试论污染源普查的质量保证

以《全国污染源普查条例》为依据，结合工业污染源调查、排污申报以及环境统计的体会，阐述了影响污染源普查的质量内涵、制约因素，提出了相应的对策，对污染源普查具有一定的借鉴作用。     

污染源普查档案应用于环境管理的思考

简述了建立污染源普查档案的关键环节，对污染源普查档案的运用与环境管理进行了认真的思考，并提出了现实性的建议。     

田湾核电站外围辐射环境监测工作的质量保证

总结了田湾核电站外围辐射环境监测中的质量保证实施情况，包括：人员培训和考核，仪器设备溯源，样品采集、运输、贮存及生物样品前处理的质控，样品分析和现场监测的质控，数据的记录处理和管理要求等，最后提出几点建议。     

环境监测实验室内质量控制体系的设想

环境监测实验室质量控制足环境监测质量保汪的蘑要组成部分。山于实验室内质量控制工作量大，质控工作往往流于形式。因此，有必要建立一套完整又便捷的实验室内质量控制体系，在质控质量上发挥重要作用。对体系建立前提条件和体系建立的，思路进行了阐述。对体系设计基础——计算机网络技术的运用。实验室内质量评价高效、便捷的数字化应用平台的建口进行了设想。     

2007年度优秀编委

浙江省政府以及各市、县（市、区）政府对第一次污染源普查工作高度重视，各级环保部门认真落实，各级普查办工作积极，各相关部门大力配合，建立机构、落实经费、宣传发动、人员培训、普查监测、入户清查等前期准备工作都开展得较为顺利，工作效果显著。浙江省污染源普查工作有序开展，稳步推进。     

第一次全国污染源普查重点污染源空间数据管理与信息共享服务平台建设研究

第一次全国污染源普查是重大的国情调查,分析和利用好第一次全国污染源普查数据具有重要意义.针对第一次全国污染源普查重点污染源数据,采用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,基于面向服务架构(SOA)设计,开发了第一次全国污染源普查重点污染源空间数据管理与信息共享服务平台,平台包括数据库、数据库管理系统、信息发布与共享服务平台.平台为污染源普查数据的制图、可视化分析、汇总和发布提供空间数据服务和技术支撑,为第一次全国污染源普查工作办公室提供了可视化的管理平台,也为相关业务部门和科研机构提供了方便的数据查询、分级浏览和分发服务等功能,有力地支撑了污染源普查数据的共享、分析和应用.     

浅谈工业源产排污系数的应用

第一次全国污染源普查,是一项重大的国情调查。如何正确运用工业源的产排污系数,将直接关系到这次普查的成败。据此,阐述了工业源产排污系数的适用性和作用,针对其应用中存在的局限性,提出了一些建议。     

石油污染土壤中铅的测定

以ＨＮＯ３－ＨＣｌ－ＨＣｌＯ４混合酸分解试样，经ＫＩ－ＭＩＢＫ萃取后，用火焰原子吸收法测定石油污染土壤中的铅，并用标准土样进行质控，所得结果与Ｘ－射线荧光法拟合较好，表明采样点已受到泄漏石油的污染。     

江苏如皋经济开发区的水环境质量与环境容量浅析

根据如皋市的第一次全国污染源普查结果，以及水环境质量例行监测数据及相关水文资料，应用水环境容量测算模型，对江苏如皋经济开发区的水环境容量进行了测算。结果表明，该区CODcr排放强度已明显超出理论水环境容量，水环境质量未达到相应功能区的要求。为此，必须采取节能减排、产业结构优化、污染集中处理等综合措施加以改善。     

第五部分 燕山大气主要气相污染物的分析及迎风监测站污染水平的观测

空气中有害气体严重影响人们的身心健康。待别是我石化区气体,由于受生产排放气体的影响,尤其使人关心;因此,我们从1983年8月至1984年7月对我区环境大气进行了全面普查,根据普查数据基本上掌握了大气受生产排放气体污染程度的规律,为评价     

北京城市水系水环境模拟及情景分析

城市水系是流域水环境管理中最为脆弱的控制点.针对城市水系水动力条件差、有机污染和富营养化严重的问题,应用QUAL2K模型模拟、预测城市水系水环境的时空变化,并在此基础上探讨北环水系水环境管理和污染防治的合理有效方案.结果显示,经过多次调整后的模型模拟的匹配度达到了0.9135,水温、溶解氧、COD、TN、TP和Chl-...     

浅谈白色污染的危害和防治

在分析白色污染来源和环境危害的基础上,提出了防治白色污染的措施和方案,认为白色污染治理是一个系统工程,涉及到技术、经济、法律等多方面。     

Health Effects of Air Quality Regulations in Delhi, India

This, the first systematic study, quantifies the health effects of air quality regulations in Delhi, which adopted radical measures to improve air quality, including, for example, the conversion of all commercial vehicles to compressed natural gas (CNG), and the closure of polluting industries in residential areas from 2000 to 2002. Air pollution data, collected at 113 sites (spread across Delhi and its neighboring areas) from July-December 2003, were used to compute exposure at the place of residence of 3,989 subjects. A socio-economic and respiratory health survey was administered in 1,576 households. This survey collected time-use, residence histories, demographic information, and direct measurements of lung function with subjects. The optimal interpolation methods were used to link air pollution and respiratory health data at the place of their residence. Resident histories, in combination with secondary data, were used to impute cumulative exposure prior to the air-quality interventions, and the effects of recent air quality measures on lung function were then evaluated. Three important findings emerge from the analysis. First, the interventions were associated with a significant improvement in respiratory health. Second, the effect of these interventions varied significantly by gender and income. Third, consistent with a causal interpretation of these results, effects were the strongest among those individuals who spend a disproportionate share of their time out-of-doors.     

