家禽养殖场废弃物处理技术的研究进展

家禽养殖场的废弃物长期以来对环境构成了极大的污染并威胁着畜禽和人类的健康 ,因而对家禽废弃物进行资源化处理势在必行。综述了近 10年来的 3种主要的可供选择的家禽垃圾处理的技术路线的研究进展。介绍了最优化堆肥、厌氧发酵和直接焚烧的试验研究结果     

Spatial variability of ammonium and nitrate in soils near a poultry farm

This paper assesses the distribution of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) nitrogen deposition in native bushland soil adjacent to an open ventilated poultry farm. The farm is located in Thirlmere 150 km south west of Sydney, Australia. A total of 104 geographically referenced soil cores were obtained from the study area. Soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), NH4(+) - and NO3(-)-nitrogen concentrations were analysed for variable trends at three depths, i.e. 0-30, 30-60, and 60-90 cm. Significantly higher concentrations of the two nitrogen forms and EC were observed nearer to the farm in the surface soil samples (0-30 cm). The distribution of NH4+, NO3- and EC were all correlated in surface samples throughout the study area. There was no indication of NH4+ and NO3- leaching within soil profile sampled and it appears that weeds and native vegetation had utilised the accumulated nitrogen. The level of N deposition adjacent to the poultry farm decreased downwind due to dispersion of plume and to the buffering effects from the bushland.     

杭州市农贸市场的噪声特点分析

对农贸市场噪声进行了监测分析。结果发现,农贸市场营业时,市场内的噪声超标,其最小值出现在中午,最大值出现在下午下班高峰期;农贸市场一天内不同时段噪声污染级的数值大小有一定的差距;用噪声冲击指数来评定农贸市场声环境质量,其声环境质量极差。     

Steroid estrogens, conjugated estrogens and estrogenic activity in farm dairy shed effluents

Agricultural wastes are a source of steroid estrogens and, if present, conjugated estrogens may add to the estrogen load released to soil and aquatic environments. Dairy shed effluent samples were collected from 18 farms for analysis of steroid estrogens by GC-MS, conjugated estrogens by LC-MS-MS, and estrogenic activity by E-screen in vitro bioassay. 17α-estradiol was found at highest concentrations (median 730 ng l⁻¹), followed by estrone (100 ng l⁻¹) and 17β-estradiol (24 ng l⁻¹). Conjugated estrogens (estrone-3-sulfate, 17α-estradiol-3-sulfate and 17β-estradiol-3,17-disulfate) were measured in most samples (12-320 ng l⁻¹). Median estrogenic activity was 46 ng l⁻¹ 17β-estradiol equivalents. Conjugated estrogens contributed up to 22% of the total estrogen load from dairy farming, demonstrating their significance. Steroid estrogens dominated overall estrogenic activity measured in the samples. Significantly, 17α-estradiol contributed 25% of overall activity, despite potency 2% that of 17β-estradiol, highlighting the importance in environmental risk assessments of this previously neglected compound.     

Biofilm responses to marine fish farm wastes

The changes in the biofilm community due to organic matter enrichment, eutrophication and metal contamination derived from fish farming were studied. The biofilm biomass, polysaccharide content, trophic niche and element accumulation were quantified along an environmental gradient of fish farm wastes in two seasons. Biofilm structure and trophic diversity was influenced by seasonality as well as by the fish farm waste load. Fish farming enhanced the accumulation of organic carbon, nutrients, selenium and metals by the biofilm community. The accumulation pattern of these elements was similar regardless of the structure and trophic niche of the community. This suggests that the biofilm communities can be considered a reliable tool for assessing dissolved aquaculture wastes. Due to the ubiquity of biofilms and its wide range of consumers, its role as a sink of dissolved wastes may have important implications for the transfer of aquaculture wastes to higher trophic levels in coastal systems.     

Components and dispersion characteristics of organic and inorganic odorous gases in a large-scale dairy farm

The rapid development of large-scale livestock husbandry has caused serious air pollution problems (e.g., The Tuzuoqi demonstration farm belonging to the Yili Group. The farm is located in the suburb of Hohhot City in northern China). In this study, the gases in typical areas of a large-scale dairy farm were sampled and measured for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia concentrations. Fifty-two species of VOCs were identified. The VOCs emitted from the cowshed mainly consisted of halogenated hydrocarbons (16,960 µg/m³), ketones (15,700 µg/m³), esters (9889 µg/m³), and sulfur compounds (3677 µg/m³). The VOCs from the oxidation pond were mainly composed of halogenated hydrocarbons (21,940 µg/m³) and ketones (3589 µg/m³). The VOCs from the solid–liquid separation tank comprised halogenated hydrocarbons (32,010 µg/m³), ketones (7169 µg/m³), and sulfur compounds (1003 µg/m³). The highest concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were obtained from the milking parlor and solid–liquid separation tank, respectively. The ammonia concentration declined gradually due to the superposition of ammonia emitted from the cowshed and milking parlor. Analysis results of the influences of distance and meteorological factors on the dispersion of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide suggested that the dilution factors decreased with increasing distance from the emission source. Within distance ranges of 0–10 and 10–25 m, the concentration dilution factors were positively correlated with wind speed and temperature but negatively correlated with humidity and atmospheric pressure. The results of our work can provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of odorous gases in large-scale livestock farms.

