布袋协同粉体助剂对粘性微细粒子的过滤及反吹清灰实验研究

为了解决布袋除尘器对粘性微细粒子过滤效率低及粘性微细粒子粘附布袋造成反吹清灰困难的问题,在过滤面积为30 m2的布袋除尘器实验台上,研究了布袋外加粉体助剂过滤粘性微细粒子的新方法,用welas3000气溶胶粒径谱仪测试布袋除尘器上下游的粉尘浓度和粒径分布,探讨了粉体助剂层厚度、过滤速度以及布袋材质等对柴油机尾气颗粒物过滤效率及压降的影响,同时考察了粉体助剂层对布袋再生效率的影响。实验结果表明,(1)外加粉体助剂显著提高了过滤效率,在滤速0.2 m/min、粉体厚度1.0 mm时,对柴油机排气微粒(PM0.25)的过滤效率达99.92%~99.99%;(2)外加粉体助剂显著改善了布袋过滤粘性微细粒子的再生性能,再生效率可达到83.6%,而未外加粉体时布袋的再生效率仅有18.7%。外加粉体助剂有效地保护了布袋,使其免受粘性粒子的粘附和堵塞。     

多孔介质过滤细颗粒

以活性炭为过滤介质,利用其多孔结构脱除细颗粒,实现低压降除尘工艺。研究活性炭颗粒粒径、滤层厚度以及表观过滤风速等条件对多孔介质过滤细颗粒效果的影响,并通过表面光滑的不锈钢珠进行实验作对比,分析多孔介质过滤细颗粒的机理。结果表明:活性炭颗粒对细颗粒的过滤效率明显高于表面光滑的不锈钢珠。过滤效率随活性炭颗粒粒径和表观过滤风速的减小而增加,当粒径从1.5 mm降至0.45 mm时,平均过滤率从53.17%升至80.34%,当表观风速从26.54 cm·s~(-1)降到1.66 cm·s~(-1)时,平均过滤率从41.89%升至75.24%。过滤效率随滤层厚度的增加明显增加,当层厚从60 mm增加到140 mm时,过滤效率从47.62%增大到70.78%。不同实验条件下,过滤压降都没有随时间有明显变化,细颗粒没有在活性炭颗粒表层形成粉尘层。活性炭颗粒床主要是依靠细颗粒扩散、惯性碰撞和拦截效应沉积在活性炭多孔结构内,从而脱除细颗粒。     

粒径及滤层厚度对石榴石滤料的过滤性能影响研究

以矿物石榴石为新型滤料对黏土原水进行过滤试验,对比粗、中、细3种粒径的滤料的除浊性能和水头损失(以下简称为水损)变化规律,选择最佳的粒径;在600～1 200mm内改变滤层厚度,确定适宜的滤层厚度;调节滤速以实现滤层穿透的同时也达到极限水损,并以此粒径、滤层厚度与滤速为最优工况。结果表明,滤柱装填粒径0.6～1.7mm、厚度900mm的石榴石中砂滤料在滤速8m/h下,具有良好的出水效果和适宜的水损增速,可以达到最优工况。该工况下石榴石滤料对腐殖酸原水中有机物在254nm波长紫外光下的吸光度(UV254)、高锰酸盐指数和总有机碳(TOC)平均去除率分别达30.30%、27.26%和21.65%。     

粉尘性质对电除尘器性能影响的试验研究

在半工业化的电除尘器实验系统装置上进行了烧结灰、飞灰、煤铁混合样的粒径分布及粉尘的真密度对电除尘器性能影响的实验研究。结果表明,电除尘器能有效捕集亚微米粉尘,对烧结灰净化最适合的粒径范围为1．37～2．03μm(η高达100％);对煤铁混合样的最适合粒径范围为3．30～7．25μm(η高达100％);电除尘器对煤铁混合样的粒径小于2．24μm的分级效率η高达92．36％。在同等试验条件下,电除尘器对烧结灰和煤铁混合样的总除尘效率为96．87％,高于飞灰的总除尘效率92．61％。     

慢滤池去除污水中邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯的效能

将慢滤池用于污水二级出水的深度处理,并利用小试装置研究了慢滤池去除邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)的效能。慢滤池采用粒径为0.4～0.6 mm,厚度为800 mm的石英砂做滤料并以0.1 m/h的恒定滤速运行。实验结果表明,慢滤池出水浊度、COD和色度远低于现行《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质标准》(GB/T18920-2002)的相应数值。污水二级处理出水中DEHP浓度为6.1～62.8μg/L时,经过慢滤池过滤后,DEHP浓度降为1.7～7.3μg/L。当接纳282.8μg/L的DEHP冲击负荷时,慢滤池出水DEHP仍能低于10μg/L。实验证明,慢滤池内的生物膜吸附过滤和生物降解共同保证了慢滤池去除DEHP的良好性能。     