小流域N、P污染负荷的构成比重研究

对浙江省宁海县颜公河流域N、P污染物负荷的构成比重进行了研究，提出了农业非点源污染造成水体污染的严重性。采用美国农业部的AnnAGNPS模型模拟计算流域中农业面源污染的N、P负荷，并对模型模拟计算的可靠性进行了验证。     

Deconstruction of annoyance due to air pollution by multiple correspondence analyses

Annoyance caused by air pollution is a matter of public health as it can cause stress and ill-health and affect quality of life, among other burdens. The aim of this study is to apply the multiple correspondence analyses (MCA) technique as a differential tooling to explore relationships between variables that can influence peoples’ behaviour concerning annoyance caused by air pollution. Data were collected through a survey on air pollution, environmental issues and quality of life. Face-to-face survey studies were conducted in two industrialized urban areas (Vitoria in Brazil and Dunkirk in France). These two regions were chosen as their inhabitants often report feeling annoyed by air pollution, and both regions have similar industrial characteristics. The results showed a progressive correspondence between levels of annoyance and other active variables in the “air pollution” factor group: as the levels of annoyance increased, the levels of the other qualitative variables (importance of air quality, perceived exposure to industrial risk, assessment of air quality, perceived air pollution) also increased. Respondents who reported feeling annoyed by air pollution also thought that air quality was very important and were very concerned about exposure to industrial risks. Furthermore, they often assessed air quality as horrible, and they could frequently perceive air pollution by dust, odours and decreased visibility. The results also showed a statistically significant association between occurrence of allergies and high levels of annoyance.

     

Megacities and atmospheric pollution

About half of the world's population now lives in urban areas because of the opportunity for a better quality of life. Many of these urban centers are expanding rapidly, leading to the growth of megacities, which are defined as metropolitan areas with populations exceeding 10 million inhabitants. These concentrations of people and activity are exerting increasing stress on the natural environment, with impacts at urban, regional and global levels. In recent decades, air pollution has become one of the most important problems of megacities. Initially, the main air pollutants of concern were sulfur compounds, which were generated mostly by burning coal. Today, photochemical smog--induced primarily from traffic, but also from industrial activities, power generation, and solvents--has become the main source of concern for air quality, while sulfur is still a major problem in many cities of the developing world. Air pollution has serious impacts on public health, causes urban and regional haze, and has the potential to contribute significantly to climate change. Yet, with appropriate planning, megacities can efficiently address their air quality problems through measures such as application of new emission control technologies and development of mass transit systems. This review is focused on nine urban centers, chosen as case studies to assess air quality from distinct perspectives: from cities in the industrialized nations to cities in the developing world. While each city--its problems, resources, and outlook--is unique, the need for a holistic approach to the complex environmental problems is the same. There is no single strategy in reducing air pollution in megacities; a mix of policy measures will be needed to improve air quality. Experience shows that strong political will coupled with public dialog is essential to effectively implement the regulations required to address air quality problems.     

天目湖流域农业面源污染控制研究

天目湖是溧阳市饮用水源地，近年的水质下降，与流域农业面源污染和旅游产业发展不无关系。因此，通过对农田、林地、居民居住地地表径流污染以及畜禽、水产养殖、农村生活及旅游等氮、磷污染物排放量的估算，提出农业化肥减施、种植业结构调整、农田基础设施生态改造、农村环境综合整治等控制措施。     

Spatial distribution and source apportionment of water pollution in different administrative zones of Wen-Rui-Tang (WRT) river watershed, China

Water quality degradation in river systems has caused great concerns all over the world. Identifying the spatial distribution and sources of water pollutants is the very first step for efficient water quality management. A set of water samples collected bimonthly at 12 monitoring sites in 2009 and 2010 were analyzed to determine the spatial distribution of critical parameters and to apportion the sources of pollutants in Wen-Rui-Tang (WRT) river watershed, near the East China Sea. The 12 monitoring sites were divided into three administrative zones of urban, suburban, and rural zones considering differences in land use and population density. Multivariate statistical methods [one-way analysis of variance, principal component analysis (PCA), and absolute principal component score—multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) methods] were used to investigate the spatial distribution of water quality and to apportion the pollution sources. Results showed that most water quality parameters had no significant difference between the urban and suburban zones, whereas these two zones showed worse water quality than the rural zone. Based on PCA and APCS-MLR analysis, urban domestic sewage and commercial/service pollution, suburban domestic sewage along with fluorine point source pollution, and agricultural nonpoint source pollution with rural domestic sewage pollution were identified to the main pollution sources in urban, suburban, and rural zones, respectively. Understanding the water pollution characteristics of different administrative zones could put insights into effective water management policy-making especially in the area across various administrative zones.