白腐菌应用于堆肥处理含木质素废物的研究

白腐菌对木质素具有较强的降解能力。通过在含大量木质素的模拟垃圾堆肥中采取添加白腐菌菌剂与不添加该菌剂2组实验对比，在相同堆肥处理条件下，接种菌剂的堆肥中木质素总量由27498．8mg降至15438mg，降解率达43．86％，远高于未接种菌剂的堆肥中木质素的降解率，表明白腐菌可有效用于含木质素废弃物的堆肥处理，并有望于加速堆肥腐熟，提高堆肥效率。     

接种外源微生物菌剂对香蕉茎秆堆肥的影响

为了研究接种外源微生物菌剂对香蕉茎秆堆肥的影响,本实验采用高温好氧堆肥技术,设计了对照（不接菌）、接种白腐菌及棱盖多孔菌3个处理,探讨了不同处理堆肥过程中堆体温度、水分、pH值、电导率、有机碳、C/N、发芽指数及堆肥质量的变化情况。结果表明,接种微生物菌剂处理的温度均高于对照,且高温期持续时间相对较长,以接种白腐菌处理的高温持续时间最长;接种外源微生物菌剂对堆肥含水率、pH、EC、全碳、C/N变化影响不大;与对照相比,接种白腐菌可增加全氮及全钾的含量,有利于提高堆肥产品质量;接种白腐菌处理在36 d（GI〉50%）就达到腐熟,比对照提前8 d腐熟,明显缩短堆肥腐熟时间;而接种棱盖多孔菌处理比对照推迟10 d腐熟,共需54 d不利于香蕉茎秆堆肥的进行。     

堆肥中纤维素和木质素的生物降解研究现状

堆肥是垃圾处理的主要方法之一 ,厨房垃圾、园林垃圾、农村秸秆和日常生活中的废弃纤维产品均可作为堆肥原料 ,这些原料中含有一定量的纤维素和木质素 ,而纤维素和木质素在堆肥过程中较难生物降解。因此 ,国内外学者致力于研究能加速纤维素和木质素降解的高效微生物。研究发现 ,对纤维素和木质素有降解能力的微生物主要是高温放线菌和高温真菌 ,其中有独特降解机制的白腐菌在木质素降解中起着重要作用     

产漆酶血红密孔菌对城市污泥堆肥过程中有机氯农药的降解效应

为降低城市污泥堆肥中有机氯农药对环境的影响,实验室通过外加热源提供堆肥环境温度条件,并在不同堆料中接种不同剂量的产漆酶血红密孔菌,研究不同处理下产漆酶血红密孔菌对污泥中HCH、DDT和HCB的降解性能的影响。结果表明,供试血红密孔菌对3种有机氯农药的降解有明显的促进作用。未接种菌剂情况下,高温堆肥本身对HCH、DDT和HCB的降解率分别为51.1%、43.6%和63.4%;接种1%菌剂时,HCH、DDT和HCB比未接种堆料降解率分别提高了16.2%、34.6%和21.7%;接种3%菌剂时,HCH、DDT和HCB比未接种堆料降解率分别提高了41.1%、34.6%和20.1%。供试菌剂对DDT的降解效果最好,且DDT和HCH的降解能力与接种量大小呈正相关。此外,供试菌剂剂量大小对HCH不同异构体和DDT不同衍生物降解效果也不尽相同。     

堆肥中纤维素和木质素的生物降解研究现状

堆肥是垃圾处理的主要方法之一，厨房垃圾、园林垃圾、农村秸秆和日常生活中的废弃纤维产品均可作为堆肥原料，这些原料中含有一定量的纤维素和木质素，而纤维素和木质素在堆肥过程中较难生物降解。因此，国内外学者致力于研究能加速纤维素和木质素降解的高效微生物。研究发现，对纤维素和木质素有降解能力的微生物主要是高温放线菌和高温真菌，其中有独特降解机制的白腐菌在木质素降解中起着重要作用。     

