超声波预处理对污泥好氧/缺氧消化的效果

为评价超声波预处理对城市污泥好氧/缺氧消化效果的影响,将超声波-好氧/缺氧消化工艺与传统的好氧/缺氧消化工艺进行了对比研究。结果表明,经25 d消化处理,引进超声波后的好氧/缺氧消化效果显著提高,污泥的VSS去除率达到51.98%,高于传统好氧/缺氧消化的42.98%。2种工艺消化的污泥TCOD以及污泥上清液中的SCOD、TP和NH3-N的变化趋势相似;而经超声波-好氧/缺氧消化的污泥上清液中硝态氮和亚硝态氮浓度较传统好氧/缺氧的高,说明经超声波处理后的污泥中的硝化细菌的活性增强,硝化反应加快。     

超声波促进城市生活污泥缺氧/好氧消化的研究

本研究将超声波预处理引入城市生活污泥缺氧/好氧消化工艺中，自主设计了容积为30 L的生活污泥超声波-缺氧/好氧消化中试系统并用以实验研究。超声波预处理的参数为超声频率28 kHz，声能密度0.15 W/mL，超声时间10 min，超声间隔12 h，污泥超声比例30%。结果表明，引入超声预处理后，缩短了污泥的稳定时间，提高了污泥的消化效率。污泥消化10 d就已经达到了稳定标准，比未引入超声预处理时缩短了12 d，而MLVSS最大去除率提高了11%，达到了55.10%。超声波的引入，对污泥缺氧/好氧消化系统中污泥上清液溶解性COD（SCOD）的变化趋势影响比较明显，而对上清液的pH、氨氮和TP的变化趋势没有明显影响。     

调节好氧消化pH值提高污泥沉降和脱水性能

为考察调节pH值对剩余污泥好氧消化效果的影响,采用2个反应器,在不调节pH值与加入NaHC03调节pH≈7两种条件下进行好氧消化对比试验.监测消化过程中污泥TSS、TVSS、SOUR、沉降性及比阻的变化情况,结果表明:在两种条件下污泥均能达到稳定,消化30 d TVSS去除率分别为47.1%和49.2%.消化过程中调节pH≈7,TSS、TVSS去除率略有提高,上清液的浊度和COD降低,并且污泥的沉降、脱水性能改善,因而更有利于后续的处理.     

污泥返混对自热高温好氧消化效果的影响研究

研究了污泥返混对自热高温好氧消化(ATAD)效果的影响.通过对二沉池污泥稳定化效果的考察,研究了间歇式ATAD过程中有机物、氮、磷等的变化情况.结果表明,有10％(质量分数)的消化污泥返混时,在消化15d时污泥挥发固体(VS)去除率达到38.5％；而无消化污泥返混时,污泥VS的去除率仅为33.4％；在消化21d后,前者和后者的VS去除率分别为40.1％和39.9％,均达到污泥稳定化的要求.研究发现,两个反应器污泥ATAD过程中溶解性COD(SCOD)、氨氮含量均呈现消化初期快速上升、消化中期在一定范围内波动、消化后期下降的趋势；TP、TN含量呈现出消化初期快速上升,消化中后期在一定范围内波动的趋势.     

膜生物反应器污泥内源消化及SMP变化

膜生物反应器（MBR）中高污泥浓度和低F/M会导致部分微生物长期处于贫营养状态下，因此采用污泥内源消化试验模拟MBR中实际存在的贫营养现象。比较了好氧消化（AD）和好氧/缺氧消化（A/A/D）2种模式对于A²O+MBR工艺剩余污泥的内源消化效果及SMP的变化。研究结果表明，常温条件下A/A/D 20 d MLVSS的去除率可达到50%，AD为42%，缺氧段的引入促进了有机物和营养物质等的释放和去除，SMP浓度均呈现出显著降低而后缓慢增长并趋于稳定的趋势。EEM光谱分析表明，SMP中不同的荧光物质在内源消化过程中呈现出不同的变化规律。GPC分析认为，内源消化过程中SMP的分子量范围逐渐扩大，小分子量有机物呈增长趋势，A/A/D对SMP的降解比AD更为有效。     

剩余污泥混合对絮凝污泥厌氧消化的强化

为了考察絮凝污泥与剩余活性污泥混合中温(35℃)厌氧消化效果,分析了不同混合比例、不同投配率下的总化学需氧量(TCOD)去除率、挥发性固体(VS)降解效果,通过p H值与氨氮浓度的变化来分析各反应器的稳定性。结果表明:污泥混合后消化效果明显得到提高,且污泥消化效率随着投配率的增加先提高后下降。5%投配率时,絮凝污泥/剩余污泥(VS比)为1∶2时厌氧消化效果最好,TCOD去除率达到47.8%,VS降解率达到46.8%,分解单位VS产气量达到了435 m L/g,p H值与氨氮浓度分别保持在7.4和269 mg/L左右,混合污泥厌氧消化系统较稳定。这说明与剩余污泥的混合消化能有效提高絮凝污泥的厌氧消化性能。污泥絮体的显微分析表明:厌氧消化过程中絮体面积百分比逐步减小,污泥结构逐步解体,可以解释污泥消化的微观过程。     

