扬水曝气技术在水源水质改善中的应用

扬水曝气技术是新开发的水质改善技术,用于混合上下水层、控制藻类生长、增加水体溶解氧、抑制底泥污染物释放.将该技术应用于某水源地,其提水效率达到同类设备--同温层曝气器的两倍;控制了水体表层的藻类数量,抑制了藻类的生长,将藻类叶绿素a含量降低了13.96%.扬水曝气技术的适用条件:用于控制藻类生长时,水深应不小于10 m;用于抑制底泥污染物释放时,水体应存在溶解氧小于1～2 mg/L的厌氧条件.     

连云港市天然山泉水和井水调查

于2018年六五环境日期间开展便民服务,监测山泉水或井水。监测项目主要有:酸碱度、溶解性总固体、总硬度、氟化物、氯化物、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、重金属等。参照《生活饮用水标准检验法》(GB/T5750-2006)和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)对居民送样水监测分析后评价,80%的水样存在某一项或几项指标超标,其中一半水样硝酸盐超标,需予以重视,建议提高安全用水意识,不要作为饮用水使用。     

Model analysis of interactive effects of ozone and water stress on the yield of soybean

The interactive effects of ozone and water stress on the yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. 'Davis') were addressed with a growth model of soybean. Two simulations were conducted, using the data from the exposures of soybean to ozone in open-top chambers under two soil moisture regimes, and the results of the simulations were compared. In the original simulation, soil moisture content was calculated based on a water budget using the actual precipitation and irrigation data. In the modified simulation, the soil water content was given as input data. In this case, soil moisture content was maintained at the same level across the ozone treatments regardless of different water use by the plants. Both simulations included the effect of reduced ozone flux to the leaves due to water stress, whereas only the original simulation included the effect of mitigated water stress due to reduced water use by the plants under higher ozone concentration. The water stress reduced ozone impact on soybean yield in the original simulation on the basis of the ozone dosecrop yield response relationship, but not in the modified simulation. The ozone uptake rate was reduced by water stress in the original simulation, but the relationship between seasonal mean ozone uptake rate and relative yield still showed reduced impact of ozone due to water stress. These results indicated that the alleviation of water stress by ozone due to reduced plant water use in ozone-treated plots can be a contributing factor in the reduction of ozone impact by water stress. The above conclusion was partly confirmed by the actual data for soil water content, which was significantly lower in the lowest ozone treatment than in the higher ozone treatments. Further experimental and modelling studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of the ozone X water stress interaction.     

Investigation of the behaviour of haloketones in water samples

The behaviour of the haloketones (HKs) 1,1-Dichloropropanone (1,1-DCP), 1,1,1-Trichloropropanone (1,1,1-TCP) and 1,3-Dichloropropanone (1,3-DCP) in ultrapure water solutions and in fortified drinking water samples was investigated. Their concentrations were determined at regular time intervals by the use of a gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) method. Two different temperatures were studied. The results have shown that HKs decompose both in ultrapure water solutions and in drinking water samples. The decomposition rates are higher in the drinking water samples, especially at higher temperature. 1,1,1-TCP is the compound which decomposes fastest followed by 1,3-DCP and 1,1-DCP. Chloroform was formed both in the ultrapure water solutions and in the drinking water samples, probably due to the decomposition of 1,1,1-TCP. In the drinking water samples, formation of chloral hydrate was also observed.     

小型景观湖水质模拟及应用研究

由于小型景观水体的体量和再生水补水措施的施行，其水质随环境和入水水质的变化和富营养化过程较大型水体快。由EFDC模型和WASP模型耦合建立小型浅水景观湖生态动力学模型，用实测水质数据进行参数率定与验证，可实现小型景观水体水质变化趋势的模拟，为水质管理提供决策支持。在此基础上，对民主湖在几种水质保障方案下1年的水质变化进行了模拟预测和对比，结果表明，作为富营养化程度表征的叶绿素a在空间和时间分布上均存在一定的规律性，夏季由于温度升高，叶绿素a浓度较高，说明藻类等浮游植物迅速增殖，是水质恶化水华暴发的高发期，而采取加大湖水水力循环和改善入口水质的控制方案，可使水质得到良好保障。     