复合腐秆菌剂对稻草腐熟过程的影响

为了研究复合腐秆菌剂对稻草好氧堆肥的影响,采用好氧堆肥技术,设计了不接菌(对照)和接种复合菌剂2个处理,探讨堆肥过程中堆体温度、pH、有机质、C/N、发芽指数的变化。结果表明,接种复合腐秆菌剂堆体初期温度上升迅速,最高温度达到60℃,高温发酵阶段维持了12 d;与对照相比,接种复合腐秆菌剂对pH值、容重与孔隙度、有机质、C/N变化影响不大;但增加堆体全氮的含量,提高堆肥产品的质量,种子发芽率在第20天迅速上升,最大值为93%。显然接种复合腐秆菌剂促进好氧堆肥迅速起温,提高了堆肥的腐熟质量。     

添加VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂对堆肥的影响

通过在高温好氧堆肥中分别添加VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂,研究接种3‰的VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂促进堆肥的作用效果。结果表明,接种VT菌剂的处理与空白和接种有机物料腐熟剂的处理相比,堆肥初期升温更快;高温期更长;堆肥结束时,C/N降低的多,NO3-N增加的多,NH4+-N挥发的少,接种VT菌剂和VT有机物料腐熟剂都可促进有机质的充分降解,缩短堆肥时间,加快堆肥腐熟,提高堆肥肥力。     

添加VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟齐对堆肥的影响

通过在高温好氧堆肥中分别添加VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂，研究接种3％o的VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂促进堆肥的作用效果。结果表明，接种VT菌剂的处理与空白和接种有机物料腐熟剂的处理相比，堆肥初期升温更快；高温期更长；堆肥结束时，C／N降低的多，NO3-N增加的多，NH4-N挥发的少，接种VT菌剂和VT有机物料腐熟剂都可促进有机质的充分降解，缩短堆肥时间，加快堆肥腐熟，提高堆肥肥力。     

二鼠李糖脂对白腐菌降解稻草中木质纤维素的影响

通过固态发酵方式采用白腐菌对稻草中木质纤维素进行降解,并研究了生物表面活性剂二鼠李糖脂对该降解过程的影响。结果表明,不同浓度的二鼠李糖脂能在不同程度上提高降解过程水溶性有机碳的含量,添加0.007%和0.021%二鼠李糖脂的实验组最高TOC(total organic carbon)浓度较对照组分别提高了83.6%和54.5%,这有利于黄孢原毛平革菌的生长,且延缓了菌体的衰退。添加临界胶束浓度0.007%和0.021%浓度的二鼠李糖脂可使LiP(lignin peroxidase)酶活分别提高85.7%和41.2%,二鼠李糖脂对MnP(manganese peroxidase)酶活没有显著影响。生物表面活性剂的介入促进了白腐菌对稻草中木质素的降解,添加0.007%二鼠李糖脂可使木质素降解率提高54%。     

外源菌剂对餐厨垃圾和污泥联合堆肥酶活性及微生物的影响

以餐厨垃圾和污泥(质量比1∶1)混合物为底物,以不接种微生物为对照,以添加外源菌剂和腐熟堆肥为两个处理,研究外源菌剂对联合堆肥过程中酶活性和腐熟期微生物的影响。结果表明,外源菌剂可促进堆体升温并延长高温期,可显著提高纤维素酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性,4种酶的峰值分别为377.294 U/g、83.107 mL/(g·h)、0.763 mg/(g·d)和147.411 U/g。采用高通量测序技术分析发现,添加外源菌剂降低了腐熟期细菌、真菌的群落多样性,但提高了真菌群落丰富度。门水平上,各堆体细菌和真菌的优势群落种类差异较小,仅相对丰度变化较大;属水平上,添加外源菌剂使堆体中优势细菌占比更均匀,优势真菌主要为土壤伊萨酵母菌(Issatchenkia)、念珠菌(Candida)、未分类真菌(Unclassified Fungi)等。采用FAPROTAX工具对细菌功能分组,各堆体相对丰度较高的功能菌以化能异养、有氧化能异养、硝酸盐还原等为主,然而添加外源菌剂和腐熟堆肥使芳香族化合物的降解功能菌相对丰度分别提高了8.0倍、7.4倍。     

Mycelial growth and solid-state fermentation of lignocellulosic waste by white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium under lead stress

