不同有机物对混凝过程和余铝的影响

为了考察不同有机物对混凝过程的影响,针对腐殖酸(HA)和牛血清蛋白(BSA)2种有机物,研究了其在不同有机物含量(以DOC计),不同混凝剂(氯化铝(AlCl3)、聚铝十三(Al13)),不同pH值条件下混凝实验沉后水的总铝(TA)、总溶铝(TDA)以及不同混凝条件下形成的絮体情况,结果表明,不同有机物对沉后水中的余铝含量有重要的影响,在相同的混凝条件下腐殖酸体系产生较高的余铝.当使用AlCl3做混凝剂时,对腐殖酸和蛋白质体系而言,沉后水余铝浓度均随DOC含量的升高而上升;而使用Al13作为混凝剂时,腐殖酸体系的混凝沉后水中的余铝随有机物含量的升高而升高.当pH值高于7.0,DOC浓度高于4.0 mg/L时,总溶铝占总铝的比例达到90％以上,此时pH值对溶解态余铝的含量无明显的影响.腐殖酸和蛋白质的混合体系与其任一单独体系相比,混凝过程中会形成具有较大强度因子和恢复因子的絮体,且混合比接近1∶1时,混凝出水总溶铝达到最低.絮体的破碎与再生长受搅拌强度的影响较大,当破碎强度提高到100 r/min以上时,絮体粒径出现明显的下降.相比而言,AlCl3形成的絮体拥有更大的强度因子,而Al13形成的絮体拥有更大的恢复因子.     

高碱度水库水混凝过程中残留铝控制

针对高碱度水库水源的某水厂残留铝超标问题,选取碱化度(B)与Alb含量不同的3种铝盐絮凝剂,研究不同投量与pH值下混凝效果与残留铝浓度水平。结果表明,碱化度和Alb含量显著影响混凝效果。DOC和浊度的去除率随着3种絮凝剂AlCl3(B=0)、PACl-1(B=1.2)、PACl-2(B=2.2)投量增大而升高。3种絮凝剂投量在1.5～2.0 mg/L(以铝计)范围内,总铝和溶解铝含量最低。对于该水厂自制的絮凝剂PACl-2,可通过降低絮凝剂碱化度,或将水的pH值降低至7～7.5之间,以此可以提高PACl-2混凝效果,而且可以降低出厂水残留铝浓度。考虑工程应用可行性,可优先考虑调整絮凝剂生产工艺。     

聚合铝水解形态对混凝效果及絮体特性的影响

采用微量滴定法制备不同碱化度的聚合铝,并测定其铝形态分布,通过其对腐殖酸-高岭土水样进行烧杯实验,依据絮体的Zeta电位、浊度、UV254及絮体强度因子及恢复因子等参数,以综合评价聚合铝水解形态的混凝机理及其絮体特性。结果表明:聚合铝投加前后铝形态分布存在很大差异,碱化度越低影响越明显,碱化度为0.5的聚合铝中Ala含量由原来的69.57%变为4%左右,而其Alc由9.36%变为50%左右;预制铝的中聚体和高聚体形态在混凝过程中相对比较稳定,而低聚合度的Ala变化显著;Alb电中和能力强,对溶解性有机物去除效果好,其絮体成长速度慢但絮体强度高;Alc具有较强的吸附架桥能力,能促进浊度的去除;预制Alc的吸附架桥能力强于水解生成的Alc,但其絮体恢复性能差。     

含锌多核聚铝絮凝剂的制备及形态特征

以AlCl3·6H2O和ZnCl2为原料,采用一次加碱法制备了一种新型的改性增效聚合铝类多核无机高分子絮凝剂聚合氯化铝锌(PAZC).通过Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法研究了碱化度(B),Al/Zn摩尔比及陈化时间对铝离子形态的影响.采用混凝实验比较PAZC、PAC的混凝效果.结果表明:在相同B值条件下,PAZC的Ala和Alc少于PAC的Ala和Alc,Alb形态多于PAC中Alb形态,并且PAC中Alb形态最高只有60%,而PAZC中Alb最高达到83%.PAZC具有pH适用范围宽,投药量少以及良好的储存性能.     

水中腐殖酸对Al13混凝除氟的影响

针对含氟矿井水中有机物含量较高的问题,使用混凝区域图研究了在腐殖酸(HA)存在的条件下Al13混凝除氟的效果及相关的影响因素;使用电喷雾飞行时间质谱(ESI-TOF-MS)、差分吸收光谱法(DOAS)和X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)考察了HA与F在混凝过程中的竞争关系,且表征了Al13与F的络合产物;分析了HA影响Al13除氟的可能机理.结果 表明:在最佳投加量下,Al13对氟的去除率在HA共存时提高了10％以上,余铝浓度下降;同时,混凝过程中所形成的絮体结合更加紧密且易沉降.DOAS分析结果表明,在混凝初始阶段,HA对Al13的竞争具有一定的优势,此时主要形成Al13与有机物的络合体;随着反应的继续进行,Al13水解产生低聚态铝,此时氟主要通过与Al-OH的离子交换被去除,同时通过有机物絮体的网捕与吸附架桥作用进一步吸附游离态氟.     