Change of genotoxicity for raw and finished water: role of purification processes

In China, the safety of drinking water becomes a significant issue due to serious aquatic environmental pollution. The genotoxic levels of raw and finished water from seven typical waterworks located in the five basins in China were then evaluated using umu test. Effect of conventional treatment processes (coagulation, filtration and disinfection) on the genotoxicity and the fate of dissolved organic matter (DOM) was discussed. The results showed that most of the selected finished water presented genotoxicity at or lower than 300 mL water sample exposure dose. The genotoxic effects of finished water were significantly higher than those of raw water. It also exhibited that there existed higher correlation between genotoxic effect and Br(-) than the other water quality parameters. The brominated trihalomethanes played a more important role in finished water genotoxicity than brominated haloacetic acids. The treatment processes could increase the genotoxic effects of finished water, especially for the chlorination treatment. The fluorescence spectra and high performance size-exclusion chromatogram analysis of DOM characters indicated that the proportion of low molecular weight acids, nitrogen containing aromatics, proteinaceous and microbially derived organic matters (200-300 Da) increased during purification processes, which indicated probably the release or formation of drinking water genotoxins.     

万家寨引黄北干线桑干河道输水水质模拟与控制

主要对采用河道输水方案的山西万家寨引黄北干线桑干河道水质进行模拟与控制研究,依据各水体特性建立河流水质数值模型和水库数值模型,运用系统分解方法将整个研究河道分解为若干个河段,并采用情景分析方法生成3个水质模拟情景,分析模拟结果表明,在山阴取水口和怀仁取水口水质达地表水Ⅲ类标准条件下,册田水库的入水水质不达标。应用反演思想生成2个水质控制情景和3个子情景,在水库出水口水质达标的情况下,分析确定沿河各排污口的污染物排放控制量,给出了保证册田水库水质安全的控制方法。     

黄浦江上游来水与黄浦江水源水质内在关联研究

使用有机污染综合指数评价和数理统计方法，对1986—2000年黄浦江水源地及黄浦江上游来水的水质监测数据进行分析。结果表明，黄浦江水源近15a水质变化可分为缓慢恶化、加速恶化和逐渐改善3个阶段；黄浦江松浦大桥取水口水质与园泄泾相近，且均劣于淀峰和太浦河，优于大泖港；大泖港与松浦大桥水质密切相关，对松浦大桥取水口水质恶化贡献很大。基于这一机理建立的回归方程能够较好地拟合出取水口水质的演变趋势。     

深圳笔架山水厂优化节水的实验研究

针对目前我国城镇需水量大、原水费用高的问题,大多数水厂通过降低自用水量的方式节约水资源。经过在笔架山水厂进行的生产性实验,优化耗水工艺的运行条件,挖潜了该水厂的节水空间,自用水量降低。优化后,全处理系统可节约水资源76.83万m3/a,耗水率由原来的2.08%下降到1.49%,同时水厂的经济效益也得到了显著提高,优化后可在原来的基础上节约运行成本近60万元/a。     

多水源供水管网中铁释放规律

针对水源切换而引起的水质超标现象,开展了多水源联合供水条件下管网中铁释放规律的研究。分析了北方某城市2种水源(滦河水和长江水)的水质特点,利用实验模拟反应器分别研究了水源完全置换和供水分界线处水源混合区域的铁释放规律。结果表明,多水源供水管网的铁释放速率与水源水质密切相关,特别是水中含高浓度SO2-4和氯化物时会加快铁的释放。不同水源之间的频繁切换会破坏管垢表面的钝化层,使铁释放速率迅速变化,随后会有所缓解,但新的平衡的形成需要较长时间。供水分界线处的水源混合区域,由于水质的不断变化造成管垢表面很难形成稳定的钝化层,铁释放速率持续偏高,只有当长江水所占比例高达75%以上时才能得到抑制。     

Water resources vulnerability assessment in the Adriatic Sea region: the case of Corfu Island