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant renewable resource difficult to degrade. Its bioconversion plays important roles in carbon cycles in nature, which may be influenced by heavy metals in environment. Mycelial growth and the degradation of lignocellulosic waste by lignin-degrading fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium under lead stress were studied. It was shown that P. chrysosporium could grow in liquid media with 400 mg L?1 Pb(II), and mycelial dry weight was reduced by 54% compared to the control. Yellow mycelia in irregular short-strip shape formed in Pb-containing media, whereas the control showed ivory-white regular mycelial pellets. Two possible responses to Pb stress were: dense hyphae, and secretion from mycelia to resist Pb. During solid-state fermentation of straw, fungal colonization capability under Pb stress was positively correlated with the removal efficiency of soluble-exchangeable Pb when its content was higher than 8.2 mg kg?1 dry mass. Carboxymethyl cellulase activity and cellulose degradation were inhibited at different Pb concentrations, whereas low Pb concentrations increased xylanase and ligninolytic enzyme activities and the hemicellulose and lignin degradation. Cluster analyses indicated that Pb had similar effects on the different microbial indexes related to lignin and hemicellulose degradation. The present findings will advance the understandings of lignocellulose degradation by fungi under Pb pollution, which could provide useful references for developing metal-polluted waste biotreatment technology.     

Humification process enhancement through relative abundance promotion of Talaromyces and Coprinopsis by inoculated Phanerochaete chrysosporium during the secondary fermentation of composting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - To explore the mechanism of Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) inoculation driving the humification process of maize straw composting, the...     

Co-composting of spent coffee ground with olive mill wastewater sludge and poultry manure and effect of Trametes versicolor inoculation on the compost maturity

The co-composting of spent coffee grounds, olive mill wastewater sludge and poultry manure was investigated on a semi-industrial scale. In order to reduce the toxicity of the phenolic fraction and to improve the degree of composting humification, composts were inoculated with the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor in the early stages of the maturation phase.During composting, a range of physico-chemical parameters (temperature and both organic matter and C/N reduction), total organic carbon, total nitrogen, elemental composition, lignin degradation and spectroscopic characteristics of the humic acids (HAs) were determined; impacts of the composting process on germination index of Hordeum vulgare and Lactuca sativa were assessed. The coffee waste proved to be a highly compostable feedstock, resulting in mature final compost with a germination index of 120% in less than 5 months composting. In addition, inoculation with T. versicolor led to a greater degree of aromatization of HA than in the control pile. Moreover, in the inoculated mixture, lignin degradation was three times greater and HA increased by 30% (P < 0.05), compared to the control pile. In the T. versicolor inoculated mixture, the averages of C and N were significantly enhanced in the HA molecules (P < 0.05), by 26% and 22%, respectively. This improvement in the degree of humification was confirmed by the ratio of optical densities of HA solutions at 465 and 665 nm which was lower for HA from the treated mixture (4.5) than that from the control pile (5.4).     

Phanerochaete chrysosporium吸附载体的选择及染料降解研究

研究了游离细胞与载体吸附培养、不同载体材料对Phanerochaete chrysosporium进行连续染料脱色及产酶能力的影响。结果表明,P.chrysosporium可在载体上良好生长,甚至生长到载体内部。木屑、玉米芯、花生壳3种载体材料中,以木屑载体吸附培养物的持续脱色和产酶效果最佳,该培养物经三轮连续脱色后对染料RB5仍能达到最高95%的脱色率,并产生596 U/L锰依赖过氧化物酶（MnP）和1 326 U/L木质素过氧化物酶（LiP）,对染料的持续脱色和产酶能力明显优于游离细胞培养物。     

Comparative studies of fungal degradation of single or mixed bioaccessible reactive azo dyes

A screening using several fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, Trametes versicolor and Aureobasidium pullulans) was performed on the degradation of syringol derivatives of azo dyes possessing either carboxylic or sulphonic groups, under optimized conditions previously established by us. T. versicolor showed the best biodegradation performance and its potential was confirmed by the degradation of differently substituted fungal bioaccessible dyes. Enzymatic assays (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, laccase, proteases and glyoxal oxidase) and GC-MS analysis were performed upon the assay obtained using the most degraded dye. The identification of hydroxylated metabolites allowed us to propose a possible metabolic pathway. Biodegradation assays using mixtures of these bioaccessible dyes were performed to evaluate the possibility of a fungal wastewater treatment for textile industries.     

