朔州市市区环境空气PM_(10)中元素碳、有机碳分布特征

采集朔州市市区采暖季和非采暖季季PM10样品,测定其中元素碳(EC)和有机碳(OC)含量,并对碳组分的浓度水平、时空分布特征和主要来源进行了研究,结果表明:朔州市市区PM10中OC、EC平均浓度分别为(25.95±9.36)μg/m3和(26.58±10.36)μg/m3,总碳气溶胶(TAC)在PM10中的平均百分含量为30.1%;采暖季OC和EC浓度大于非采暖季,且OC、EC质量浓度大小在5个采样点位均呈现出点位5(工业开发区)点位2(居民区)点位1(商业、居民混合区)点位3(商业、文教混合区)点位4(相对清洁区)的变化规律,其中,点位5的OC、EC质量浓度最大,分别为(29.66±8.72)μg/m3和(31.40±10.42)μg/m3;PM10中OC/EC在采暖季和非采暖季比值均低于2,一次污染严重;OC和EC相关性较好,相关系数(R2)分别为0.85(采暖季)和0.69(非采暖季),说明PM10中的碳气溶胶主要来源于一次排放源,加强对燃煤烟尘、机动车尾气和生物质的燃烧等空气污染来源的控制对于改善朔州市环境空气质量有重要作用。     

天津冬季PM2.5与PM10中有机碳、元素碳的污染特征

研究了天津冬季PM2.5和PM10中碳成分的污染特征.结果表明,天津冬季PM2.5和PM10的平均质量浓度分别为(124.4±60.9)、(224.6±131.2)μg/m3;总碳(TC)、有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)在PM2.5中的平均质量分数比在PM10中分别高出5.0%、3.6%、1.2%;PM2.5中OC、EC的相关系数较高,为0.95,表明OC、EC的来源相对简单,可能主要反应了燃煤和机动车尾气的贡献.OC/EC的平均值在PM2.5和PM10中分别为3.9、4.9.次生有机碳(SOC)在PM2.55和PM10中的平均质量浓度分别为14.9、23.4/μg/m3,分别占OC的48.5%(质量分数,下同)、49.8%,OC/EC较高可能主要与直接排放源有关;PM2.5中的OC1与OC2的比例明显高于PM10,而聚合碳(OPC)的比例又低于PM10,同时PM2.5与PM10中的EC1含量均较高,表明天津冬季燃煤取暖和机动车尾气是重要的污染源.     

西安城郊PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)化学组分特征研究——以户县草堂寺为例

为研究西安城郊农村大气PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中主要化学组分特征,于2014年12月至2015年10月在西安户县草堂寺采集颗粒物样品,分析了每组样品中的16种无机元素、8种水溶性离子、有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC),对颗粒物和化学组分的浓度水平、时间变化特征进行了讨论。结果表明:(1)PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)年平均值分别为(79.78±59.12)、(118.09±79.27)μg/m~3。(2)PM_(2.5)及PM10中地壳元素浓度总体表现为春季高、秋季低;微量元素浓度表现为冬季高、夏季低。(3)PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、NO_3~-浓度总体表现为冬季秋季春季夏季。(4)冬、春季OC、EC明显高于夏、秋季;由OC/EC的最小值估算得到PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)中二次有机碳(SOC)年平均值分别为(7.90±8.89)、(8.55±8.50)μg/m~3,冬、春季SOC明显高于夏、秋季;秋、冬季OC、EC相关性较强,而春、夏季较弱。     

成都市道路细颗粒物污染特征

2013年9月20—28日,通过采集成都市城区道路大气环境中的PM2.5样品,分析测定了其中可溶性无机离子、碳组分和金属元素含量。结果表明,PM2.5中Fe、Mn、Ti、Si、Al等主要来源于机动车行驶产生的道路扬尘,Pb、Cu、Ni和Zn等主要来源于机动车尾气及零部件磨损;PM2.5中水溶性无机离子占道路大气环境细颗粒物的33.7%,A/C比值为0.95,表明细颗粒物偏弱碱性;机动车尾气排放的OC1、OC2、OC4和EC1等4种碳组分占道路大气环境细颗粒物碳组分的65.8%,且OC/EC比值为2.9,有二次有机碳(SOC)产生。     