Cross-border water resources management and protection is a complicated task to achieve, lacking a common methodological framework. Especially in the Adriatic region, water used for drinking water supply purposes pass from many different countries, turning its management into a hard task to achieve. During the DRINKADRIA project, a common methodological framework has been developed, for efficient and effective cross-border water supply and resources management, taking into consideration different resources types (surface and groundwater) emphasizing in drinking water supply intake. The common methodology for water resources management is based on four pillars: climate characteristics and climate change, water resources availability, quality, and security. The present paper assesses both present and future vulnerability of water resources in the Adriatic region, with special focus on Corfu Island, Greece. The results showed that climate change is expected to impact negatively on water resources availability while at the same time, water demand is expected to increase. Water quality problems will be intensified especially due to land use changes and salt water intrusion. The analysis identified areas where water resources are more vulnerable, allowing decision makers develop management strategies.     

管道分质供水消毒副产物及其安全性评价

消毒副产物是饮用水中应主要控制的毒害物。然而，管道分质供水中消毒副产物特征及污染水平很少研究。以某一管道分质供水工程为例，对其中消毒副产物进行了详细研究。研究结果表明，管道分质供水消毒副产物在量与质上与其源水自来水存在很大差别。在管道分质供水中消毒副产物量少，一般不到自来水的1／10，且主要是一些毒性较低、与供水管材有关的溶出物。据此计算出管道分质供水由消毒副产物引起的致癌风险性一般不到其源水的1／10，其安全性大大提高。     

水资源的持续开发和利用

随着人品的增长和经济的发展,越来越多的国家正面临着严重的水危机、水质的恶化和水生态系统的破坏使许多国家的淡水供应出现危机,所以水资源必须得到保护和合理的开发。本文探讨了全球水资源的短缺及其原因,并提出了解决水资源短缺的途径。     

西北干旱地区农宅雨水转化为可饮水技术

雨水集流工程对于解决干旱地区人民生活用水问题起着重要作用,甘肃省兰州市榆中县北山地区处于严重缺水的地区,人畜的饮用水为雨水、雪水直接沉淀后的水窖水。经过对北山饮用水进行水质检测,发现水中浊度、锰含量、微生物数量均超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)的规定值。通过对传统滤池进行改造并结合阳光消毒研制出了一种新型水处理器——阳光消毒-生物砂滤池(SBF)家庭水处理设备,通过生物砂滤池中微生物对雨水中污染物的氧化分解及河砂的过滤使水浊度及锰得到有效地去除,日光高温灭活和光氧化降解综合作用杀灭水中致病微生物。用SBF家庭水处理设备对雨水进行处理,水中浊度、锰含量、微生物数量均达到标准的规定值。     

The mutagenic potentials of tap water samples in Shanghai

The tap water samples were collected from the users' ends in several areas of Shanghai, which is located in Taihu Lake basin, Eastern China. Source water samples were also collected from two municipal source water facilities at the same time. Samples were assayed by three different short-term mutagenicity test systems: Salmonella/microsome assay (Ames test), the Arabinose resistance test (Ara test) and the SOS/umu test. The data showed that two source water samples did not display direct mutagenic potentials. Two tap water samples from city north, which were directly from Yangtze River, were also not mutagenic. Water samples from city south and middle which used source water originating from Taihu Lake were proved to be contaminated with mutagenic potentials by three different assay techniques. The boiled water displayed an even stronger mutagenic potential compared to its original tap water. The molecular mechanism of mutagenicity was associated with a reading frame-shifting potential. GC-MS analysis of tap water extracts from city middle and corresponding source water was compared. Qualitatively similar spectra were observed except for the peaks of three chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, which existed only in the tap water. Since the water source has been polluted, raw water was heavily chlorinated in order to sterilize. More toxic compounds, including mutagens, might form during the multi-chlorination. Caution about the possibility of elevated cancer risks in the population that consumes heavily chlorinated water should be kept in mind. A cohort study in the residents of Shanghai is required.     