烧结机头电除尘器的数值模拟及现场实测验证

为提高某600 m~2烧结机头电除尘器的实际工程应用效果,使用商业CFD软件进行数值模拟,分别采用k-ε模型、电磁流体模型(MHD)和离散相模型(DPM)模拟流场、电场和颗粒运动轨迹。结果表明:经气流分布优化后,计算得到电除尘器进口烟气量分配偏差为±1.5%、颗粒相质量流量偏差为±0.7%,电除尘器本体两侧阻力分别为127.1 Pa和123.7 Pa,电场截面气流分布均匀性相对均方根差分别为0.129和0.133,均优于标准JB/T7671-2017要求;得到电场内电势分布及颗粒运动规律,电除尘效率与供电电压、颗粒粒径具有相关性。经现场实测验证,各参数的实测值与模拟值一致性较好,实测电除尘器出口烟尘浓度为25.8 mg·m~(-3),除尘效率达99.20%,优于设计值;烟尘颗粒在0.03～10μm的分级除尘效率为80.35%～98.69%。0.1～1μm的颗粒段存在穿透窗口,其分级除尘效率仅为80.35%～91.81%。本研究结果可为烧结烟气的烟尘超低排放提供参考。     

固定床中粒状脱硫剂除尘效率的研究

建立了非稳态过滤下的固定床颗粒层除尘效率模型.该模型尽可能地包含了影响固定床颗粒层除尘的参数,反映了沉积粉尘对除尘效率的影响；研究了以粒状脱硫剂为滤料的固定床在不同颗粒层厚度、空床气速、粒径下的除尘效率.结果表明,在颗粒层厚度为400～800 cm、空床气速≤0.4 m/s的条件下,颗粒层的除尘效率可达90％以上.     

脱硫石膏粒径分布与脱水性能实验研究

脱硫石膏粒径分布是影响脱硫石膏浆液脱水性能的重要因素之一，以干法、湿法筛分和研磨破碎获得不同粒径分布的脱硫石膏，在相同的过滤条件下，对不同粒径分布脱硫石膏浆液脱水性能进行了研究，实验结果表明，当脱硫石膏粒径d50大于50μm且（d90-d10）小于100μm，真空过滤最大真空度不低于0．098MPa，过滤时间不少于2．5min，滤饼厚度不超过20mm时，石膏滤饼含水率可以降低到12％以下（最低可达10％）；d50在17μm为脱硫石膏在相同的过滤条件下能够实现真空脱水干燥的转折点；d50和（d90-d10）共同影响石膏脱水性能，d50小于20μm时，仅表现为d50的影响。     

风机盘管回风口加装驻极体过滤器过滤PM_(2.5)性能分析

针对空调系统末端装置用风机盘管不具备过滤PM_(2.5)功能的问题,在风机盘管回风口加装具有低阻特性的驻极体空气过滤器进行了性能测试分析。以蜡烛燃烧产生的颗粒物作为室内PM_(2.5)的尘源,将3种不同过滤面积的驻极体空气过滤器分别安装在风机盘管回风口,测试了风机盘管在不同风量(额定风量、75%额定风量、50%额定风量)下运行时其对PM_(2.5)过滤性能及在30 min内室内PM_(2.5)浓度衰减率。结果表明:加装驻极体空气过滤器后风机盘管瞬时过滤效率可达到66%以上、在30 min内室内PM_(2.5)的浓度衰减率可以达到54.8%以上;在相同风量下风机盘管的瞬时过滤效率、处理风量随加装过滤器过滤面积增加而提高;以PM_(2.5)浓度衰减率作为指标,可以判断出回风口加装过滤面积为1.88 m2的过滤器净化效果最优,其在不同风量下30 min内PM_(2.5)浓度衰减率分别为87.4%、84.7%和77.3%,且在不同风量下工作时均能在30min内使室内PM_(2.5)浓度达到环境空气质量标准一级日平均浓度限值。     

温湿电场对PM2.5及SO3的脱除性能

为深入研究温湿电场对PM_(2.5)及SO_3的脱除性能,采用实验室研究、工程调研或实测相结合的手段,系统分析了湿式电除尘器(WESP)对PM_(2.5)及SO_3的脱除规律,尤其是高SO_3浓度对湿式电除尘器性能的影响及其应对措施。实验研究发现:电源电压分别为35、45、55 kV时,湿式电除尘器对总尘、PM_(2.5)和SO_3的脱除效率分别为60.8%、75.2%、82.4%,53.7%、67.1%、76.8%和43.4%、58.6%、72.7%;随着电压的增加,各粒径段颗粒的分级脱除效率均有明显提升,但0.1～1μm提升最为明显;鉴于烟尘的吸附及SO_3的调质作用,烟尘和SO_3两者有一定的相互促进脱除作用,但SO_3浓度过高,容易在放电极线周围形成高密度的空间电荷,导致电晕电流降低,除尘效率下降;针对高浓度的SO_3,采用降温方式,可有效提高湿电场的烟尘及SO_3脱除性能。工程实测发现:单独使用湿式电除尘器或是与其他相关技术耦合应用,均对烟尘及SO_3有较高的脱除效率;湿式电除尘器对烟尘及SO_3脱除效率分别为63.5%～88.3%、65.1%～71.9%,与湿法脱硫耦合使用,效率分别达82.1%、86.1%,与相变凝聚器(PCA)耦合使用,效率分别达92.3%、90.1%。上述研究可为湿式电除尘器的宽范围、多场合应用提供参考。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.