Implications: Gases in typical areas of a large-scale dairy farm were sampled, and a total of 52 species of VOCs were identified. The highest concentrations of ketones, sulfur compounds, and esters were obtained at the cowshed (15,700, 3677, and 9889 µg/m³, respectively). Within the distance ranges of 0–10 and 10–25 m, the concentration dilution factors were positively correlated with wind speed and temperature.     

Organochlorine pesticide residuals in chickens and eggs at a poultry farm in Beijing, China

Chicken organs, animal feed, droppings, and ambient air were sampled at a farm in Beijing to determine the concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites (DDTs). Mean fresh weight concentrations of HCHs and DDTs were 0.122 ± 0.061 ng/g and 0.051 ± 0.038 ng/g in the muscles. These values are 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those reported in China in 1980. Contaminated feed was the main source of HCHs and DDTs. Only 12.8% of HCH and 3.3% of DDT of the amount consumed were excreted. Accumulated quantities of HCHs and DDTs increased during growth. However, concentrations of HCHs and DDTs did not increase because of dilution from rapid growth. Based on the observed residual levels in mature chicken and the average diet of residents of China, the contributions from chicken and egg consumption to per capita daily intake of HCHs and DDTs were 487% and 88% of those of fish consumption.     

Study of particulates and metallic elements at a farm sampling site in central Taiwan

The total suspended particle (TSP) concentration, dry deposition and wind speed were measured with a PS-1 sampler, a dry deposition plate and a Weather Monitor II (#7440), respectively, at the Experimental Farm of Thunghai University in Taiwan. Taiching Industrial Park, Taichung Cong Road (traffic) and a hospital incinerator are close to the sampling site. The sampling time was from August 2001 to December 2001. The average dry deposition flux, the TSP concentration, dry deposition velocities, average wind speed and maximum wind speed were recorded as 617.7 ± 281.4 mg/day/m2, 117.5 ± 17.6 μg/m3, 5.9 ± 2.2 cm/s, 2.7 ± 1.3 m/s and 7.6 ± 2.3 m/s, respectively, at this sampling site. Good correlation coefficients (R) of the TSP concentration and the dry deposition flux with wind speed were found, with values of 0.46 and 0.50, respectively. The concentrations and dry deposition of the total metallic elements were also obtained. The results indicated that the concentrations of anthropogenic elements (Pb, Mn, Cd, Ni, Cr and Zn) were mostly higher than those obtained in other studies around the world. The average dry deposition fluxes and TSP concentrations for Zn and Pb were 0.45 and 0.42, respectively. The same phenomenon was also observed for Fe and Mg (R = 0.59 and 0.65). The results indicate that these elements were all coming from the same emission sources at the farm sampling site.     