调理剂和通风方式对污泥生物干化效果的影响

采用了自主设计的污泥生物干化实验室模拟系统,研究了调理剂、物料配比和通风方式等实验条件对脱水污泥生物干化的影响效果。研究结果表明,与锯末相比,秸秆有利于反应物料温度的上升,含水率下降程度更大;利用秸秆调节污泥初始含水率在60%和65%的实验条件下时,物料的平均含水率分别下降了7%和6%,当初始含水率65%时,生物堆体的温度和含水率没有明显的变化;与连续通风相比较,间歇通风的实验条件有利于生物堆体的温度的升高和干化效果;在该实验中,最佳的生物干化条件是以秸秆为调理剂,初始含水率调至65%以下,以间歇方式进行通风。     

Determination of bromate and chlorinated haloacetic acids in bottled drinking water with chromatographic methods

Disinfection by-products of interest such as bromate, chlorate and chlorinated haloacetic acids in 10 representative brands of bottled drinking water were investigated with ion chromatography. With the developed method, the detection limits of the disinfection by-products were in sub-microgl(-1) level. It was observed that bromate, chlorate and dichloroacetic acid could be detected in some water samples. In the bottled natural water, the concentrations for the three compounds were 0.1, 0.9 and 0.6 microgl(-1), respectively. The total concentration of disinfection by-products in the natural water sample was the highest among all the bottled drinking waters. The concentrations for the sum of disinfection by-products in the four types of bottled drinking water investigated were natural water > mineral water > spring water > purified water. The generation of disinfection by-products was much influenced by the original components and process procedure of the source water. The concentrations of bromate and chlorate in the bottled water samples hardly degraded with the increasing storage time. For dichloroacetic acid, with the prolonging of storage time, the concentration was much decreased.     

溶解氧对河流底泥中三氮释放的影响

作为内源污染的底泥沉积物中营养物的释放引起了越来越多的关注。通过大型静态土柱模拟实验,研究氮在上覆水和孔隙水中的分布特性和释放特性。在控制氧气条件、底泥有机质含量和粒径大小的条件下,连续观测氨态氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮的浓度及其垂向分布特性。结果发现：时间分布上,通氧条件明显影响水体底泥中三氮释放与反硝化作用达到平衡的时间;垂向分布上,三期实验的上覆水的无机氮以氨态氮为主,不同的通氧条件下,各柱的孔隙水的三氮浓度比上覆水高,且三氮在沉积物中随深度增加而增加;氨态氮和硝态氮浓度则以孔隙水的为高,随深度增加而增加;低溶解氧水平加快底泥释放氨氮速度和增大释放量。     

三垟湿地沉积物-间隙水-上覆水界面磷形态研究

沉积物与上覆水间营养物质交换,成为导致水体发生富营养化的首要化学变迁过程.分别在三垟湿地的柑橘林(S1)、景观用地(S2)和生活用地(S3)取样,研究了沉积物-间隙水-上覆水界面磷形态以及相互关系.结果表明:(1)沉积物TP增加时,间隙水PO3-4和可溶性总磷(TDP)也增加.要削减磷在上覆水中的含量,控制间隙水PO3-4或TDP是一良策.(2)随着沉积物铁磷、铝磷的增加,间隙水PO3-4也增加.在三垟湿地沉积物中,铁磷和铝磷含量都可作为间隙水PO34-含量的指示.(3)S1、S2和S3的沉积物活性磷、间隙水TDP和上覆水TDP存在明显的浓度梯度,沉积物活性磷＞间隙水TDP＞上覆水TDP.说明在三垟湿地中,沉积物活性磷是磷释放的关键因子,而沉积物-间隙水界面则是磷释放的关键界面.     

太原市汾河公园再生水补水方案优化模拟

为了解决汾河公园景观水体因缺乏稳定充足的补水水源而导致的水景效果下降、水质逐渐变差的困境，考虑将再生水作为其主要的补水水源。使用EFDC—WASP水动力水质耦合模型对不同的再生水补水方案下汾河公园水质时空变化进行了模拟。结果显示，当公园采用人工湿地深度处理后的再生水联合水库水共同补水时，除TN指标浓度部分时段内出现超过V类标准限值50％的情况，其他TP、COD、NHf—N主要水质指标浓度均能有效地维持在地表水Ⅱ～Ⅲ类标准，并且叶绿色a浓度始终保持在较低水平。该结果表明，再生水经人工湿地深度处理后联合水库共同补水方案可以作为汾河公园景观水系的推荐补水方案。