Biodegradation of aromatic compounds by white rot and ectomycorrhizal fungal species and the accumulation of chlorinated benzoic acid in ectomycorrhizal pine seedlings

The capability of different white rot (WR, Heterobasidion annosum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes versicolor) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM, Paxillus involutus, Suillus bovinus) fungal species to degrade different aromatic compounds and the absorption of 3-chlorobenzoic acid (3-CBA) by ECM pine seedlings was examined. The effect of aromatic compounds on the fungal biomass development varied considerably and depended on (a) the compound, (b) the external concentration, and (c) the fungal species. The highest effect on the fungal biomass development was observed for 3-CBA. Generally the tolerance of WR fungi against aromatic compounds was higher than that of the biotrophic fungal species. The capability of different fungi to degrade aromatic substances varied between the species but not generally between biotrophic and saprotrophic fungi. The highest degradation capability for aromatic compounds was detected for T. versicolor and H. annosum, whereas for Phanerochaete chrysosporium and the ECM fungi lower degradation rates were found. However, Paxillus involutus and S. bovinus showed comparable degradation rates at low concentrations of benzoic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. In contrast to liquid cultures, where no biodegradation of 3-CBA by S. bovinus was observed, mycorrhizal pines inoculated with S. bovinus showed a low capability to remove 3-CBA from soil substrates. Additional X-ray microanalytical investigations showed, that 3-CBA supplied to mycorrhizal plants was accumulated in the root cell cytoplasm and is translocated across the endodermis to the shoot of mycorrhizal pine seedlings.     

Chloroperoxidase-mediated transformation of highly halogenated monoaromatic compounds

Peroxidase transformations of widely distributed pollutants, tetra- and penta-chlorinated phenols and anilines, were studied using different peroxidases. Chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago was able to transform tetra- and penta-chlorinated phenols and anilines, while horseradish peroxidase, lignin peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium and versatile peroxidase from Bjerkandera adusta were able only to transform the halogenated phenols. Chloroperoxidase showed a specific activity on pentachlorophenol two orders of magnitude higher than lignin peroxidase and horseradish peroxidase, and one order of magnitude higher than versatile peroxidase. The main product from peroxidase oxidation in all cases was a polymeric and insoluble material. The insolubilization of halogenated phenols and anilines permits their removal, reduces their bioavailability, and thus reduces their environmental impact. The other minor products from the enzymatic transformation of highly chlorinated compounds were determined by mass spectrometry. Tetrachloroquinone, dimers and trimers of halogenated compounds were also identified. Chloroperoxidase was able to halogenate tetrachloroaniline to form pentachloroaniline.     

Use of fungi for the bioconversion of rice straw into cellulase enzyme

Cellulase production was carried out by solid state bioconversion (SSB) method using rice straw, a lignocellulosic material and agricultural waste, as the substrate of three Trichoderma spp. and Phanerochaete chrysosporium in lab-scale experiments. The results were compared to select the best fungi among them for the production of cellulase. Phanerochaete chrysosporium was found to be the best among these species of fungi, which produced the highest cellulase enzyme of 1.43 IU/mL of filter paper activity (FPase) and 2.40 IU/mL of carboxymethylcellulose activity (CMCase). The "glucosamine" and "reducing sugar" parameters were observed to evaluate the growth and substrate utilization in the experiments. In the case of Phanerochaete Chrysosporium, the highest glucosamine concentration was 1.60 g/L and a high concentration of the release of reducing sugar was measured as 2.58 g/L obtained on the 4th day of fermentation. The pH values were also recorded. The range of the pH was about 5.15 to 5.56 in the case of Phanerochaete Chrysosporium.     

生活垃圾堆肥分阶段反应动力学研究

根据堆肥不同阶段特点 ,通过接种和不接种堆肥实验 ,分别研究升温 -高温阶段和高温 -降温阶段动力学。从得到的动力学方程分析可知 :接种复合微生物菌剂 ,在升温 -高温阶段最大反应速率比对照组提高约 13 8.7 ;在高温 -降温阶段最大反应速率比对照组大 4.73 g/( h· kg) ,而半速系数 Km比对照组下降了 10 3 g/kg。说明接种复合微生物菌剂不仅使反应速率增大 ,而且使半速系数减小 ,使底物与酶反应更完全 ,有机物分解更迅速、更彻底