微生物强化MBR工艺剩余污泥的好氧消化过程

为了考察原位污泥减量技术产生的长污泥龄污泥好氧消化可能性,以某污水处理厂MBR工艺产生的剩余污泥为研究对象(污泥龄为60 d),将实验筛选得到的强化效果最佳的3种菌种(分别为B4、H4和N2)分别投加到MBR剩余污泥好氧消化反应器中。经过58 d的好氧消化后,投加B4、H4和N2的3个反应器MLSS消解率分别比污泥对照提高了13.2%、11.7%和6.2%,其中投加B4菌种MLSS消化效率提高最多。MLVSS消解率分别比污泥对照提高18.8%、20.0%和11.0%。研究表明原位污泥减量技术产生的长污泥龄污泥具有污泥好氧消化的可能性,同时筛选出来的3种菌种在消化过程中有明显的强化效果。随着消化反应的进行到52 d,反应器中出现大量的硝酸盐氮和总磷的积累。观察反应过程中氨氮、硝酸盐氮、p H和总磷的变化,大量的硝酸盐存在时诱导以硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化除磷的进行。在消化过程中,磷溶出情况取决于污泥的水解程度,投加菌种加速了总磷溶出和提高了污泥的水解程度。同时投加菌种强化好氧消化显著降低污泥的SVI,投加菌种在强化好氧消化过程中能更多地消耗污泥中有机物,进而提高消化效率。     

ICSTD反应器处理污泥的启动试验研究

新型内循环污泥浓缩消化反应器（ICSTD）处理污泥的启动运行试验采用某污水处理厂二沉池好氧活性污泥进行驯化培养，使反应器正常启动运行。在日处理量为50 L/d，进泥含水率为99.23％～99.46％，进泥VS/TS为0.65～0.73，进泥COD为4 115～5 780 mg/L，反应器容积负荷为1.31 kg COD/(m³·d)时，排泥含水率在96.2％～97.3％，排泥VS/TS为0.48～0.57，COD去除率在95％以上，出水pH在6.6～7.1，且上清液澄清。试验结果表明： ICSTD反应器处理污泥的启动试验，采用直接培养污泥启动的方式培养厌氧污泥历时66 d，能较快地培养厌氧污泥且运行稳定，对污泥的浓缩消化起到较好的作用，同时对反应器后续运行的消化效果提供了一个良好的条件。     

厌氧氨氧化菌接种污泥的选择培养过程研究

厌氧氨氧化菌的2种不同接种污泥培养实验表明,厌氧消化污泥和好氧硝化污泥均可成功启动厌氧氨氧化过程.接种厌氧消化污泥比好氧硝化污泥培养的厌氧氨氧化菌启动快,但后者去除效果较好.接种好氧硝化污泥的反应器的厌氧氨氧化速率随着氨氮基质进水浓度的增加呈线性增加.进水氨氮浓度为280 mg/L时的氨氮平均去除率达91%;而接种厌氧消化污泥的相应氨氮平均去除率仅为52%.厌氧氨氧化过程以接种好氧硝化污泥来启动为宜.     

低强度超声波预处理对污泥自热式高温好氧消化的影响

以0.3 W·cm-2的低强度超声波对调配好的污泥进行5、10和20 min的辐照,再经过12 d的自热式高温好氧消化(ATAD)。结果表明,适当的低强度超声预处理能够有效地加快稳定化进程,其中超声波辐照10 min后的实验组效果最好,在第8.5天时,温度升高至58.3℃,VSS去除率达到42.1%,比未经超声预处理的实验组提前2 d达到稳定状态。在消化过程中脱氢酶的活性与VSS去除率有着很好的相关性(R20.86),它能有效地表征VSS的高温好氧降解规律及有机物去除程度。稳定后的污泥上清液中TP浓度降至初始浓度的40%以下,TOC浓度升高至初始浓度的3~4倍。然它们的浓度仍很高,仍会给后续处理增加一定的负担。     

Phosphorus release in aerobic sludge digestion.