重庆城区PM_(2.5)化学组分特征及季节变化

2014年7月—2015年5月典型季节期间在重庆城区选择典型站点开展PM_(2.5)样品采集,并测量质量浓度,分析样品中水溶性离子、无机元素、OC和EC等组分,在此基础上对组分化学组成进行了质量重构。结果表明:观测期间PM_(2.5)年均值为76.4μg·m~(-3),浓度季节变化为冬季秋季春季夏季;组分方面,以二次转化为主的SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、NO_3~-和OC是PM_(2.5)组分中最主要成分,OC/EC比值4个季度均大于2,表明城区二次有机碳生成显著;硫氧化率(SOR)分析,气态污染物SO_2的二次转化效率较高,大气存在明显的二次转化过程。PM_(2.5)质量重构后主要组成为有机气溶胶(OM)、二次无机离子(SNA)和矿物尘,重庆城区应协同控制一次排放的颗粒物和气态污染物SO_2和NO_x,从而控制二次组分浓度。     

济南市PM2.5化学组分及污染特征分析

为探讨济南市大气PM_(2.5)主要化学组分和污染特征,2017年在济南市开展了PM_(2.5)样品采集工作,分析了PM_(2.5)中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和水溶性离子浓度水平。结果表明:采样期间济南市PM_(2.5)中OC、EC年均质量浓度分别为9.10、2.68μg/m~3,全年OC与EC质量浓度的比值为3.4,二次有机碳污染严重;OC、EC季节分布特征明显,均为冬季浓度最高,且秋、冬季两者相关系数较高,表明秋季和冬季OC、EC来源较为一致。NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+年均质量浓度之和为34.29μg/m~3,占水溶性离子总量的88.9%,是济南市PM_(2.5)中最重要的组分;各水溶性离子浓度具有明显的季节变化特征,NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、Cl~-和K~+均冬季浓度最高,而Ca~(2+)春季浓度最高;PM_(2.5)中NO_3~-与SO_4~(2-)质量浓度的比值为1.10,说明相比于固定污染源,移动污染源对济南市PM_(2.5)影响更大。     

西安市冬、夏两季PM2.5中碳气溶胶的污染特征分析

为研究西安市冬、夏两季大气颗粒物PM2.5中碳组分的污染变化规律,利用TEOM系列RP1400a采样仪于2010年冬季和夏季进行采样,测定了样品中的有机碳(OC)、无机碳(EC)和水溶性有机碳(WSOA)的含量。结果显示,PM2.5中OC和EC的季节平均浓度值冬季较高,分别是夏季的2.62,1.75倍,这表明西安市冬季碳气溶胶污染严重。OC和EC日变化在不同季节均呈现双峰分布特征,这主要是由交通源的排放和不利的气象条件造成的。OC和EC在冬、夏两季都有较强的相关性(R2分别为0.823和0.543),且OC/EC平均值分别为5.36和3.58,均大于2,表明采样各时段有二次有机碳(SOC)生成。     

邯郸市PM_(2.5)及其化学组分的季节性变化

利用2013年邯郸市4个大气环境监测站连续1年的在线监测数据,并结合离线采样成分数据,对比分析了不同季节大气中PM_(2.5)及其主要成分的浓度水平和污染特征。结果表明,PM_(2.5)和PM10四季均存在不同程度的超标现象;污染物在4个站点之间的空间差异不太显著,邯郸市的污染为区域性污染。PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子和碳组分的季节变化均较为明显。SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+三者浓度之和占PM_(2.5)浓度的39.8%,占PM_(2.5)中总水溶性无机离子浓度的86.2%;四季均存在较强的光化学反应,但硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)呈现出不同的季节变化规律,与SO2-4和NO_3~-的来源和去除机制明显不同有关。秋、冬季有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)污染较为严重,总碳气溶胶(TCA)浓度分别占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的24.0%和32.9%;研究显示高浓度的OC较多来源于二次有机碳(SOC),高浓度碳易发生二次污染。进一步对PM_(2.5)中各组分进行来源分析得出燃煤、汽油车尾气、生物质燃烧、二次气溶胶和扬尘源对邯郸市PM_(2.5)贡献显著。     

