradation. The adsorption rate of BDOC on GAC was lower than that of non-BDOC. BDOC produced by ozonation had low desorbability and majority of BDOC produced were not replaced by non-BDOC. BDOC in the ozonated fulvic acid did not affect the breakthrough of the ozonated fulvic acid on GAC in the early stage of adsorption, suggesting that most of BDOC were biodegraded on the surface of GAC before adsorption. Therefore, the production of BDOC by ozonation before the GAC treatment is very effective for the extension of GAC service life and the reduction of DOC loading to GAC.