Trout farm effluents: characterization and impact on the receiving streams

Effluents from three rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms located in Northern Portugal were characterized and their impact on the receiving streams was evaluated. Mean fish productions in the studied fish farms were 15, 55 and 500 t of trout per year, respectively. The feeding water was abstracted from Fornelo, Inha and Coura Rivers, at flow rates ranging from 1.2 (15 t year(-1) fish farm) to 4.8 litre s(-1) per ton annual fish production (500 t year(-1) fish farm). As the water flows through the farms, net variations in the chemical characteristics were observed: a mean reduction in the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration between 0.7 and 2.4 mg litre(-1); mean increases between 1.9 and 3.2 mg CaCO3 litre(-1) for total alkalinity, between 0.9 and 14 mg litre(-1) for BOD5, between 0.27 and 1.46 mg litre(-1) for ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N), between 0.060 and 0.579 mg litre(-1) for soluble phosphorus (PO4-P) and less than 16 mg litre(-1) for suspended solids; variations in the pH value and nitrate nitrogen concentration were not statistically significant (p<0.05). At the 500 t year(-1) fish farm it was also possible to detect net increases of total hardness (3.2 mg CaCO3 litre(-1)), electric conductivity (19 mS cm(-1)) and permanganate value (3.6 mgO2 litre(-1)). At the other farms net variations in these parameters were not significant. Net mass flow variations reported to the annual fish production are presented. The DO mass flow decreased, on average, between 255 and 549 g t(-1) of fish per day. The mean daily BOD5 increase ranged from 353 to 1510 g t(-1) of fish. The corresponding ranges for the other parameters were 105-157 g t(-1) for NH4-N, 24-62 g t(-1) for PO4-P, 348-1035 g CaCO3 t(-1) for total alkalinity and 224 x 10(6)-506 x 10(6) t(-1) for mesophilic bacteria. Daily net variations of suspended solids, total hardness, electric conductivity and permanganate value were below 1753 g t(-1), 342 g CaCO3 t(-1), 2081 mS cm t(-1) and 392 gO2 t(-1), respectively. Longitudinal concentration profiles for the most relevant parameters show the impact of the effluent discharges on the physico-chemical and bacteriological river water quality downstream from the trout farms. Analyzing the situations from a purely chemical point of view, the polluted stretches were 3, 5 and 12 km long downstream from the effluent discharges, respectively. The microbiological contamination extended over longer distances.     

The assimilation of dioxins and PCBs in conventionally reared farm animals: occurrence and biotransfer factors

The assimilation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in chickens, pigs and sheep was investigated in studies using conventional animal husbandry practices. Closely matched samples of muscle (meat), liver, kidneys, eggs, milk, feed, soil and grass were collected of which 105 were analysed. The data obtained were consistent with the PCB and PCDD/F TEQ concentrations to be expected in rural background locations. A slight decline in TEQ values in meat with increasing age was evident in pigs, sheep and broiler chickens. Higher TEQ values in meat from outdoor pigs compared to those raised indoors, and an increase in TEQs in eggs as a result of free-range conditions might be attributable to additional contaminant intakes from soil. TEQ values in samples of sheep meat were slightly higher than those for pigs and chickens and market ready lowland sheep showed higher meat TEQs than the highland species. PCDD/F TEQs were considerably higher in the liver than meat. Contaminant transfer from dietary sources was investigated using biotransfer factors (BTFs) which tended to be higher in chickens than in sheep or pigs. BTFs for all animals declined in magnitude with age, but on average, BTFs for pigs and chickens showed a sharper initial decline than for sheep. The relative magnitude of the BTFs usually followed the order: (highest first) PCB 153, PCB 169, PCB 126, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD/2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and 2,3,7,8-TCDD. This may suggest that higher chlorinated congeners accumulate more readily in meat tissues. Congener-specific BTF variations were found to be associated with variables such as dietary composition during rearing, differences between feed and animal species.     

Effects of farm heterogeneity and methods for upscaling on modelled nitrogen losses in agricultural landscapes

The aim of this study is to illustrate the importance of farm scale heterogeneity on nitrogen (N) losses in agricultural landscapes. Results are exemplified with a chain of N models calculating farm-N balances and distributing the N-surplus to N-losses (volatilisation, denitrification, leaching) and soil-N accumulation/release in a Danish landscape. Possible non-linearities in upscaling are assessed by comparing average model results based on (i) individual farm level calculations and (ii) averaged inputs at landscape level. Effects of the non-linearities that appear when scaling up from farm to landscape are demonstrated. Especially in relation to ammonia losses the non-linearity between livestock density and N-loss is significant (p > 0.999), with around 20–30% difference compared to a scaling procedure not taking this non-linearity into account. A significant effect of farm type on soil N accumulation (p > 0.95) was also identified and needs to be included when modelling landscape level N-fluxes and greenhouse gas emissions.     

Copper, zinc and cadmium in marine cage fish farm sediments: an extensive survey

The diet of cage-farmed Atlantic salmon contains a range of trace metals, some of which have toxic properties, e.g. zinc, copper and cadmium. A survey of metal concentrations (ICP-MS analysis) in surface sediments of ca. 70 stations was carried out in both May and December 2000 around a Scottish fish farm. Additionally, at 13 stations on 2 orthogonal transects centered on the farm, sediments were analysed at 1cm intervals to 8 cm depth. Maximum concentrations in surface sediments were 921, 805 and 3.5 microg g(-1) for Zn, Cu and Cd, respectively, and were found at stations near the fish farm. The calculated losses from the farm (feed input minus fish output) were 87.0%, 4.3% and 14.0% of the background-corrected inventories for Zn, Cu and Cd, respectively, indicating that for Cu and Cd at least, the feed is not the only source.     

Occupational exposure to pesticides and associated health effects among greenhouse farm workers

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The number and production capacities of greenhouse farms have been increased across the globe, driven by an effort for addressing food security...     