The objectives of this study are to examine the phosphorus release in aerobic sludge digestion and to better understand its governing mechanisms. In this study, phosphorus release was examined using the secondary sludge from both conventional and biological nutrient removal processes. The experiments were carried out at room temperature (22 +/- 2 degrees C), with or without automatic control of pH (4.5 to 7.8), and under three aeration schemes: fully aerobic (dissolved oxygen [DO] at 3 to 4 mg/L), low DO (0.2 to 0.8 mg/L), and cyclic (with alternate on/off aeration). The released phosphorus concentrations were 20 to 80 mg/L for the conventional sludge and 60 to 130 mg/L for the biophosphorus sludge. Higher phosphorus release also occurred at low pH (<6.0). As for the effect of DO, fully aerobic digestion caused higher phosphorus release than the low-DO and cyclic operations. For better understanding, the solid phosphorus in sludge was conceptually categorized into three forms: inorganic phosphorus precipitates, organic cellular phosphorus, and polyphosphate (poly-P) in polyphosphate-accumulating organisms. Dissolution of inorganic phosphorus precipitates is controlled by physical and chemical conditions, with pH being the most important in this study. Lowering the pH to 4 to 6 clearly promoted the release of inorganic phosphorus. Polyphosphate hydrolysis, on the other hand, was found to be regulated biologically (sensitive to occurrence of anaerobic conditions) and was insignificant in the glutaraldehyde-fixed sludge. Phosphorus release from organic phosphorus should correlate with the volatile solid (VS) digestion, which lyses the cells and frees the phosphorus covalently bonded with the organic matters. The amounts of phosphorus released per unit VS digested (deltaP/deltaVS) were therefore calculated for experiments with long periods of constant pH (to minimize interferences from dissolution/precipitation of inorganic phosphorus). The results suggested that some poly-P was hydrolyzed and released accompanying the aerobic VS digestion, but at rates far lower than those under anaerobic conditions.     

Aerobic sludge digestion under low dissolved oxygen concentrations.

Low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations occur commonly in aerobic digesters treating thickened sludge, with benefits of smaller digester size, much reduced aeration cost, and higher digestion temperature (especially important for plants in colder areas). The effects of low DO concentrations on digestion kinetics were studied using the sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants in Akron, Ohio, and Los Lunas, New Mexico. The experiments were conducted in both batch digestion and a mixed mode of continuous, fed-batch, and batch operations. The low DO condition was clearly advantageous in eliminating the need for pH control because of the simultaneous occurrence of nitrification and denitrification. However, when compared with fully aerobic (high DO) systems under constant pH control (rare in full-scale plants), low DO concentrations and a higher solids loading had a negative effect on the specific volatile solids (VS) digestion kinetics. Nonetheless, the overall (volumetric) digestion performance depends not only on the specific digestion kinetics, but also the solids concentration, pH, and digester temperature. All of the latter factors favor the low DO digestion of thickened sludge. The significant effect of temperature on low DO digestion was confirmed in the mixed-mode study with the Akron sludge. When compared with the well-known empirical correlation between VS reduction and the product (temperature x solids retention time), the experimental data followed the same trend, but were lower than the correlation predictions. The latter was attributed to the lower digestible VS in the Akron sludge, the slower digestion at low DO concentrations, or both. Through model simulation, the first-order decay constant (kd) was estimated as 0.004 h(-1) in the mixed-mode operations, much lower than those (0.011 to 0.029 h(-1)) obtained in batch digestion. The findings suggested that the interactions among sludges with different treatment ages may have a substantially negative effect on digestion kinetics. The use of multistage digesters, especially with small front-end reactors, may be advantageous in both "process" kinetics and "biological reaction" kinetics for sludge digestion.     

金属铁铝对混凝强化初沉污泥中温厌氧消化的影响

选取FeCl3和AlCl2·6H2O作为混凝剂对城市污水进行一级强化混凝处理，降低二级生物处理的进水负荷，减少污水生物处理系统的能量消耗。主要研究混凝过程投加的金属盐对一级强化混凝产生的初沉污泥中温厌氧消化的影响。和剩余污泥相比，初沉污泥更适合厌氧消化处理，污泥降解性能和产气性能更高。当采用城市污水一级强化混凝处理时，污泥中的金属和金属盐水解引起的pH降低，使混凝强化初沉污泥的厌氧消化受到一定抑制。随着污泥中铝含量的降低和铁含量的增加，厌氧消化的COD降解率和挥发性固体（Vs）降解率逐渐升高，生物气产量逐渐增大，产气速率加快。当混凝强化初沉污泥只含有铁时（铁含量为10．16mg／L），混凝强化初沉污泥厌氧消化效果最好，产气稳定，而且产气速率高，生物气产量为237mL，生物气甲烷含量为55．5％，降解单位Vs产气量为0．80L／g，均高于其他含铝的混凝强化初沉污泥。污泥中的铁对初沉污泥厌氧消化的抑制作用远远小于铝的作用，说明铁盐适合用于城市污水的一级强化混凝处理。     

