堆肥中纤维素和木质素的生物降解研究现状

堆肥是垃圾处理的主要方法之一，厨房垃圾、园林垃圾、农村秸秆和日常生活中的废弃纤维产品均可作为堆肥原料，这些原料中含有一定量的纤维素和木质素，而纤维素和木质素在堆肥过程中较难生物降解。因此，国内外学者致力于研究能加速纤维素和木质素降解的高效微生物。研究发现，对纤维素和木质素有降解能力的微生物主要是高温放线菌和高温真菌，其中有独特降解机制的白腐菌在木质素降解中起着重要作用。     

温度对生活垃圾堆肥效率的影响

温度是堆料中微生物生命活动的重要标志,它直接影响堆肥反应速率,是堆肥能否顺利进行的主要因素。本试验利用可自动加热堆肥反应器,在一定条件下研究不同温度对生活垃圾堆肥效率的影响。通过监测出口气体中O2和CO2气体的浓度,计算堆料中有机物降解速率。试验表明,当反应条件为生活垃圾∶成熟堆肥=80∶20,有机物约为60%,初始含水率为55%,初始C/N比为25,堆肥温度控制在55℃左右时,能加速高温菌繁殖,从而加快垃圾分解速度,大大缩短堆肥腐熟时间。     

温度对生活垃圾堆肥效率的影响

温度是堆料中微生物生命活动的重要标志，它直接影响堆肥反应速率，是堆肥能否顺利进行的主要因素。本试验利用可自动加热堆肥反应器，在一定条件下研究不同温度对生活垃圾堆肥效率的影响。通过监测出口气体中O2和CO2气体的浓度，计算堆料中有机物降解速率。试验表明，当反应条件为生活垃圾：成熟堆肥=80：20，有机物约为60％，初始含水率为55％，初始C／N比为25，堆肥温度控制在55℃左右时，能加速高温菌繁殖，从而加快垃圾分解速度，大大缩短堆肥腐熟时间。     

市政污泥堆肥过程中微生物群落的动态变化

基于磷脂脂肪酸技术研究堆肥过程中的微生物群落的动态变化,从微生物结构演替的角度为优化堆肥工艺提供一定的理论依据。结果表明,在污泥高温好氧快速堆肥反应的前中期细菌占主导作用,且在整个堆肥期间丰度较高(总共检测出33种细菌磷脂脂肪酸标记物),其结构变化与堆肥反应温度变化有着密切的联系。细菌的比例增长主要集中在堆肥反应中温度较高的时期。所检测到的真菌属PLFA16:00、18:1w9c在微生物群落结构中所占的比例没有明显的变化,摩尔百分数维持在30%左右,可以推测其对污泥中木质素、纤维素这些大分子难降解的物质有一定的代谢分解作用,故受堆肥环境参数变化的影响较小,建议在堆肥中期接种合适的真菌、放线菌,增加堆肥后期微生物的代谢潜能,提高堆肥反应的效率,提升堆肥产品的肥力。     

白腐菌应用于堆肥处理含木质素废物的研究

白腐菌对木质素具有较强的降解能力。通过在含大量木质素的模拟垃圾堆肥中采取添加白腐菌菌剂与不添加该菌剂2组实验对比,在相同堆肥处理条件下,接种菌剂的堆肥中木质素总量由274988mg降至15438mg,降解率达4386%,远高于未接种菌剂的堆肥中木质素的降解率,表明白腐菌可有效用于含木质素废弃物的堆肥处理,并有望于加速堆肥腐熟,提高堆肥效率。     

不同接种量的微生物秸秆腐熟剂对蔬菜副产物堆肥效果的影响

为了明确不同接种量的微生物秸秆腐熟剂对蔬菜副产物堆肥效果的影响,以玉米秸秆为调理剂,在调节初始物料含水率为63％和C/N为28的条件下,设置了B1(堆肥混合物+1％秸秆腐熟剂)、B2(堆肥混合物+3％秸秆腐熟剂)、B3(堆肥混合物+5％秸秆腐熟剂)和CK(堆肥混合物+3％灭菌惰性载体)4个处理,测定不同堆肥处理对温度、含水率、碳氮比(C/N)、半纤维素、纤维素、木质素、总养分含量、发芽指数等指标的影响.结果表明,蔬菜副产物堆肥接种微生物秸秆腐熟剂均能够使堆肥周期缩短,有效降低堆肥含水率,提高有机质的降解幅度,并且使堆肥中半纤维素、纤维素、木质素降解率分别提高1.03％、1.16％和1.47％;氮磷钾养分含量也比不接种处理平均提高0.48％.4个处理的总体堆肥效果表现为:B2＞B1 ＞B3＞CK.     

