茅草添加与温度变化对餐厨垃圾厌氧水解产酸的影响

比较了茅草添加在温度变化条件下对餐厨垃圾厌氧水解过程小分子有机酸产量的影响，提出一种新型餐厨垃圾的资源化方式。研究结果显示，餐厨垃圾在55℃条件下厌氧水解主要产物为乳酸，达到25．7g／L，其干物质转化率可以达到32．1％（gTS），而餐厨＋茅草处理在同样条件下的乳酸产量为20．1g／L，干物质转化率为25．1％。温度下降为37℃后继续进行的的厌氧水解，得到的主要产物是乙酸、丙酸和丁酸，餐厨处理和餐厨＋茅草处理这两者的峰值分别为6．5、2．8、8．0和6．1g／L、2．7g／L和5．9g／L。结果显示茅草添加可以在一定程度上调节水解产物的比例，而温度变化可以调控小分子有机酸的产量。本研究结果表明，厌氧水解是一种有潜力的小分子有机酸生产与餐厨垃圾资源化处理途径。     

茅草添加与温度变化对餐厨垃圾厌氧水解产酸的影响简

比较了茅草添加在温度变化条件下对餐厨垃圾厌氧水解过程小分子有机酸产量的影响，提出一种新型餐厨垃圾的资源化方式。研究结果显示，餐厨垃圾在55℃条件下厌氧水解主要产物为乳酸，达到25.7 g/L，其干物质转化率可以达到32.1% （g TS），而餐厨+茅草处理在同样条件下的乳酸产量为20.1 g/L，干物质转化率为25.1%。温度下降为37℃后继续进行的的厌氧水解，得到的主要产物是乙酸、丙酸和丁酸，餐厨处理和餐厨+茅草处理这两者的峰值分别为6.5、2.8、8.0和6.1 g/L、2.7 g/L和5.9 g/L。结果显示茅草添加可以在一定程度上调节水解产物的比例，而温度变化可以调控小分子有机酸的产量。本研究结果表明，厌氧水解是一种有潜力的小分子有机酸生产与餐厨垃圾资源化处理途径。     

湿热水解处理餐厨垃圾氮素转化规律

为了研究餐厨垃圾湿热水解过程中氮素的变化规律，设计了10、30、60、90和120℃5个温度水平以及30、60、90、120、150和180min6个加热时间水平，进行了30组完全实验，对不同湿热条件下餐厨垃圾粗蛋白、TN、NH4＋-N、NO3-N、有机氮及氨基酸等氮的不同存在形式的变化规律进行实验研究。结果表明，10、30及60℃条件下蛋白质的高级结构不会改变，利于粗蛋白的积累，且在温度120℃，加热时间90min条件下粗蛋白百分含量最高，占干物质的31．34％；随温度的升高和加热时间的延长TN、NHf-N和有机氮含量均上升；当温度达到120℃，由于水解反应，各温度处理下NHf．N浓度超过有机氮浓度，而NO3-N始终维持较低水平。氨基酸总量随温度的升高和水解时间的延长呈上升趋势，当温度达90％，加热时间达180min时，处理后餐厨垃圾总氨基酸百分含量最高，达164％，但温度达到120℃时，随着处理时间的延长，餐厨垃圾总氨基酸含量明显降低。     

湿热处理餐厨废弃物不饱和脂肪酸

为了研究湿热水解技术对餐厨废弃物中脂类物质的影响，促进餐厨废弃物的资源化处理利用，通过实验研究，分析了餐厨废弃物固相中油酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸和花生四烯酸4种不饱和脂肪酸在90～140℃湿热条件下处理随时间的变化规律。结果表明：实验所取餐厨废弃物经湿热处理后固相中油酸和亚油酸的含量相对较高，约为30％，花生四烯酸的含量较低，约为0．3％，随着加热时间延长，亚油酸在湿热环境下发生化学分解，其含量不断降低，而花生四烯酸的含量显著增加。当加热温度为100～120℃，加热时间为30-60min时，餐厨废弃物脂类含量比较稳定，作为适宜的湿热处理条件。值得注意的是，湿热处理后的餐厨废弃物中花生四烯酸的含量只约为0．3％，不能满足饲料标准中2％的要求。     

青岛市餐厨垃圾现状调查及分析

通过问卷与实地跟踪形式调查青岛市4个主城区餐厨垃圾现状并提出关于餐厨垃圾管理和处置的建议,力求为该市餐厨垃圾的资源化利用提供参考.调查结果显示:餐厨垃圾产量为265.00 t/d,含水率为74.93％、含油率为6.06％、营养物为12.22％(质量分数)；54.4％的调查餐饮单位将餐厨垃圾分为剩饭菜、废油和生活垃圾3类排放,需进一步加强餐厨垃圾分类放置的管理工作；所调查餐饮单位中有64.4％的剩饭菜、54.3％的废油由政府统一收运,统一收运率有待进一步提高；正规回收的餐厨垃圾为197.66 t/d,被用于堆肥或进行填埋处置.     