西安夏季PM2.5中碳组分与水溶性无机离子特征分析

2012年8月6日—22日利用大气细颗粒物水溶性组分在线监测分析系统和大气气溶胶OC/EC在线分析仪在线分析了西安PM2.5中的水溶性无机离子和OC、EC,并结合气溶胶前体物SO2、NO2和部分气象参数的监测数据进行了分析。结果表明,PM2.5中OC、EC和主要水溶性组分SO2-4、NH+4和NO-3的比重分别为:14.34%、5.35%、26.32%、12.90%和11.28%;以有机物(OM)为主要成分的总碳气溶胶(TCA)在PM2.5中的质量分数为28.30%,其中光化学反应导致OM中二次组分(SOC)高达45.30%;对主要水溶性组分之间的相关性分析发现,NO-3、SO2-4、NH+43种主要组分之间的结合形态为(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3,对Mg2+和Ca2+的相关分析反映其有多种共同源;此外,硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)均较高,表明大气中存在较强的光化学反应。PM2.5的各组分因子分析得到4个主要来源(机动车尾气和燃煤、土壤建筑尘和生物质燃烧、二次硝酸盐气溶胶、二次硫酸盐气溶胶)。     

杭州市不同高度大气PM_(2.5)的污染特征研究

为研究杭州市大气PM_(2.5)的污染特征,评估本地污染源和外来污染源对PM_(2.5)的影响,于2013年10月10日至11月2日对杭州市主城区两个不同高度的采样点进行采样,并定量分析大气PM_(2.5)中的化学成分。结果表明,采样期间20、84m高度的大气PM_(2.5)日均质量浓度分别为(80.5±28.9)、(80.3±29.3)μg/m3,不同高度的PM_(2.5)浓度及其化学成分无明显差异;PM_(2.5)主要成分质量分数按如下排序:SO_4~(2-)有机碳(OC)NO_3~-NH_4~+元素碳(EC);大气PM_(2.5)中二次粒子SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+平均质量浓度总和约为39.0μg/m3,二次转化是杭州市大气PM_(2.5)的主要来源,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+贡献率为48%左右;20、84 m高度的大气PM_(2.5)中OC分别为(15.6±5.1)、(14.8±4.7)μg/m3,EC分别为(4.6±1.8)、(4.6±1.6)μg/m3,OC/EC(质量比)约为3.3。采样期间,杭州市大气PM_(2.5)在近地面垂直方向上分布较为均匀,表明杭州市大气PM_(2.5)受外来污染源的影响较小。而在本地污染源中,杭州市大气PM_(2.5)主要受到生物质燃烧、机动车尾气、燃煤和餐饮油烟等来源的影响,地面扬尘的作用不明显。     

Pesticides in rainfall in Europe

Papers and published reports investigating the presence of pesticides in rainfall in Europe were reviewed. Approximately half of the compounds that were analysed for were detected. For those detected, most concentrations were below about 100 ng/l, but larger concentrations, up to a few thousand nanograms per litre, were detected occasionally at most monitoring sites. The most frequently detected compounds were lindane (gamma-HCH) and its isomer (alpha-HCH), which were detected on 90-100% of sampling occasions at most of the sites where they were monitored. For compounds developed more recently, detection was usually limited to the spraying season. A classification of pesticides according to their deposition pattern is proposed.     

Lead poisoning in swans in Japan

We investigated the occurrence, source and exposure time of lead poisoning in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus cygnus) and Bewick's swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) in Japan during the winters of 1984-1987. Concentrations of lead in various tissues and physiological evidence of lead shot in some birds indicated that lead shotgun pellets were the source of lead, and exposure occurred after the birds arrived in Japan. Mortality probably occurred within 30 days after exposure to, and retention of, lead shot in the gizzard.     