有机固体废物堆肥化处理的微生物学机理研究

由于符合持续发展的理念 ,利用微生物技术处理有机固体废物越来越受到人们的重视 ,其核心问题则是木质纤维素的生物降解。随着园林废物等高木质纤维素含量的城市生活垃圾的不断增加 ,以及对农业固体废物和食品工业废物再利用的需要 ,这一领域的研究取得了很大的进展。在研究中 ,针对好氧堆肥和厌氧发酵 2项主要的微生物处理技术 ,对其优势微生物菌群、不同降解底物和微生物降解动力学方面的最新研究进展进行了回顾和总结 ,并对环境微生物制剂的应用以及有机固体废物的微生物处理技术的发展做了合理的展望。     

白腐菌应用于堆肥处理含木质素废物的研究

白腐菌对木质素具有较强的降解能力。通过在含大量木质素的模拟垃圾堆肥中采取添加白腐菌菌剂与不添加该菌剂2组实验对比，在相同堆肥处理条件下，接种菌剂的堆肥中木质素总量由27498．8mg降至15438mg，降解率达43．86％，远高于未接种菌剂的堆肥中木质素的降解率，表明白腐菌可有效用于含木质素废弃物的堆肥处理，并有望于加速堆肥腐熟，提高堆肥效率。     

有机固体废物堆肥化处理的微生物学机理研究

由于符合持续发展的理念，利用微生物技术处理有机固体废物越来越受到人们的重视，其核心问题则是木质纤维素的生物降解。随着园林废物等高木质纤维素含量的城市生活垃圾的不断增加，以及对农业固体废物和食品工业废物再利用的需要，这一领域的研究取得了很大的进展。在研究中，针对好氧堆肥和厌氧发酵2项主要的微生物处理技术，对其优势微生物菌群、不同降解底物和微生物降解动力学方面的最新研究进展进行了回顾和总结，并对环境微生物制剂的应用以及有机固体废物的微生物处理技术的发展做了合理的展望。     

蔬菜废弃物混合堆肥过程中百菌清和都尔的降解规律

以蔬菜废弃物为原料,研究了杀菌剂百菌清和除草剂都尔在堆肥过程中的降解特征。结果表明,高温好氧堆肥处理可有效去除蔬菜废弃物中残留的百菌清及都尔。堆肥过程中,百菌清的降解规律符合一级动力学模型,在50℃条件下,其半衰期为1.10 h;都尔降解速率较为缓慢,经15 d,其降解率为94%(c0=10 mg·kg~(-1))。都尔、百菌清及其降解产物对堆肥系统中的微生物具有抑制作用,在添加量为10~105 mg·kg~(-1)时,微生物活性抑制明显,堆肥周期延长。     

白腐菌降解木素酶系及其作用机理

制浆行业目标是脱除木质素,留下纤维素.白腐菌对木素的选择降解性能是造纸工业兴起研究领域如生物制浆,生物漂白及污染处理的理论基础.本文对有关白腐菌降解木素的酶系及作用机制作了概述,目的在于绘出一幅整体的木素降解酶系相互依存的图景,以便人们扩大视野,全面深入研究木素降解过程.     

青岛市餐厨垃圾与菜市场垃圾混合高温厌氧消化研究

在中试规模下,研究青岛市餐厨垃圾与菜市场垃圾混合(质量比1∶1)高温厌氧消化实验,通过监测厌氧消化过程中产气量、气体组成等产气情况和消化液中pH值、SCOD、NH3-H、VFAs含量和组分等化学指标变化,确定混合厌氧消化的最大有机负荷,并分析混合高温厌氧消化技术的可行性,结果表明,(1)青岛市餐厨垃圾与菜市场垃圾混合高温厌氧消化产甲烷具有技术可行性;(2)混合厌氧消化的最大有机负荷可达4.069 kg VS/(m3.d);(3)当系统最大有机负荷时,每天每千克VS最高可产生甲烷量0.346 m3;(4)混合厌氧消化可削减氨氮对餐厨垃圾单独厌氧消化产沼气的影响。     