餐厨垃圾连续堆肥处理系统中试研究

餐厨垃圾是影响城市环境重要的污染源,其处理尤其是就地堆肥处理近年来受到重视.为了利用园林绿化基质作为餐厨垃圾堆肥的水分调节材料,按照1:1体积比进行连续堆肥,研究添加园林绿化基质对餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中理化指标的影响,为餐厨垃圾无害化处理提供科学依据和技术指导.结果表明,物料堆肥升温启动迅速,第3天就达到50℃,高温持续10 d以上,达到无害化要求；堆肥最终减容率达到53％以上,减量化效果明显；物料总氮和总磷含量呈升高趋势,总有机质含量降低,肥料营养元素含量在6％以上,符合有机肥国家标准(NY525-2002).总的来说,园林绿化基质作为调理剂与餐厨垃圾联合堆肥方法可行,减量化效果好,品质符合标准.     

餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵特性的研究

为了实现餐厨垃圾低成本现场能源化处理，利用单相法，采用正交试验法，研究了接种率、温度和含水率对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵过程中运行特性的影响。结果表明，接种率、含水率、发酵温度以及它们之间的交互作用对餐厨垃圾产气效果影响显著，其中以接种率与温度的交互作用影响最为显著，其次是含水率。采用单相法进行55℃高温厌氧发酵，保证65%左右的接种率和90%以上的含水率，完全可以实现餐厨垃圾现场处理。     

酸化餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产氢研究

分析了餐厨垃圾酸化过程中的pH、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量及含水量等参数的变化,考察了酸化餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过程中的产氢情况,并探讨了调节初始pH对酸化餐厨垃圾产氢的影响.结果表明,餐厨垃圾的酸化是一个前期极为快速的过程,经过1d的酸化,新鲜餐厨垃圾的pH就从6.0左右下降到4.5左右,而后pH缓慢下降,经过5～6 d的酸化,pH下降到4.0以下;餐厨垃圾酸化过程中,产生的VFA主要是异戊酸,其浓度变化与VFA的浓度变化趋势较为一致;酸化时间为1、3、4、5、6d的餐厨垃圾体系产生的氢气的最高体积分数呈递减趋势,产氢量也呈现出相同的变化趋势;初始pH对酸化餐厨垃圾体系的产氢影响是很大的,调节到相同初始pH的不同体系,产氢的结果可以相近.因此,pH是酸化餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产氢过程中必须控制的关键因素之一.     

不同来源污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢效果研究

在相同接种配比(接种污泥占餐厨垃圾的质量分数为30%)条件下,研究了4种不同来源污泥(压滤污泥、厌氧污泥、曝气污泥和河底淤泥)添加或不添加缓冲剂时对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢效果的影响.结果发现,在不添加缓冲剂时.4种污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵平均产氢量依次为厌氧污泥>河底淤泥>压滤污泥>曝气污泥,接种厌氧污泥的餐厨垃圾平均产氢量最高,达10.11mL(以每克挥发性固体(VS)计,下同);而添加缓冲剂时.4种污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵平均产氢量依次为厌氧污泥>曝气污泥>压滤污泥>河底淤泥,接种厌氧污泥的餐厨垃圾平均产氢量也最高,为33.72 mL,且体系pH得以缓冲.     

竹叶与餐厨垃圾厌氧共消化工艺

将黄金竹和毛竹的竹叶分别与餐厨垃圾厌氧共消化,通过分析消化过程中的产气量、pH、COD、NH4+-N和VFAs变化,探讨添加不同竹叶对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化效果的影响.实验结果表明,添加毛竹叶显著增强了餐厨垃圾的厌氧消化能力.毛竹叶+餐厨垃圾组的总产气量是餐厨垃圾对照组单独厌氧消化总产气量的3.28倍,甲烷总产量为10.1 L,COD去除率高达83.0％.而添加黄金竹叶对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响则不明显,可能因为黄金竹叶在消化过程中释放了大量挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs),造成体系酸中毒.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%（质量百分比）.反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

产油微藻培养与回收的关键技术研究进展

寻找廉价而高效的替代原料是实现生物柴油产业化的关键所在.微藻以含油量高、生长周期短、环境适应能力强、生物产量高等优点,有望成为一种极具潜力的生物柴油生产原料.然而,目前尚存在微藻培养低效成本高和微藻回收效率低两大难题.综述了微藻培养与回收过程中的关键技术,并对存在的两大难题及其改进技术进行了详细的探讨.最后,总结并展望了微藻培养、回收技术未来的发展趋势.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染