Differences in Cu content in selected mushroom species growing in the same unpolluted areas in Poland

The aim of the study was to estimate copper (Cu) accumulation efficiency in whole-fruiting bodies of 18 edible and non-edible wild growing mushrooms collected from 27 places in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. Mushrooms were collected each time from the same places to estimate the diversity in Cu accumulation between tested mushroom species within 3 consecutive years of study (2011–2013). The study results revealed various accumulation of Cu in the whole-tested mushroom fruiting bodies. The highest mean accumulation of Cu was observed in Macrolepiota procera (119.4 ± 20.0 mg kg^?1 dm), while the lowest was in Suillus luteus and Russula fellea fruiting bodies (16.1 ± 3.0 and 18.8 ± 4.6 mg kg^?1 dm, respectively). Significant differences in Cu accumulation between mushroom species collected in 2011 and in the two following years (2012 and 2013) were observed. The results indicated that sporadic consumption of these mushrooms was not related to excessive intake of Cu for the human body (no toxic influence on health).     

Large-scale spatial variation in mercury concentrations in cattle in NW Spain

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic environmental contaminant and man-made emissions account for between a quarter and a third of total atmospheric levels. Point discharges, particularly coal-burning power stations, are major sources of atmospheric Hg and can result in marked spatial variation in mercury deposition and subsequent uptake by biota. The aims of this study were to quantify the extent to which major point and diffuse sources of atmospheric Hg emissions affected accumulation of Hg by biota throughout Galicia and Asturias, two of the major regions in northwest Spain. We did this by relating renal Hg concentrations in locally reared cattle (n=284) to the proximity of animals to point and diffuse sources of Hg emissions. Mercury residues in calf kidneys ranged between non-detected and 89.4 g/kg wet weight. Point discharges from coal-fired power plants in Galicia had the most dominant impact on Hg accumulation by calves in Galicia, affecting animals throughout the region and explaining some two-thirds of the variation in renal residues between animals located directly downwind from the plants. The effects of more diffuse emission sources on Hg accumulation in calves were not distinguishable in Galicia but were detected in cattle from neighbouring Asturias. The impact of both point and diffuse sources in elevating environmental levels of bioavailable Hg and subsequent accumulation by cattle extended to approximately 140-200 km downwind from source.     

Mercury in fish in Swedish lakes

The aim of this work has been to try to obtain a picture of the past, present and future mercury situation in fish in Swedish lakes, to make an estimate of the number of lakes threatened by 'blacklisting', and to see if the data can be used to reveal anything about the impact of liming on the Hg content in pike. The register contains a broad set of data from 1456 lakes. The main results are as follows. Trend analyses indicate that the Hg content in 1-kg pike seems to increase with time. This is interesting since there has been a significant decrease in mercury emissions from Swedish industries during the last two decades. High Hg contents in 1-kg pike appear in a very characteristic pattern, linked to specific sources of Hg emission. The data indicate that old Swedish 'sins' are still causing a lot of problems. The factors governing the leakage of Hg from soils to water ought to be a very important topic for further studies. The Hg content in pike shows the highest correlation with the following parameters: Hg in surficial sediments, pH, distance from point source and water hardness, lake water alkalinity and conductivity, water retention time, size of drainage area and lake surface. A formula which provides the best possible degree of explanation (r2 = 0.78) has been derived. At present there are about 250 lakes 'blacklisted' in Sweden due to high Hg content in fish. Our data show that there are at least 9400 lakes that ought to be 'blacklisted' today. A successful liming operation will alter the chemical conditions in lakes and also decrease the Hg content in fish.     

