机动车排放污染防治

介绍机动车尾气污染的现状和危害，分析国外实现排放控制所经历程，探讨我国控制尾气污染的措施和支撑技术。     

九江市机动车尾气污染控制对策

机动车尾气已成为城市重要的空气污染源之一,对城市的环境影响越来越严重.根据《九江市环境保护“十一五”规划》,九江市机动车尾气污染的控制势在必行.因此,为了有利于城市机动车尾气污染的综合整治和科学管理,结合该市特征和机动车尾气污染现状,在分析机动车尾气污染形成原因的基础上,提出了控制城市机动车尾气污染的对策.     

厦门市区机动车尾气污染防治对策

分析了厦门市区机动车尾气对大气污染的现状,提出了防治污染的几条措施。     

街道峡谷机动车尾气污染扩散模拟与影响因子分析研究

为预测和分析街道峡谷污染物浓度,研究了街道峡谷污染物浓度影响因子.利用重庆市交通干线街道峡谷两侧NOx浓度的监测数据,验证了街道峡谷机动车尾气污染扩散模型--OSPM模型.风速转换系数修正后的OSPM模型的模拟值与实测值的R达0.862 58;风场因子验证了风速转换系数修正后的OSPM模型能较好地模拟重庆市街道峡谷的污染物浓度,一定程度上能满足环境空气质量评价要求.同时,通过分析OSPM模型的影响因子,提出了控制街道峡谷机动车尾气污染状况的建议.     

基于GIS城市机动车尾气扩散迁移研究

中国城市大气污染日趋严重，汽车尾气污染所占比重越来越大。交通、道路、管制及气候条件等是影响城市机动车尾气排放的主要因素。本文根据机动车尾气研究的实际，研究了专题MGIS数据库结构， 并以广州为例，建立了基于GIS的城市机动车尾气扩散迁移预报系统，在此基础上实现了机动车尾气污染状况的可视化。     

机动车尾气VOCs排放特征及减排措施研究

分析了机动车尾气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放特征,发现尾气VOCs排放具有明显的日变化和季节变化特征。不同区域不同车型机动车尾气VOCs成分谱略有差异,轻型汽油车尾气VOCs中芳香烃和烷烃含量较高,柴油车烷烃含量较高。尾气排放受机动车保有量、行驶里程、维护保养水平、行驶速度和燃油标准、排放标准等因素影响。从优先控制汽油车、加快机动车更新、采取本地化减排措施、加强多元管理措施、提高科研水平等方面提出了针对性的减排措施。     

活性炭纤维在机动车尾气净化中的研究与应用展望

机动车尾气净化控制的一个难点在于冷启动阶段，此时由于温度较低，催化剂尚未完全起作用，导致排出的污染物浓度较高。阐述了活性炭纤维的基本特性，特别是其低温吸附与催化性能对NO和CO的转化作用，讨论了活性炭纤维作为机动车尾气净化材料所需的改性及方法，并展望了其应用前景。     

杭州市机动车尾气污染和控制对策

随关经济的快速发展,城市道路交通和机动车尾气污染成为人们关注的热点,通过对杭州市机动车行驶现状及路检情况调查,分析了机动车排污分担率及尾气排放的潜在影响,提出控制机动车尾气大大气污染的对策。     

活性炭纤维在机动车尾气净化中的研究与应用展望

机动车尾气净化控制的一个难点在于冷启动阶段,此时由于温度较低,催化剂尚未完全起作用,导致排出的污染物浓度较高。阐述了活性炭纤维的基本特性,特别是其低温吸附与催化性能对NO和CO的转化作用,讨论了活性炭纤维作为机动车尾气净化材料所需的改性及方法,并展望了其应用前景。     

机动车尾气中氮氧化物的分析检测技术

为了分析机动车尾气氮氧化物净化催化剂的催化性能，建立了一套尾气模拟评价体系，分别使用电化学法、化学发光法和比色法3种氮氧化物分析手段进行检测。结果表明，3种方法都能在一定精度范围内测量机动车尾气中的氮氧化物，化学发光法测量精度高，响应时间短，能够及时地反映发动机运转过程中的氮氧化物浓度变化情况，是一种较好的分析手段。电化学法随着使用时间推移，响应时间变长，灵敏度降低，需要及时更换传感器。比色法通过化学吸收可以测定氮氧化物的浓度，不能实现连续在线分析，只能采样测量。在分析中，还尝试利用一些辅助设备，将尾气中的NO和NO2转化后再通人测量仪器，实现测量总氮氧化物或其中某一气体的功能。     

The impact of motor vehicle control technologies on future photochemical ozone formation in the United Kingdom

Legislation to control motor vehicle exhaust emissions has been introduced in the United Kingdom in stages since the early 1970s. Recently, a further step has been taken towards reducing future exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen in the 'Luxembourg agreement' (Lubinska, 1985). In this paper, the possible impact of these proposed controls on photochemical air pollution formation in the United Kingdom is investigated, including an evaluation of the relative merits of the two principal emission control options for petrol-driven cars: 'Lean Burn' engines and 'Catalyst' exhaust gas treatment.     