Evidence of the involvement of plant ligno-cellulosic structure in the sequestration of Pb: an X-ray spectroscopy-based analysis

European walnut (Juglans regia) plants were grown in pots, on peat soil contaminated with lead (Pb), for four years. European walnut was chosen because it grows in Mediterranean climates, it yields a high biomass, and a fine quality wood. In the above ground parts Pb concentration was 1000 times lower than in roots: in 50 g roots there was 450 mg of Pb. Microanalysis of roots found in periderm more than 50% of the total root Pb. Pb L(III) EXAFS spectroscopy was performed on: root powder from Pb-exposed plants, Pb-impregnated cellulose and lignin. Comparison of plant material with lignin and cellulose helped to envisage a plant disposal strategy for Pb. This may consist in establishing links with large organic molecules, which are abundant constituents of cell walls. EXAFS spectroscopy evidenced the presence of Pb-O bindings within the ligno-cellulosic structure in roots. Lead was scantly conveyed to the shoots, giving to walnut plants an added asset in Pb phytostabilization.     

Levoglucosan,a tracer for cellulose in biomass burning and atmospheric particles

The major organic components of smoke particles from biomass burning are monosaccharide derivatives from the breakdown of cellulose, accompanied by generally lesser amounts of straight-chain, aliphatic and oxygenated compounds and terpenoids from vegetation waxes, resins/gums, and other biopolymers. Levoglucosan and the related degradation products from cellulose can be utilized as specific and general indicator compounds for the presence of emissions from biomass burning in samples of atmospheric fine particulate matter. This enables the potential tracking of such emissions on a global basis. There are other compounds (e.g. amyrones, friedelin, dehydroabietic acid, and thermal derivatives from terpenoids and from lignin—syringaldehyde, vanillin, syringic acid, vanillic acid), which are additional key indicators in smoke from burning of biomass specific to the type of biomass fuel. The monosaccharide derivatives (e.g. levoglucosan) are proposed as specific indicators for cellulose in biomass burning emissions. Levoglucosan is emitted at such high concentrations that it can be detected at considerable distances from the original combustion source.     

Investigation on the chemical structure of nonextractable residues of the fungicide cyprodinil in spring wheat using 13C-C1-phenyl-cyprodinil on 13C-depleted plants-an alternative approach to investigate nonextractable residues

13C-labelled cyprodinil was applied on 13C-depleted wheat plants with 27-fold field application rate. A control experiment applying same amounts of 14C-cyprodinil showed that main portions of the residues were detected in the cellulose (15% NER), hemicellulose (28.3% NER), and lignin fraction (23.3% NER). 16.7% were detected in water soluble polymers, 6% in both, pectin and protein fraction, and 4% in the starch containing fraction. Free cyprodinil was detectable by TLC in all fractions except lignin. A direct characterization of the residues in vivo by CP-MAS was not successful. Cell wall fractions were further analysed by liquid state NMR to determine the structure of the mobilized highly polymer/polar residues: Within lignin, where most of the residues were located at field application rate, neither intact cyprodinil nor its metabolites could not be detected. The 13C-label introduced was probably incorporated in the polymer as natural lignin monomers and thus are not considered as bound residues according to IUPAC definition.     

Absorption, balance and metabolism of C-2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol in hydroponic tomato plants

Most of the 2, 4, 6-TCP applied in the nutrient solution of the hydroculture test was volatilised; a proportion was absorbed by the developed plant roots and to a small extent isomerised. Significant portions of the non-extractable tomato plant residues were found in the isolated lignin and cellulose fractions.     