Bagasse-assisted bioremediation of ammonia from shrimp farm wastewater.

Development of new economically feasible ecofriendly products from agricultural wastes or byproducts for shrimp farm wastewater treatment is the objective of our continued research. Ammonia is a nitrogenous toxicant, which is commonly found in wastewater from shrimp farms. In the present study, we explored the possibility of the use of simply and inexpensively prepared bagasse products so that this abundant crop byproduct could be used to remove ammonia from shrimp farm wastewater. Bagasse, a natural highly fibrous lignocellulosic byproduct of sugarcane, was converted into five different products. Experimental results have shown that ammonia is efficiently removed from wastewater by four bagasse products with a dose of 1 to 6 g/L within 24 hours. The effect of bagasse products on other water quality parameters and growth kinetics of biofilm bacteria onto bagasse fiber have also been studied. Efficacies of products were compared by using statistical analysis. Products developed from bagasse are useful and economical.     

Micronuclei frequency in lymphocytes and antioxidants in the blood of traditional limited-resource farm workers exposed to pesticides

Chronic low-level exposure to synthetic pesticides is implicated in many health conditions that result from the induction of oxidative stress, including cytogenetic damage. The objective of this study was to assess the risk of genotoxicity using micronuclei (MN) formation in lymphocytes and to determine changes in blood antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) in erythrocytes (E) and glutathione (GSH) in E and plasma (PL) in farm workers for six months during a growing season. Blood and urine samples were collected once a month for six months (June to November 2003) from farm workers (n = 15) and urban unexposed controls (n = 10). Lymphocytes from blood were separated by density gradient centrifugation using Histopaque and cultured using the standard technique. There was no significant difference in the cytokinesis blocked proliferation index (CBPI) of lymphocytes between the farm workers and the control group, but there was a 76% increase in average MN frequency in lymphocytes of the farm worker group (P 相似文献   

Environmental and human health risk assessment of organic micro-pollutants occurring in a Spanish marine fish farm

In this work the risk posed to seawater organisms, predators and humans is assessed, as a consequence of exposure to 12 organic micro-pollutants, namely metronidazole, trimethoprim, erythromycin, simazine, flumequine, carbaryl, atrazine, diuron, terbutryn, irgarol, diphenyl sulphone (DPS) and 2-thiocyanomethylthiobenzothiazole (TCMTB). The risk assessment study is based on a 1-year monitoring study at a Spanish marine fish farm, involving passive sampling techniques. The results showed that the risk threshold for irgarol concerning seawater organisms is exceeded. On the other hand, the risk to predators and especially humans through consumption of fish is very low, due to the low bioconcentration potential of the substances assessed.     

序批式反应器用于牛场污水的处理

对序批式反应器 (SBR)用于牛场污水的处理进行了试验研究 ,主要研究了三个水力停留时间 (HRT)和有机负荷率对污染物去除率、出水水质和污泥特性的影响。试验结果表明 ,对 10 0 0 0mg/LCOD牛场污水 ,使用 1dHRT ,相应有机负荷率为 10gCOD/L·d时 ,混合出水COD、TS、VS、TKN和TN的去除率分别为 45 %、2 1.4%、34 .2 %、5 3.2 %和 2 2 .2 % ,上清液出水的分别为 80 .2 %、6 3.4%、6 6 .2 %、75 %和 38.3% ;两种出水的SCOD和NH3 N去除率相同 ,分别为 5 0 .0 %和 76 .5 %。经SBR处理后 ,污泥的沉降浓缩性能也有了比较明显的改善。     

臭氧氧化处理养猪场厌氧沼液

实验在MAP沉淀处理的基础上,采用臭氧氧化技术对养猪场厌氧沼液进行处理。研究了氧化过程中臭氧的投加量、反应时间对沼液pH、COD和UV254的去除效果、沼液可生化性、氮形态转化的影响。结果表明,在臭氧氧化过程中,随着反应时间的延长,沼液pH呈逐渐下降的趋势。在臭氧投加量为6 mg/L、反应时间为40 min时,COD和UV254去除率达到最大,分别为21.7%和60%。此外,臭氧氧化能把BOD5/COD的比值从0.24提高为0.41,有效提高了沼液的可生化性。在臭氧投加量为6 mg/L、反应时间为2 h时,TN的浓度基本维持在370~410 mg/L之间,氨氮浓度随时间呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,且最终维持在132.7 mg/L,然而,硝态氮浓度反而升高了近一倍,由此可见,臭氧氧化不能完全脱氮,只能使氮从一种形态转化为另一种形态。