纳米催化技术用于空气净化

纳米催化剂作为新一代高效环保催化剂 ,在大气污染治理 ,尤其是在室内空气净化中有着广阔的应用前景。评述了纳米催化技术在光催化空气净化、汽车尾气净化、化石燃料脱硫和降低温室效应等空气净化领域的研究进展 ,并对应用纳米催化技术净化空气的关键科学问题进行了分析和展望     

Comparison of EGR ratios determined by four different methods for electronic re-circulation gate control

In this study, low pressure systems have been applied for exhaust gas recycling (EGR), which is applied in certain operating conditions. Induction air, exhaust gas flow, amount of exhaust gas added to the induction air, amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the exhaust gas, and amount of carbon dioxide in the induction air mixed with the exhaust gas, have been measured and the EGR ratio has been determined using four different calculation methods. The obtained results have been compared, and it has been noted that all the four methods have given similar results, and the deviation among them has been noted to be 1% at most. Deviations among the results have been explained. In the concluding section, a relation has been formed between the variables chosen as basic parameters, electronic re-circulation gate control, and variables utilised in EGR ratio determination methods.     

Status of Control of Motor Vehicle Emissions in California

The State of California, because of an acute air pollution problem has been forced to move ahead on a pioneer basis to control motor vehicle emissions. The Golden State’s program, as put into operation by the Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board, is discussed in detail. Inspection-installation stations, enforcement and legal requirements relating to crankcase control devices and other facets of the program are presented. Of particular importance is the experience gained by the Board in requiring devices on all new vehicles registered in California and its used vehicle program, affecting vehicles back to the 1950 model year. Recent developments in exhaust control, anticipated installation requirements, and scheduling, as well as an indication of staff long-term planning is also outlined. California’s program is based on the principle that the motor vehicle must be controlled and that sewage no longer can be dumped into the air, if the public health is to be preserved.     

Air pollution reduction via use of green energy sources for electricity and hydrogen production

The implementation of renewable wind and solar energy sources instead of fossil fuels to produce such energy carriers as electricity and hydrogen facilitates reductions in air pollution emissions. Unlike from traditional fossil fuel technologies, air pollution emissions from renewable technologies are associated mainly with the construction of facilities. With present costs of wind and solar electricity, it is shown that, when electricity from renewable sources replaces electricity from natural gas, the cost of air pollution emission abatement is more than ten times less than the cost if hydrogen from renewable sources replaces hydrogen produced from natural gas. When renewable-based hydrogen is used instead of gasoline in a fuel cell vehicle, the cost of air pollution emissions reduction approaches the same value as for renewable-based electricity only if the fuel cell vehicle efficiency exceeds significantly (i.e., by about two times) that of an internal combustion vehicle. The results provide the basis for a useful approach to an optimal strategy for air pollution mitigation.     

某厂金属铜管加工废气处理方法的研究

我国对于大气污染物的排放给予了高度的重视，规定生产中的污染物必须达标排放。对某厂酸洗车间产生的以酸雾和氮氧化物为主的废气采用高效局部排气罩加以集中收集，设计了净化吸收系统，使经过处理的废气达到“大气污染物综合排放标准”中的二级排放要求，并在设计中充分考虑了系统的节能，收到了良好的环保效果。     

某厂金属铜管加工废气处理方法的研究

我国对于大气污染物的排放给予了高度的重视,规定生产中的污染物必须达标排放。对某厂酸洗车间产生的以酸雾和氮氧化物为主的废气采用高效局部排气罩加以集中收集,设计了净化吸收系统,使经过处理的废气达到“大气污染物综合排放标准”中的二级排放要求,并在设计中充分考虑了系统的节能,收到了良好的环保效果。     

Computer Analysis of the California Cycle

The current trend toward greater instrumentation in analysis of automobile exhaust gases is sure to increase in future years. This will come about as a result of increased activity to find a solution to air pollution problems resulting from automobile exhaust gases. Owing to the complex driving cycle needed to evaluate vehicle emission, considerable time has been required to analyze and interpret the records from any run. To alleviate this analytic problem, an automatic data logger was obtained that records on magnetic tape the signal from a number of analytical instruments each second (in binary coded decimal form). These records are then analyzed on a computer to give integrated and averaged results over the specified driving cycle. There is no longer any need for manual evaluation of the data. In addition to the standard analyses already mentioned, the use of the data logger permits a much more complete analysis of what is happening in a vehicle. For example, the analytical instruments used include an oxygen analyzer in addition to carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. With these measurements the air-fuel ratio of any or all driving conditions can be calculated.     

Simulation of the evolution of particle size distributions in a vehicle exhaust plume with unconfined dilution by ambient air

Over the past several years, numerous studies have linked ambient concentrations of particulate matter (PM) to adverse health effects, and more recent studies have identified PM size and surface area as important factors in determining the health effects of PM. This study contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of particle size distributions in exhaust plumes with unconfined dilution by ambient air. It combines computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with an aerosol dynamics model to examine the effects of different streamlines in an exhaust plume, ambient particle size distributions, and vehicle and wind speed on the particle size distribution in an exhaust plume. CFD was used to calculate the flow field and gas mixing for unconfined dilution of a vehicle exhaust plume, and the calculated dilution ratios were then used as input to the aerosol dynamics simulation. The results of the study show that vehicle speed affected the particle size distribution of an exhaust plume because increasing vehicle speed caused more rapid dilution and inhibited coagulation. Ambient particle size distributions had an effect on the smaller sized particles (approximately 10 nm range under some conditions) and larger sized particles (>2 microm) of the particle size distribution. The ambient air particle size distribution affects the larger sizes of the exhaust plume because vehicle exhaust typically contains few particles larger than 2 microm. Finally, the location of a streamline in the exhaust plume had little effect on the particle size distribution; the particle size distribution along any streamline at a distance x differed by less than 5% from the particle size distributions along any other streamline at distance x.