稻秆负荷与pH对稻秆厌氧发酵产酸系统启动过程的影响

为探讨稻秆负荷（即稻秆VS/污泥VSS）与发酵pH对稻秆厌氧发酵产酸系统启动过程产挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）效果的影响,利用厌氧搅拌罐反应系统考察在不同的稻秆负荷（0.556、0.945、1.334和1.724 g/g）和不同的发酵pH（8.0、9.0和10.0）启动运行条件下的产酸性能,并分析了系统启动过程产酸与稻秆主要成分降解之间的关系。实验结果表明,VFAs浓度随稻秆负荷提高而增大,随发酵pH的升高而降低;发酵18 d时,发酵pH为9.0时,稻秆负荷1.334 g/g的产酸效果最好,VFAs浓度与稻秆产酸量分别为4 385.10 mg/L和2.19 gVFAs/g稻秆,此时半纤维素、纤维素和酸性洗涤木质素降解率分别为32.69%、22.53%和6.40%;稻秆负荷为0.945 g/g条件下,VFAs浓度在pH为8.0时达到最高值4 409.51 mg/L,此时稻秆降解量也最多,半纤维素、纤维素和酸性洗涤木质素降解率分别为28.60%、47.32%和22.69%。研究表明,稻秆负荷与发酵pH通过影响稻秆半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解影响稻秆厌氧发酵产酸的进程和效果。     

Volatile metabolites from indoor molds grown on media containing wood constituents

Since volatile mold metabolites are used for the detection of mold growth in buildings, it was interesting to determine whether different indoor mold species show different affinity for the major components of wood, a common building material. Growth and volatile metabolites were studied when Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium chrysogenum, and P. palitans were grown on laboratory substrates containing the major wood constituents cellulose, xylan and lignin. Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) were characterized by thermal desorption/gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Growth and volatile metabolites varied considerably and there appeared to be complementary substrate specificities for P. chrysogenum, and P. palitans grown on cellulose and xylan. The failure of A. versicolor to produce characteristic MVOCs when grown on media containing wood constituents suggests that systems using volatile metabolites to detect microbial growth in buildings may be fundamentally unreliable for the detection of this species.     

Emission factors from different burning stages of agriculture wastes in Mexico

Open-air burning of agricultural wastes from crops like corn, rice, sorghum, sugar cane, and wheat is common practice in Mexico, which in spite limiting regulations, is the method to eliminate such wastes, to clear the land for further harvesting, to control grasses, weeds, insects, and pests, and to facilitate nutrient absorption. However, this practice generates air pollution and contributes to the greenhouse effect. Burning of straws derived from the said crops was emulated in a controlled combustion chamber, hence determining emission factors for particles, black carbon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide throughout the process, which comprised three apparent stages: pre-ignition, flaming, and smoldering. In all cases, maximum particle concentrations were observed during the flaming stage, although the maximum final contributions to the particle emission factors corresponded to the smoldering stage. The comparison between particle size distributions (from laser spectrometer) and black carbon (from an aethalometer) confirmed that finest particles were emitted mainly during the flaming stage. Carbon dioxide emissions were also highest during the flaming stage whereas those of carbon monoxide were highest during the smoldering stage. Comparing the emission factors for each straw type with their chemical analyses (elemental, proximate, and biochemical), some correlations were found between lignin content and particle emissions and either particle emissions or duration of the pre-ignition stage. High ash or lignin containing-straw slowed down the pre-ignition and flaming stages, thus favoring CO oxidation to CO₂.

     

Investigation on the Chemical Structure of Nonextractable Residues of the Fungicide Cyprodinil in Spring Wheat Using 13C-C1-Phenyl-Cyprodinil on 13C-Depleted Plants—An Alternative Approach to Investigate Nonextractable Residues

Abstract

¹³C-labelled cyprodinil was applied on ¹³C-depleted wheat plants with 27-fold field application rate. A control experiment applying same amounts of ¹⁴C-cyprodinil showed that main portions of the residues were detected in the cellulose (15% NER), hemicellulose (28.3% NER), and lignin fraction (23.3% NER). 16.7% were detected in water soluble polymers, 6% in both, pectin and protein fraction, and 4% in the starch containing fraction. Free cyprodinil was detectable by TLC in all fractions except lignin. A direct characterization of the residues in vivo by CP-MAS was not successful. Cell wall fractions were further analysed by liquid state NMR to determine the structure of the mobilized highly polymer/polar residues: Within lignin, where most of the residues were located at field application rate, neither intact cyprodinil nor its metabolites could not be detected. The ¹³C-label introduced was probably incorporated in the polymer as natural lignin monomers and thus are not considered as bound residues according to IUPAC definition.