Trends in summer sulphate in Europe

A trend analysis of the sulphate concentration in Europe in the summer half-year was performed. Data from various measuring networks were analysed, but only stations with quality assured sampling methods and a record of more than 10 years were included in the study. 1978 served as the reference year for the trend, because in that year most stations started operation. The relatively dense network in Belgium provided the most valuable data, as evidenced by the fact that two sites at a distance of only 10 km apart correlated better than 95% over a month. The two sites also show a correlation of better than 90% over a season with two other stations at distances of 45 and 95 km. The relative decrease in summer-sulphate at the four stations in Belgium, as analysed by linear regression, was 3.3% per year which corresponds to an absolute decrease of 0.42 μgm⁻³ per year. In the Netherlands the average yearly decrease in summer-sulphate at two stations was 3.5% (−0.34 μgm⁻³). In other countries stations were further apart or only a single site wits in use, which limits the representativeness of the data. In northwestern Germany, a region with several monitoring stations, a yearly averaged decrease of 3.0% occurred. The lower absolute decrease (0.25 μgm⁻³) per year compared to that in the two neighbouring countries reflects the lower summer-time sulphate concentrations. In the remainder of Germany the average decrease was 1.6%. In South-Scandinavia the yearly relative decrease at two sites was 2.6% (0.13 μgm⁻³ absolute). There was no significant trend in the U.K. Al the Polish station the levels increased, it decreased at the Hungarian and Austrian station and remained constant at the Czechoslovakian site. Reasons for omission of the data from France from the trend analysis are discussed.     

Pesticide levels in surface waters in an agricultural-forestry basin in Southern Chile

Residues of five pesticides in surface water were surveyed during 2001 and 2003 in the Traiguen river basin in Southern Chile. Simazine, hexazinone, 2,4-D, picloram herbicides and carbendazim fungicide were selected through a pesticide risk classification index. Six sampling stations along the river were set up based on agricultural and forestry land use. The water sampling was carried out before and after the pesticide application periods and in correspondence to some rain events. Pesticides were analyzed by HPLC with DAD detection in a multiresidue analysis. During 2001, in the first sampling campaign (March), the highest concentrations of pesticides were 3.0 microg l(-1) for simazine and hexazinone and 1.8 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the second sampling (September), the highest concentration were 9.7 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D, 0.3 microg l(-1) for picloram and 0.4 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the last sampling period (December), samples indicated contamination with carbendazim fungicide at levels of up to 1.2 microg l(-1). In sampling carried out on May 2003, no pesticides were detected. In October 2003, the highest concentrations of pesticides were 4.5 microg l(-1) for carbendazim and 2.9 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D. Data are discussed in function of land use and application periods of the products, showing a clear seasonal pattern pollution in the Traiguen river. Risk assessment for these pesticides was calculated by using a risk quotient (RQ = PNEC/PEC). For picloram the calculated RQ < was 0, which indicates that no adverse effects may occur due to the exposure to this herbicide in the Traiguen river basin. For 2,4-D, simazine, hexazinone, carbendazim RQ > 1, meaning that adverse effects could occur and it is necessary to reduce pesticide exposure in surface waters. It is recommended to continue with a pesticide monitoring program and the implementation of ecotoxicological testing with local and standardized species in order to consider the probability of effects occurrence, with less uncertainty. Thus, it will be more feasible to make some recommendations to regulatory agencies regarding the pesticide use.     

Heavy metal contamination in bats in Britain

Toxic metals are bioaccumulated by insectivorous mammals but few studies (none from Britain) have quantified residues in bats. We measured renal mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in bats from south-west England to determine how they varied with species, sex, age, and over time, and if they were likely to cause adverse effects. Residues were generally highest in whiskered bats (Myotis mystacinus). Compared with other species, pipistrelle (Pipistrellus spp) and Natterer's bats (Myotis nattereri) had significantly lower kidney Hg and Pb concentrations, respectively. Renal Hg increased over time in pipistrelles but the contributory sources are unknown. Kidney Pb did not decrease over time despite concurrent declines in atmospheric Pb. Overall, median renal metal concentrations were similar to those in bats from mainland Europe and 6- to 10-fold below those associated with clinical effect, although 5% of pipistrelles had kidney Pb residues diagnostic of acute lead poisoning.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.