铜绿微囊藻的胞外有机物对不同混凝剂除藻效果的影响

为了保证水厂在高藻条件下的安全清洁供水,以分布较为广泛的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为研究对象,采用2种铝系混凝剂AlCl3和聚合氯化铝(polyaluminum chloride,PACl)进行烧杯混凝实验,考察混凝过程中铝形态对除藻的影响,分析铜绿微囊藻的胞外有机物(extracellular organic matters,EOM)对藻去除的影响机制。结果表明:在PACl浓度为0.04 mmol·L~(-1)时,对藻细胞及浊度的去除率均为90%,而AlCl_3摩尔浓度为0.08 mmol·L~(-1)时,藻细胞及浊度去除率才达到90%;在制备PAC时,会水解产生大量中等聚合形态、性质稳定的Alb,在弱酸性到弱碱性的范围(pH为6～8)内,Alb对藻细胞去除率均可达到95%以上;而AlCl_3只有在比较窄的pH范围内形成原位Al_b,AlCl_3只能在较窄的pH范围内(pH为6～6.5)保持95%藻细胞去除率。与AlCl_3相比,PACl可去除更多表观分子质量为200～300 Da的胞外聚合物,同时PACl混凝后得到的絮体密实度大于AlCl_3。以上结果为研究铝系混凝剂强化去除藻的胞外有机物提供了参考。     

FeCl_3和AlCl_3协同絮凝去除焦化废水中氟和有机物

氟是焦化废水中的待去除的主要污染物。采用FeCl3和AlCl3作为絮凝剂,研究了絮凝对焦化废水中氟和有机物的去除效果,并考查了不同剂量和pH条件下氟和有机物的去除率。结果表明:AlCl3和FeCl3对F-的最高去除率分别为94.4%和27.3%;在投量为20 mmol·L-1时,FeCl3和AlCl3的TOC去除率分别达到27.6%和23.9%。因此,AlCl3对氟的去除率比FeCl3的更高,但FeCl3对有机物的去除率相对更高。加入Ca2+可以促进氟的去除,但有机物的去除率会下降。另外,通过考察不同pH和铁铝配比对去除率的影响,探讨了同时加入FeCl3和AlCl3的去除效果。结果表明,最适合去除有机物和氟的工作条件是pH为6.5,AlCl3和FeCl3的比值为8∶2。本研究探索了FeCl3和AlCl3对焦化废水中氟和有机物的去除机理,实验结果可为焦化废水的深度处理提供参考。     

不同混凝剂处理低温低浊水

针对低温低浊水处理难度大的问题进行了一系列的混凝实验,实验结果表明,随着混凝剂投加量的增加,剩余浊度呈现先降低后升高的趋势,单独使用HPAC时,剩余浊度在投加量为14 mg/L时达到最低(2.39 NTU)。pH值对余铝含量具有重要的影响,3种铝系混凝剂均在pH=7.0时余铝含量达到最低。Al Cl3对水中有机物的去除率较其他3种混凝剂低。絮体形成与破碎受搅拌强度的影响很大,当破碎强度增加到50 r/min,使用PACl、HPAC、Fe Cl3作混凝剂时絮体粒径下降不明显,当破碎强度增加到100 r/min时,絮体粒径有明显的下降。破碎结束后,絮体粒径有所恢复,但是并不能增长到破碎前的粒径。PACl、HPAC以及Fe Cl3形成的絮体的沉降性较好,上覆水浊度下降较快,经过3 h的沉降后,剩余浊度分别达到1.82、1.44和0.97 NTU。     

新型聚铝絮凝剂的制备和形态分布研究

制备了一种新型的改性增效聚合铝类多核无机高分子絮凝剂聚合氯化铝锌（PAZC）。通过Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法，对PAZC溶液的形态分布进行了考察，研究了不同碱化度（B）和不同Al／Zn摩尔比和陈化时间对PAZC形态分布的影响。结果表明，将Zn引入PAC并非是简单的混合，而是发生了一定的相互作用，表现在PAZC中铝形态分布取决于Al／Zn摩尔比、碱化度B及陈化时间等因素。     

共价键型絮凝剂去除水中水杨酸的性能和机理

制备了带有季铵基团的共价键型硅铝复合絮凝剂(CBHy C)。通过透射电镜(TEM)表征,与聚合氯化铝絮凝剂(PAC)相比,CBHy C絮凝剂的分子粒径更大。以烧杯实验考察了CBHy C对水中低浓度污染物水杨酸的去除效果和对高岭土标准液的除浊效果。结果表明,CBHy C絮凝剂去除低浓度下SA的混凝效果明显优于PAC,并且絮凝效果随着絮凝剂的投加量、Si/Al摩尔比和碱化度(B值)的增大而提高;CBHy C絮凝剂的除浊效果与PAC相比差别并不明显,且受Si/Al摩尔比和B值的影响不大。通过辛醇-水分配比实验,与PAC和聚合硅酸铝(PASi C)做比较,探讨了CBHy C的作用机理,发现絮凝剂的辛醇-水分配比(Kow)与絮凝剂对SA的混凝效果存在正相关性。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

产油微藻培养与回收的关键技术研究进展

寻找廉价而高效的替代原料是实现生物柴油产业化的关键所在.微藻以含油量高、生长周期短、环境适应能力强、生物产量高等优点,有望成为一种极具潜力的生物柴油生产原料.然而,目前尚存在微藻培养低效成本高和微藻回收效率低两大难题.综述了微藻培养与回收过程中的关键技术,并对存在的两大难题及其改进技术进行了详细的探讨.最后,总结并展望了微藻培养、回收技术未来的发展趋势.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%（质量百分比）.反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染