金属铁铝对混凝强化初沉污泥中温厌氧消化的影响简

选取FeCl₃和AlCl₃·6H₂O作为混凝剂对城市污水进行一级强化混凝处理，降低二级生物处理的进水负荷，减少污水生物处理系统的能量消耗。主要研究混凝过程投加的金属盐对一级强化混凝产生的初沉污泥中温厌氧消化的影响。和剩余污泥相比，初沉污泥更适合厌氧消化处理，污泥降解性能和产气性能更高。当采用城市污水一级强化混凝处理时，污泥中的金属和金属盐水解引起的pH降低，使混凝强化初沉污泥的厌氧消化受到一定抑制。随着污泥中铝含量的降低和铁含量的增加，厌氧消化的COD降解率和挥发性固体（VS）降解率逐渐升高，生物气产量逐渐增大，产气速率加快。当混凝强化初沉污泥只含有铁时（铁含量为10.16 mg/L），混凝强化初沉污泥厌氧消化效果最好，产气稳定，而且产气速率高，生物气产量为237 mL，生物气甲烷含量为55.5%，降解单位VS产气量为0.80 L/g，均高于其他含铝的混凝强化初沉污泥。污泥中的铁对初沉污泥厌氧消化的抑制作用远远小于铝的作用，说明铁盐适合用于城市污水的一级强化混凝处理。     

Laboratory-scale comparison of anaerobic-digestion alternatives.

Laboratory-scale digesters were used to perform side-by-side evaluations of alternative digestion systems including thermophilic-mesophilic-phased digestion (TPAD), acid/methane-phased digestion, mesophilic digestion, and the performance of the thermophilic stage of TPAD alone. Total detention times in the systems evaluated varied from 8 to 20 days. Temperatures in the mesophilic stage of TPAD were varied from 35 to 43.3 degrees C and temperatures in the thermophilic stage were varied from 55 to 58.9 degrees C. The purpose of the study was to evaluate volatile solids (VS) reduction and thickening properties of the different systems. Parameters evaluated included solids, volatile acids, gas production and quality, various chemical constituents of the sludge, and thickening properties using polymer and ferric chloride plus polymer. The TPAD systems were found capable of higher VS destruction at total detention times of 10 and 12.5 days compared to single-stage mesophilic or thermophilic digestion at 15 to 20 days. A laboratory-scale thickening test was performed to evaluate thickening properties. Based on obtaining 95% capture in the test, the polymer demand of mesophilic and acid-methane-phased digestion was the lowest. The TPAD system required approximately 180% of the dosage of the mesophilic sludge and thermophilic sludge required approximately 310% of the dosage. Temperatures of 40.5 and 43.3 degrees C in the mesophilic stage of TPAD were found to increase the polymer requirement and decrease the VS reduction of the TPAD system. Higher temperatures (above 56.1 degrees C) and lower detention times (less than 15 days) in the thermophilic digesters seemed to result in problems with degradation of volatile acids, particularly propionic acid.     

Operation of the SHARON denitrification process to treat sludge reject water using hydrolyzed primary sludge to denitrify.

An efficient biological treatment to treat reject water from anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludge is the SHARON denitrification process, which takes place in a chemostat reactor, where aerobic/anoxic periods are alternated under specific hydraulic retention time (HRT) and temperature conditions that favor ammonium oxidizers growth and ensure the total washout of nitrite oxidizers, achieving the biological nitrogen removal over nitrite. An optimized performance of this process to treat Spanish reject water was obtained using methanol and working at an HRT of 2 days, 33 degrees C, and cycle length of 2 hours. Supernatant of hydrolyzed primary sludge was tested to denitrify. Because biochemical oxygen demand was not extremely high in the primary sludge, the fluid dynamics of the system were changed, with respect to the strategy with methanol, but maintaining the reject water influent flowrate. The use of hydrolyzed primary sludge improved the process efficiency, because the alkalinity present in the primary sludge buffered the process until an optimum pH range.     

耐酸厌氧消化污泥处理餐厨垃圾

采用耐酸驯化的厌氧消化污泥处理餐厨垃圾，在酸性条件下（pH=4．5），对实验装置容积负荷从1．0kgVS／（m3·d）分9次逐级增加到5．0kgVS／（m3·d）的过程进行了跟踪监测，并较深入地研究了驯化污泥代谢活性和处理效果。实验结果表明，pH4．5的耐酸厌氧消化污泥，最佳投加负荷约为4．5kgVS／（m3·d），此负荷下容积产气率，CH4含量平均值均达最大，分别为1．68m3／（m3·d），75．0％。耐酸厌氧消化装置持续增料运行46d，产甲烷菌仍能保持较高的活性，其COD去除率范围为40．4％-75．0％，仍能保持pH7．2时处理效果的65．0％-91．8％，表明在低pH、低碱度下实现稳定的产甲烷过程是可行的。